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Understanding Digital Terres Trial Broadcasting Understanding Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Understanding Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Seamus OLeary Artech House Boston London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data OLeary, Seamus. Understanding digital terrestrial broadcasting / Seamus OLeary. p. cm. (Artech House digital audio and video library) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-063-X (alk. paper) 1. Digital communications. 2. Television broadcasting. 3. Digital audio broadcasting. I. Title. II. Series. TK5103.7.O49 2000 621.384dc21 00-040624 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data OLeary, Seamus Understanding digital terrestrial broadcasting. (Artech House digital audio and video library) 1. Digital television 2. Digital audio broadcasting I. Title 621.388 ISBN1-58053-462-7 Cover and text design by Darrell Judd © 2000 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani- cal, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-063-X Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-040624 10987654321 This book is dedicated to the memory of Una and Denis McLoughlin, Go raibh leaba i measc na naoimh agaibh i gcónaí. (May you always have a bed amongst the Saints.) Contents 1 Current Situation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Background and Future Trends in Digital Television 2 1.3 Global Developments in Digital Television 3 1.3.1 DTV in the United States 3 1.3.2 DTV in Europe 4 1.3.3 DTV in Japan 4 1.4 Digital Television Organizations 5 1.5 The Need for Compression 11 1.5.1 Redundancy and Entropy 11 1.5.2 Constant and Variable Rate Sources 13 1.6 Intracoding and Intercoding Techniques 14 1.6.1 Intracoding 14 1.6.2 Intercoding 14 2 Digital Encoding of Television Signals 17 2.2 Sampling Formats 19 2.2.1 Rec. 601 (ITU-R BT.601-5) 20 2.2.2 Quantization Levels in 8-Bit Sampling 21 2.2.3 Redundancy and Compression 21 2.2.4 Compression Efficiency 22 2.3 ITU-R Rec. 656 Interface 23 2.3.1 Serial Digital Component Video (4:2:2) 23 2.4 4:2:0 Sampled Signals 25 2.5 ITU-Rec. 723 26 vii viii Understanding Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 2.6 Encoding Signals for DTV Broadcasting 27 2.7 Digital Audio Coding 27 2.7.1 Sampling and Quantization of Audio Signals 28 2.7.2 AES/EBU Digital Audio Interface 29 2.7.3 Common Sampling Frequencies 29 3 Some Common Digital Television Standards 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) 32 3.3 Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG) 32 3.3.1 JPEG CompressionAn Overview 33 3.3.2 Lossy and Lossless Compression 33 3.4 MPEG-1 34 3.4.1 MPEG-1 CompressionAn Overview 35 3.5 Frame-based and Object-based Coding Standards 36 3.6 MPEG-4: An object based coding approach 37 3.7 MPEG-7: A Multimedia Content Description Interface 38 3.7.1 Metadata 38 4 MPEG-2: The Broadcasters Choice 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 4:2:0 Sampling 42 4.3 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) 43 4.4 Coefficient Quantization 44 4.5 Zig-Zag Coefficient Scanning 45 4.6 Variable Length Coding and Run Length Coding 46 4.7 Buffers 47 4.8 Interframe Redundancy Compression Techniques 47 4.9 Motion-Compensated Interframe Prediction 48 4.10 MPEG-2 Picture Types 49 4.10.1 I-pictures 49 4.10.2 P-pictures 49 4.10.3 B-pictures 49 4.11 Group of Pictures (GOP) 50 4.12 MPEG-2 Profiles and Levels 50 4.13 MPEG Audio Coding 51 4.13.1 MPEG-1 Audio 52 4.13.2 MPEG-2 Audio 53 4.13.3 Different ISO MPEG layers 53 Contents ix 4.13.4 Principles Behind MPEG Layer II Coding 55 4.13.5 Sub-Band Coding 56 4.13.6 MPEG Audio Decoding 57 4.13.7 DVB Guidelines for Audio Coding 57 5 MPEG-2 Transport Streams 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 The MPEG-2 System Layer 60 5.2.1 Clock Reference Information 60 5.2.2 Transmission and Program Information 60 5.3 MPEG-2 Bit Streams 61 5.4 MPEG-2 Interfaces 63 5.4.1 Synchronous Parallel Interface (SPI) 63 5.4.2 Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI) 65 5.5 MPEG-2 Transport Stream Parameters 66 5.5.1 Program Specific Information (PSI) 68 5.5.2 DVB Service Information (SI) 69 5.5.3 Service Information Distribution 71 5.6 Constant and Variable Bit Rate Sources 72 5.6.1 DTV Multicasting 72 5.6.2 Statistical Multiplexing 73 5.6.3 Opportunistic Data 76 6 Single Carrier Digital Modulations 79 6.1 Introduction 79 6.1.1 Uses of Single Carrier Digital Modulations 80 6.2 Bandlimiting Digital Signals 80 6.2.1 Digital Signals in Time and Frequency Domains 81 6.2.2 Nyquist Filtering 81 6.2.3 Raised Cosine Filters 83 6.3 Data Transmission Speeds 83 6.4 Multilevel Digital Modulations 84 6.4.1 QPSK (Quartenary