National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth SINGAPORE National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth SINGAPORE National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth of Singapore July 2019 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes or to provide wider dissemination for public response, provided prior written permission is obtained from the PEMSEA Executive Director, acknowledgment of the source is made and no commercial usage or sale of the material occurs. PEMSEA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale, any commercial purpose or any purpose other than those given above without a written agreement between PEMSEA and the requesting party. Published by Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Printed in Quezon City, Philippines National Parks Board (Singapore) and PEMSEA. 2019. National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth of Singapore. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. 214 p. ISBN 978-971-812-055-2 The activities described in this report were made possible with the generous support from our sponsoring organizations - the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of PEMSEA Country Partners and its other participating organizations. The designation employed and the presentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part of PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries. PEMSEA Resource Facility P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165, Philippines Tel: (+632) 929-2992 Fax: (+632) 926-9712 Email: [email protected] www.pemsea.org NATIONAL STATE OF OCEANS AND COASTS 2018: BLUE ECONOMY GROWTH OF SINGAPORE i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv List of Figures v Abbreviations and Acronyms vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Coverage and Theme of the National State of the Oceans and Coasts Report – 2 The Emergence of the Blue Economy 1.2 Rationale of the SOC Report 3 1.3 Concept and Framework of the National SOC Report 7 1.4 Methodology and Timeframe 7 1.5 Caveats and Limitations 8 PART 1: THE SEAS AND PEOPLE OF SINGAPORE 9 2. Singapore as an Island Nation 10 2.1 Geography 10 2.2 The People of Singapore 11 2.3 The Economy of Singapore 21 PART 2: HARNESSING THE OCEANS 25 3. Ocean Economy 26 3.1 Key Ocean Economic Activities 27 3.2 Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services 27 4. Fisheries and Aquaculture 30 4.1 Fishery Resources and Fish Stocks 30 4.2 Aquaculture (fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) 30 4.3 Fisheries Production (fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.) 30 4.4 Fish Ports 31 4.5 Contribution to Food Security 31 4.6 Sustainability: Pressures and Response 32 5. Marine and Coastal Tourism 33 5.1 Top Tourist Destinations 34 5.2 Major Tourist Destinations and Attractions in Coastal and Marine Areas 38 5.3 Contribution to Income and Livelihood 45 5.4 Sustainability: Pressures and Response 49 6. Ports and Shipping 55 6.1 Navigational Lanes and Shipping Traffic 56 6.2 Major Ports 57 6.3 Port Performance Indicators 58 6.4 Contribution to Income and Livelihood 58 6.5 Aids to Navigation 58 6.6 Port Reception Facilities for Garbage Collection 58 6.7 Other Facilities 58 6.8 Preparedness, Response and Co-operation 59 6.9 Marina / Ports for Recreation and Tourism 62 ii NATIONAL STATE OF OCEANS AND COASTS 2018: BLUE ECONOMY GROWTH OF SINGAPORE 7. Other Ocean Economic Activities 64 7.1 Offshore Oil and Gas 64 7.2 Ship-building 64 7.3 Maritime Services 67 PART 3: DEVELOPMENTS IN BLUE ECONOMY 69 8. Blue Economy Initiatives 70 8.1 Drivers of Future Growth, Innovations and Sustainability 70 8.2 Innovative and Sustainable Ocean-related Economic Activities 75 8.3 Emergent Ocean Economic Activities 80 8.4 Investment Opportunities 88 PART 4. STATE OF OCEAN HEALTH UNDERPINNING THE BLUE ECONOMY 93 9. Oceanographic Features 94 9.1 Bathymetry and Hydrography 94 9.2 Topography, Geology and Drainage 94 9.3 Climate 96 9.4 Currents and Tides 96 9.5 Sea Surfacec Temperature (SST) 99 9.6 Salinity 99 9.7 Availability of Nutrients 99 9.8 Marine Water Quality 100 10. Coastal and Marine Habitats 102 10.1 Mangrove Habitats 104 10.2 Subtidal Habitats 107 10.3 Intertidal Habitats 111 10.4 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species 115 11. Key Challenges in a Dynamic Environment 120 11.1 Drivers Towards a More Resilient Singapore 120 11.2 Anthropogenic Issues 120 11.3 Natural Hazards and Climate Change 126 PART 5: GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE AND MECHANISMS SUPPORTING BLUE ECONOMY 129 12. Addressing Sustainable Development Aspects to Ensure Blue Economy 130 12.1 Ecosystem and Biodiversity Conservation 130 