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Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia

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Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia DOI: 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.77.2009.209-220 Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 77: 209–220 (2009). Echinodermata (Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Clay Bryce and Loisette Marsh Department of Aquatic Zoology Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool, D.C. 6986 Email: [email protected] Abstract – A survey documenting the diversity and indicative abundance of targeted echinoderms (asteroids, echinoids and holothurians) at Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs was conducted in September 2006. Due to logistical constraints species were counted along a single transect furnishing limited scope for statistical analysis. Echinoderms (including some ophiuroids) were collected opportunistically at each station. Fourteen species of echinoderm were collected from the NW atolls for the first time (five species of Asteroidea including a possible new species, six Ophiuroidea and three Echinodea). Voucher specimens of all but the commonest species have been lodged with the Western Australian Museum. The echinoderm fauna of Scott Reef, particularly North Scott Reef, has declined in abundance and species richness since the surveys of the 1980s. This may have been influenced by a significant coral bleaching event in 1998 and subsequent scouring by cyclonic activity. Fishing pressure at South and North Scott Reefs (but not Mermaid Reef) by Indonesian fishers has also had a drastic effect on holothurian populations to the point where oligospermy will be a serious factor. inTRODuCTiOn: METHODOLOGY (see Station and Transect Data in this volume) In 1986, the Western Australian Museum (WA Museum) published the results of its surveys of The echinoderm species were recorded, the Rowley Shoals, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs individuals counted and representatives collected (Berry, 1986). Included were the results of the first from a single transect, which was one of the two mollusc transects at each station. Additional species survey of the echinoderms (Marsh, 1986). There were also collected generally from the station have been no formal biodiversity surveys since that area. Due to logistical constraints and lack of time time. Several agencies, including the Australian in the field the Ophiuroidea were only collected Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) (Rees et al., 2003) opportunistically and crinoids were omitted from and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial the survey. Organisation (CSIRO) (Skewes et al., 1999) have The methodology adopted recorded echinoderm undertaken marine resource evaluations, including diversity with an indication of abundance. holothurians (Smith et al., 2005). The WA Museum The method (described in detail below) varied also undertook a contract rapid assessment survey dependent on whether the station was located on of the marine resources (including holothurians) the outer reef slope, in the lagoon or on the reef of Scott Reef and Seringapatam Reefs and Browse platform. Island in February 2006 (Bryce, 2006). All of these A single transect was swum at all stations, except surveys were related to fishing pressure and for reef platform stations and the channel drifts. general stock assessments and did not investigate Extra echinoderm records were made throughout other echinoderm groups. the transect swim to increase the biodiversity list; this was accomplished by opportunistic Here we report in detail the echinoderms investigations of the areas adjacent to the transect. recorded during the 2006 WA Museum survey of The diver would periodically mark his current Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam transect position and then explore habitats Reefs off the north coast of Western Australia. The and features adjacent to the transect. Further information in this paper supersedes that provided investigations were undertaken by a general in the 2006 unpublished preliminary report (Bryce swim around the station once the transect had and Marsh, 2006) of the same survey. been completed. This ensured all depths and 210 C. Bryce, L. Marsh Table 1 Number of stations sampled for Echinoderms - 1986 and 2006 Clerke Mermaid Sth Scott nth Scott Seringapatam 1986 Report 20 2 12 11 2 2006 Report 16 14 10 5 habitats were represented in the biodiversity list by raking a series of one metre squares at every while maximising dive time and completing the alternate meter along the transect line. Small hand transect. The time at each station was limited to rakes were used for this purpose. approximately one hour of effort, which varied depending on the complexity of the topography, Lagoon Stations: transect length and habitat types encountered. All lagoon stations were centred on coral outcrops or reef edges to maximise habitat diversity. The Outer slope stations: methodology for these stations differed little from A single transect, one metre wide, was swum the outer slope stations, except for instances where up-slope from a depth of 20 m to reef crest at 3 to the required 20 m starting depth was unobtainable. 