Phase Shift Keying) 85 6.4.2 Data Capacity of 2m-QAM Systems 86 6.4.3 Byte to M-Tuple Conversion 87 6.4.4 16-QAM 88 6.4.5 32-QAM Modulation 89 6.4.6 64-QAM Modulation 90 x Understanding Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 6.4.7 QAM Modulator Implementation 91 6.4.8 Filtering of QAM Systems 92 6.4.9 Trellis Code Modulation 92 6.5 DVB-based QAM Systems 93 6.5.1 DVB-C System Concepts 93 6.5.2 Common Operating Characteristics of DVB-C Systems 94 6.6 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 95 6.6.1 System Overview 95 6.6.2 VSB Modulator 96 6.7 Single Carrier and Multicarrier Modulation for Terrestrial 6.7 Broadcasting 97 7 Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 101 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 COFDM: A Qualitative Description 103 7.2.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 103 7.2.2 Coded 103 7.2.3 Orthogonality 104 7.3 Symbol Period, Intervals, and Carrier Spacing 105 7.3.1 Consequence of Varying Guard Interval 107 7.4 Time Domain Signal and Transmission Consequences 107 7.5 The 2k and 8k Systems 109 7.5.1 Data Payload of 2k and 8k Systems 110 7.6 Inner Coding (Convolutional Codes) 113 7.7 Inner Modulation 114 7.8 Outer Coding 114 7.9 Pilot Cells 115 7.10 Radio Frequency Spectrum Characteristics 116 7.10.1 RF Channel Bandwidth 116 7.11 Hierarchical Transmission 117 7.11.1 Possible Uses of Hierarchical Transmission 121 7.12 Practical DVB-T Modulators 122 7.12.1 Use of FFT in COFDM 123 8 Terrestrial Transmission of DTV Signals 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.1.1 Digital and Analog Transmitted Picture Quality 126 8.1.2 Analog Transmission Impairments 126 Contents xi 8.1.3 Digital Transmission Advantages 127 8.2 Transmission Spectrum Issues 127 8.2.1 Analog Spectrum Allocations and Frequency Bands 128 8.2.2 Television Planning 128 8.2.3 UHF Propagation 129 8.2.4 Constraints on Assigning Analog Channels 130 8.2.5 DTV Channel Possibilities 132 8.3 Digital Television Transmitters 133 8.3.1 Typical Transmitter Output Powers 133 8.3.2 Solid State Transmitters 134 8.4 DTV Transmitter Architecture 139 8.4.1 Modulator 139 8.4.2 Linearity Precorrector 139 8.4.3 RF Upconvertor 139 8.4.4 Power Amplifier and Derrated Operation 140 8.4.5 DTV Transmitter Distortions and Clipping 141 8.5 Filters, Combiners, and Antenna Systems 141 8.5.1 DTV Filters 142 8.5.2 DTV Combiners 142 8.5.3 DTV Antenna Systems 142 8.5.4 Voltage and Power Ratings 143 8.6 DTV Transmitter Size and Cooling Arrangements 144 8.6.1 Air Cooling SystemsDisadvantages for DTV 144 8.6.2 Liquid Cooling Systems 145 8.6.3 Geothermal Cooling Systems 145 9 DTV Receivers, Measurements, and Middleware 147 9.1 Introduction 147 9.2 Measurements 149 9.2.1 RF and IF Signal Power 149 9.2.2 Noise Power 149 9.2.3 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N) 150 9.2.4 BER Versus C/N 150 9.2.5 Transmitter Output Back-off 151 9.2.6 Phase Noise 151 9.2.7 Transmitter Linearity 151 9.2.8 Equivalent Noise Degradation (END) 152 xii Understanding Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 9.2.9 Modulation Error Ratio (MER) 152 9.2.10 Quality of Service 152 9.3 Time Domain (IQ) Signal Analysis 153 9.3.1 Phase or Quadrature Error 153 9.3.2 Phase Jitter 153 9.3.3 Interference 154 9.3.4 Noise 155 9.4 Measuring Bit Error Rates (BER) 156 9.4.1 BER Measurement Points for DVB-T Receivers 156 9.5 Set Top Boxes (STB) and Integrated Receiver Decoders (IRD) 159 9.5.1 Set Top Box Functionality 160 9.5.2 Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD) Functionality 160 9.6 Middleware and Application Programming Interfaces (API) 161 9.6.1 DVB and Java 161 9.6.2 The MHEG API 162 9.6.3 The EuroMHEG system 162 9.6.4 Data Carousels 162 9.6.5 Resident and Interactive Applications 163 10 Single Frequency Networks and Multifrequency Networks 165 10.1 Introduction to Single Frequency Networks 165 10.2 Types of Single Frequency Networks 167 10.3 Self Interference of Single Frequency Networks 168 10.3.1 Delay Spread 169 10.4 SFN Performance With 0 dB Echoes 171 10.5 Single Frequency Network Synchronization 172 10.5.1 Synchronization Constraints and MIPs 172 10.5.2 Time Synchronization 173 10.5.3 Frequency Synchronization 173 10.5.4 Bit Synchronization Using the Megaframe and MIP 174 10.6 Distribution Delays 174 10.7 Network Gain 175 10.8 Multifrequency Networks 176 10.9 Protection Ratios 177 10.9.1 Frequency Resource 178 10.9.2 Assigning Channels for MFNs 178 10.9.3 MFN Offsets 179 Contents xiii 10.10 Nonsynchronous Operation 179 10.11 ERP Requirements 180 10.12 Modifications to Upper Adjacent Analog Transmitters 180 11 Radio Frequency Considerations for Digital Terrestrial Television Services
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