12.2 Pollution Reduction and Environmental Protection 135 12.3 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 139 13. Policies, Plans and Supporting Mechanisms 142 13.1 Legal Framework for ICM 142 13.2 Integrated Urban Coastal Management (IUCM) 147 13.3 Key Strategies and Action Plans 152 13.4 Supporting Initiatives and Financing Mechanisms 157 13.5 Research and Development (R&D) 159 13.6 Capacity Development, Technology Transfer and Knowledge Management 164 13.7 Partnership and Participation Mechanisms 167 13.8 Meeting International Commitments 171 PART 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 175 14. Summary and Conclusion 176 14.1 Overall Assessment of the State of Ocean Economy and Ocean Health 176 14.2 Sustainable Development is a Journey 177 14.3 Challenges and Opportunities 178 14.4 Examples of Initiatives for Blue Economy 183 NATIONAL STATE OF OCEANS AND COASTS 2018: BLUE ECONOMY GROWTH OF SINGAPORE iii Annex A: Summary Tables 188 A.1. Status of Singapore’s Coastal and Marine Habitats 188 A.2. Marine Water Quality 189 A.3. Blue Economy Inititatives 190 A.4. Policies and Governance 191 A.5. Summary: State of Ocean Economy and Ocean Health 197 Annex B: Supplementary Information 202 B.1. Individual OHI Goal Score Evaluation Comparison for Singapore 2012 - 2017 202 B.2. Factsheet on Marine Conservation Action Plan (MCAP) Initiatives 203 B.3. Sustainable development goals 207 References 208 iv NATIONAL STATE OF OCEANS AND COASTS 2018: BLUE ECONOMY GROWTH OF SINGAPORE List of Tables Table 2.1: Key Demographic Indicator, 1970-2016 12 Table 2.2: Singapore Population Size and Growth by Residential Status 13 Table 2.3: Top 10 Diseases 17 Table 2.4: Singapore’s Human Development Indices 19 Table 2.5: GDP, in millions, at 2010 Market Prices, by industry 22 (Singapore Standard Industrial Classification 2015). Table 2.6: Nominal per capital GNI and Per Capita GDP at Current Market Price 22 Table 2.7: Macroeconomic Indicators 23 Table 4.1: Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Export for 2013-2017 31 Table 5.1: Coastal Parks and Coastal Nature Reserves, Singapore 39 Table 5.2: Tourism Statistics, Singapore, 2012-2016 46 Table 5.3: Total Cruise Passenger Throughput and Ship Calls for 2010 – 2017 46 Table 5.4: Total Visitors in 2006 – 2016 and Total Iisland Gross Revenue for Sentosa from 48 2008 - 2016 Table 6.1: Port Performance Indications in 2017 57 Table 9.1: Monitoring Result of Inland Waters 101 Table 9.2: Monitoring Results of Coastal Waters 101 Table 10.1: Summary of Singapore’s Coastal and Marine Habitats 103 Table 10.2: List of Conservation Status of the 36 Mangrove Species in Singapore 105 Table 10.3: Number of Species for Various Taxa found in Singapore’s Waters 108 Table 10.4: Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Corals, Worms and Molluscs 115 Table 10.5: Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Migratory Birds 117 Table 10.6: Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Marine Species 117 Table 10.7: Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Echinodermata 118 Table 10.8: Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Reptiles 119 Table 13.1: Key Government Stakeholders of Singapore’s Coastal and Marine Environment 143 Table 13.2: ICM Relevant Laws in Singapore 145 Table 13.3: Multilateral Environmental Agreements and International Conventions Acceded 172 to or Ratified by Singapore Table 13.4: Regional Mechanisms 174 NATIONAL STATE OF OCEANS AND COASTS 2018: BLUE ECONOMY GROWTH OF SINGAPORE v List of Figures Figure 1.1: Framework for Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas through ICM 6 Implementation Figure 2.1: Length, Width, and Coastline of Singapore 10 Figure 2.2: Map of Singapore 11 Figure 2.3: Age Pyramid of Residential Population 14 Figure 2.4: Residential Old-age Support Ratio 15 Figure 2.5: Ethnic Composition of Resident Population 16 Figure 2.6: Expectancy at Birth 17 Figure 3.1: Ocean Economy 26 Figure 5.1: Key Statistics for Cruise Industry Performance 47 Figure 5.2: URA’s Leisure Plan as Part of the Master Plan 2008 51 Figure 9.1: Topography of Singapore 2012 95 Figure 10.1: Coastal and Marine Habitats of Singapore 102 Figure 10.2: Singapore’s Reef (both artificial and natural) 108 Figure 11.1: Climate Change in Singapore 127 Figure 12.1: Coastal Protection and Restoration of Mangrove Biodiversity at 131 Pulau Tekong Figure 13.1: Singapore’s Resilience Framework 153 Figure 13.2: The Four Key Thrusts of the NCMP 154 vi NATIONAL STATE OF OCEANS AND COASTS 2018: BLUE ECONOMY GROWTH OF SINGAPORE Acronyms and Abbreviations 3P – People, Public, Private CCZ – Clarion Clipperton Zone 3Rs – reduce, reuse, recycle CDC – Community Development Council A*Star – Agency for