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Edited by Mohan Jyoti Dutta and Dazzelyn Baltazar Zapata Communicating for Social Change Meaning, Power, and Resistance Communicating for Social Change Mohan Jyoti Dutta Dazzelyn Baltazar Zapata Editors Communicating for Social Change Meaning, Power, and Resistance Editors Mohan Jyoti Dutta Dazzelyn Baltazar Zapata Center for Culture-Centered Approach Department of Communications and to Research and Evaluation (CARE) New Media Massey University National University of Singapore Palmerston North, New Zealand Singapore, Singapore ISBN 978-981-13-2004-0 ISBN 978-981-13-2005-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2005-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959219 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations. Cover Image by the Editors Cover Design by Tom Howey This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedicated to Willie, June, Daniel, Lily Advisory board members of the “Singaporeans left behind” campaign Launched by CARE Your voices Emerging from your soul From the depths of your worn out bodies From the truth Of your everyday struggles Raise their clarion call For change. Mohan Dutta, Singapore, May 1, 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although the academic study of social change and the intersecting com- municative processes that generate spaces of social change are inherently situated within the ambit of institutional powers, legitimized by the state- market nexus, the rupturing of discursive spaces in the status quo is enabled when academics reach out to activists, community organizers, and social movements. This book is therefore dedicated to the activists Samarendra Das, Jolovan Wham, P. Satheesh, Vanessa Ho, and Braema Mathi, and community organizers Indranil Mandal, Ramprasad Das, Tony Gillespie, and Tracy Robinson, who have collaborated with the multiple projects of Center for Culture-Centered Approach to Research and Evaluation (CARE) that seek to embody the spirit of academic-activist-community collaborations. These collaborations and conversations, when powerfully embedded in meaningful action, emerge as sites of precarity and embodied risks. The advisory group members at the forefront of change, Uncle Willie, Auntie June, Daniel, and Auntie Lily, who led our advisory group with the “Voices of Hunger” advocacy project in Singapore, and created the “Singaporeans Left Behind” advocacy campaign, you embody the spirit and ethic of social change, bearing the many risks and costs that come with believing in your voices. Your indomitable courage in being the voices of truth forms the foundation of communication for social change, rupturing the propaganda that circulates in the mainstream. This book was conceptualised at one of the weekly meetings of CARE, Department of Communications and New Media (CNM), National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2015, where the research team felt the urgency of intervening in the theoretical production of social change ix x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS communication knowledge from outside of the colonial tropes of social change communication, rooted in the U.S. With the hope of sharing and reaching a wider audience, especially in the global South, engaged in the everyday practice of communicating for social change, the Conference for Social Change: Intersections of Theory and Praxis was held in early 2016 in Singapore. Each of the chapters in this book has been part of that inaugural Conference for Social Change brought by CARE, Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore. We wish to thank all of those who made this possible. We most espe- cially thank our community partners who have served not just as inspira- tion but as a source of strength. We also thank our NGO partners: Deccan Development Society, India; Jolovan Wham and the Humanitarian Organisation for Migrant Economics (HOME); Sherry Sherqueshaa, Vanessa Ho and Project X, Dialita Performance from Indonesia, Healthserv, Mohsin bhai and Banglar Kantha, and Food from the Heart. We also wish to thank our distinguished keynote speaker Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, and our plenary speakers Ambar Basu, Barbara Sharf, and Raka Shome. We also had the pleasure of witnessing a lecture demonstration by Rachmi Diyah Larasati, poetography by Julio Etchart and Mohan Dutta, a docu- mentary screening of Learning 65 by Dyah Pitaloka and Mohan Dutta, and preconference film documentary workshops by Deccan Development Society and independent documentary filmmaker Nakul Singh Sawhney, who worked through elements of his filmMuzzafarnagar baqi hai. We thank all the conference secretariats who worked hard and pushed through to make the conference possible, Satveer Kaur, Naomi Tan, Pauline Luk, Abdul Rahman Bin Abdol Rahim, and Asha Rathina Pandi, as well as the other members of the conference committee: Dyah Pitaloka, Munirah Bashir, Ashwini Falnikar, Somrita Ganchoudhuri, Li Lijun, Monishankar Prasad, and Julio Etchart. We thank the CNM administrative staff who assisted us throughout the planning, implementation, and conclusion of the conference, especially Gayathri Dorairaju and Norizan Binti Abdul Majid. We also thank Palgrave, especially Vishal Daryanomel and Anushangi Weerakoon for their patience and help in putting this book together. Our families hold the anchors to our ongoing work. Mohan would like to thank his parents, siblings, wife, and children, Shloke, Trisha, and Soham, for their strength, fortitude, and support on the journey of social ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi change. Dazzie would like to thank her family and her daughter Zab for the love and inspiration. We thank all the chapter authors for their contribution to social change in their respective parts of the world, depicting the plural and multitudinal ways in which social change communication is imagined and crystallized. These chapters offer inspirations for imagining social change outside of and in resistance to the colonialist agenda of the dominant social change communication literature. CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Theory, Method, and Praxis of Social Change 1 Mohan Jyoti Dutta Part I Theoretical Articulations of Social Change 9 2 Self-Reflexivity for Social Change: The Researcher, I, and the Researched, Female Street-Based Commercial Sex Workers,’ Gendered Contexts 13 Iccha Basnyat 3 Gaze as Embodied Ethics: Homelessness, the Other, and Humanity 33 Eric Kramer and Elaine Hsieh 4 Development Communication and the Dialogic Space: Finding the Voices Under the Mines 63 Christele J. Amoyan and Pamela A. Custodio xiii xiv CONTENTS 5 The Kapwa in Compassion: Examining Compassionate Health Care for Violence Against Women (VAW) Victims Among PGH Health Care Providers 87 John Mervin Embate, Marie Carisa Ordinario, and Alyssa Batu Part II Contexts of Social Change Communication 109 6 Mama, Home and Away: Philippine Cinema’s Discourse on the Feminization of Labor Migration 111 Arjay Arellano 7 “Long-Distance Parenting”: A Media Ecological Study on Values Communication Between Migrant Parents and Their Children in Paete, Laguna 133 Paoloregel Samonte 8 Harnessing the Potential of Communication for the Well-Being of Transnational Families 155 Rosel San Pascual Part III Social Change Methodologies 173 9 The Health Communication Advocacy Tool: An Approach Toward Addressing Health Inequity 175 Chervin Lam and Marifran Mattson 10 Self-Reflexivity in DevCom Research: An Autoethnography 197 Rikki Lee B. Mendiola and Pamela A. Custodio CONTENTS xv 11 Participatory Communication and Extension for Indigenous Farmers: Empowering Local Paddy Rice Growers in East Java 213 Edi Dwi Cahyono Part IV Examples of Communicating for Social Change 235 12 Going Viral: Online Goal Emergence and Adaptation in the Anti-human Trafficking Movement 239 Rachel Gong 13 Communication Platforms and Climate Change Adaptation of Rice Farmers in Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines 263 Benedict Omandap Medina 14 Integrative Medicine Focus Groups as a Source of Patient Agency and Social Change for Chinese Americans with Type 2 Diabetes 285 Evelyn Y. Ho, Genevieve Leung, Han-Lin Chi, Siyuan Huang, Hua Zhang, Isabelle Ting, Donald Chan, Yuqi Chen, Sonya Pritzker, Elaine Hsieh, and Hilary K. Seligman Part V Culture-Centered Approach