4 m. The transect was determined at the surface In these instances, the transect was defined by the by lining up the 20 m station buoy with the two distance between the buoys marking the shallow shallower buoys marking the replicated transects and deep transect series of the coral, sponge and of the coral, sponge and crustacean researchers. A crustacean divers. In this way, the transect ran from transect bearing using an underwater compass was deepest to shallowest point and perpendicular to used to keep the diver on course. the other transects. As many echinoderms are cryptic, rocks and coral slabs, when abundant, were turned at 20, 15, Platform Stations: 10 and 5 m depth increments along the transect. Platform habitats have several zones – outer edge, Where rocks and slabs were few all encountered platform centre and lagoonal edge – and these were turned and investigated. Small sand patches can be more then a kilometre apart. As such, this occurring intermittently were raked for echinoid macro-habitat was treated as a biodiversity site with species; larger sand plains were sub-sampled no attempt to quantify the echinoderms found. Above: Choriaster granulatus Lütken, 1869 (Photo: Clay Bryce) Marine Fauna - Echinodermata 211 Left: Echinaster luzonicus (Gray, 1840); Right: Ophiomastix annulosa (Lamarck , 1816) (Photos: Clay Bryce) Channel Drifts: 52 echinoderm species from the classes The channel drifts, like the platform stations were Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea were qualitative only. recorded during the present survey (2006), which is 71% of the species from the same classes recorded Voucher specimens of unknown and noteworthy by Marsh (1986). Table 1 highlights the differences species were collected, identified at the WA in the number of stations surveyed between the Museum, registered and retained for the collections 2006 report and corresponding reefs from the of the WA Museum. 1986 publication data. The difference in effort and collection opportunity portrayed in Table 1 is RESuLTS reflected by the variability within and between the reefs for the two survey periods. Results are presented in such a way as to enable However, combining the number of stations for comparison with the earlier WA Museum survey each reef system (Figure 1) a clearer indication of (Berry, 1986; Marsh, 1986). However, a direct collecting effort can be determined. For example, comparison in a quantitative sense is problematical 20 sampling stations were recorded in the data as the methodology and effort between the surveys published in 1986 for Clerke Reef (Rowley Shoals). differ. When this is added to the two stations at Mermaid Figure 1 Station comparison between systems for 1986 and 2006 reports 212 C. Bryce, L. Marsh Clockwise From Top Left: Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833; Holothuria edulis lesson, 1830; Holothuria whitmaei (Selenka, 1867); Holothuria fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980. (Photos: Clay Bryce) Reef (Rowley Shoals), the only other reef sampled, 1897) and Echinaster callosus Marenzeller, 1895 from and then compared to the 16 Mermaid Reef stations Mermaid Reef and Celerina sp. and Cistina columbiae from the 2006 survey a more meaningful coverage from South Scott Reef. Echinaster callosus is a new of collecting opportunity is observed. A station record for Western Australia. From North Scott breakdown of the various reefs visited for the Reef seven species were found in 2006 with no new report of 2006 and 1986 publication is provided in records. Eight species were found at Seringapatam Table 1 and relates directly to Figure 1. Reef in 2006, with no new records. A complete list of species’ occurrence at each atoll is shown in Table 2, which also lists previous Echinoidea records. A limited list of Ophiuroidea (20 species) In the 1986 publication, 14 species of echinoids is also provided within this table. A breakdown by were recorded from Rowley Shoals; of these six atoll of the 52 species is presented in Figure 2. were recorded at Mermaid Reef in 2006 plus one From Figure 2 it can be seen that Mermaid new record, Nacospatangus (Pseudomaretia) alta (A. Reef and South Scott Reef have a significantly Agassiz, 1863), which is known from Indonesia. higher number of total recorded species and From Scott and Seringapatam Reefs 19 species of correspondingly similar unique species component echinoid were recorded in the 1986 publication, of to the other two atolls. However, Mermaid Reef has these only seven species were found in 2006 at the a similar geographical shape and habitat diversity same reefs. From North Scott there was one new to that of North Scott Reef and Seringapatam, while record, Temnotrema elegans Mortensen, 1918 and a South Scott Reef is large with a greater range of possible new species, cf. Cyrtechinus sp. habitats. Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate similar trends for the Asteroidea and Echinoidea in that Mermaid and Asteroidea South Scott Reefs are similar in having high species In Marsh (1986), 17 species of seastars were found abundance but show a reduction for North Scott at Mermaid and Clerke Reefs (Rowley Shoals). Of and Seringapatam Reefs.
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