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Lietuvos Vėjo Energetikos Klasterio Formavimas Strategin ė savivalda ISSN 1648-5815 Strategic Self-Management 2005 Nr.1(2) www.eksponente.lt/ssz Stasys Paulauskas, Aleksandras Paulauskas LIETUVOS V ĖJO ENERGETIKOS KLASTERIO FORMAVIMAS FORMATION OF LITHUANIAN WIND ENERGY CLUSTER Naujadaros straipsnis / Innovations‘ article Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos klasterio formavimas Doc. dr. Stasys PAULAUSKAS. Strategin ės savivaldos instituto direktorius. Pagrindin ės mokslini ų tyrim ų kryptys: savivaldos teorija, strateginio valdymo metodologija, energetikos, j ūrų ūkio, švietimo pl ėtra, saviugdos informacin ės technologijos. Adresas: Baltijos pr. 123-61, LT-93224 Klaip ėda. Tel.:+37046350560, e-mail: [email protected] Assoc. Prof. dr. Stasys PAULAUSKAS. Director of Public institution Strategic Self-Management institute. Main areas of scientific research: theory of self-management, methodology of strategic management; development of energy, maritime economy, education, self-improvement information technologies. Address: Baltijos pr. 123-61, LT-93224 Klaipeda. Phone: +37046350560, e-mail: [email protected] Mgr. Aleksandras PAULAUSKAS. Lietuvos energetikos instituto doktorantas. Lietuvos v ėjo energetik ų asociacijos direktorius. Pagrindin ės naujadaros sritys: v ėjo energetikos technologijos, regionin ė pl ėtra. Adresas: Baltijos pr. 123-61. LT-93224 Klaip ėda. Tel.:+37046350560, e-mail: [email protected] Mgr. Aleksandras PAULAUSKAS. Post Graduate Student of Lithuanian Energy Institute. Director of Lithuanian wind energy association. Main areas of innovations: wind energy technologies, regional development. Address: Baltijos pr. 123-61. LT-93224 Klaip ėda. Phone : +37046350560, e-mail: [email protected] Anotacija Vyraujant centralizuotam elektros ūkiui, kurio pagrind ą sudaro branduolinis, naftos ir duj ų kuras, v ėjo energetikos galimyb ės ilg ą laik ą buvo ribotos. Ta čiau pritaikius pagrindinius Europos S ąjungos darnaus vystymosi, lygi ų galimybi ų, regionin ės pl ėtros principus bei modernius naujadaros ir strategin ės savivaldos metodologinius poži ūrius, nacionalin ė v ėjo energetika atsiveria kaip neabejotinai pažangi ir perspektyvi verslo sritis. Įsteigus Lietuvos v ėjo energetik ų asociacij ą formuojasi moderni v ėjo energetikos verslo šaka. Straipsnyje nagrin ėjamas ES metodologin ės kult ūros įtakoje vykstantis Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos verslo srities tapimo procesas. Pagrindiniai žodžiai : vėjo energetika, darnus vystymasis, darnos kult ūra, naujadara, strategin ė savivalda. Abstract Dominating of centralized electricity economy, grounded on nuclear, oil and gas fuel, the possibilities of wind energy were limited many years. But applied main methodological principles of European Union – sustainable development, equal possibilities, regional development and modern innovations and strategic self-management methodological outlooks, national wind energy discovers as definitely progressive and prospective business branch. After establishing of Lithuanian wind energy association the new modern wind power economy branch is forming. In this article are analyzing Lithuanian wind power branch becoming process. Key words : wind power, sustainable development, sustainability culture, innovations, strategic self-management. Recenzentai – prof. habil. dr. Remigijus Čiegis ir prof .habil. dr. Matas Tamonis Įvadas Problemin ė situacija. V ėjas yra ekologiškai švarios, atsinaujinan čios energijos šaltinis, kurio panaudojimas elektrai gaminti pastaruoju metu pasaulyje auga taip pat spar čiai, kaip kompiuterija ir mobilusis telefono ryšys. Europos ir Skandinavijos šalys daug d ėmesio skiria šios energetikos srities pl ėtrai. Lietuvoje v ėjo energetika aktyviau imta dom ėtis tik pastaraisiais metais, s ąryšyje su pl ėtojama energetikos ūkio reforma bei integracija į Europos S ąjungos ūkį. Netgi nusprendus uždaryti Ignalinos atomin ę elektrin ę iki 2009 met ų, nacionalin ėje energetikos strategijoje v ėjo energetikai buvo numatyta itin kukli vieta. Buvo planuojama 2015 metais iš v ėjo gaminti tik 0,5% visos šalies elektros energijos. 2002 met ų spalio m ėnes į įsteigta Lietuvos v ėjo energetik ų asociacija išsik ėlė pagrindin į veiklos tiksl ą – sukurti Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos ūkio šak ą ir išpl ėtoti šios draugiškos gamtinei aplinkai, nereikalaujan čios kuro importo, energetikos kult ūrą. Tai įgalino pakoreguoti nacionalin ės energetikos bei vėjo energetikos strateginius prioritetus. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas yra, remiantis pasaulio ir Europos S ąjungos v ėjo energetikos pl ėtros tendencijomis ir atsižvelgus į Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos galimybes, apibr ėžti šio energetikos sektoriaus formavimo raid ą. Šiam tikslui įgyvendinti sprendžiami šie pagrindiniai uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti v ėjo energetikos strategijos formavimo metodologinius principus; 2. Įvertinti Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos raidos b ūkl ę ir galimybes. 1 Strategin ės savivaldos institutas Strategic Self-Management Institute www.eksponente.lt/ssi Strategin ė savivalda ISSN 1648-5815 Strategic Self-Management 2005 Nr.1(2) www.eksponente.lt/ssz Pagrindinis tyrimo objektas – Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos verslo šakos k ūrimas. Pagrindin ė hipotez ė – Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos verslo šakos pl ėtros galimybes lemia palanki ES darnaus vystymosi metodologin ė kult ūra ir pozityvus strateginis šios veiklos vystymas, kuriant ir įgyvendinant strategin ės savivaldos sistem ą. Pagrindiniai tyrimo metodai : v ėjo parametr ų matavimai, investicinis projektavimas, poveikio aplinkai analiz ė, strateginis modeliavimas. Pagrindin ės duomen ų baz ės: Mokslin ės inovacin ė bendrov ės „Eksponent ė“ kartu su Norvegijos ir Jungtini ų taut ų ekspertais atlikti Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos galimybi ų studij ų, v ėjo j ėgaini ų park ų investicini ų projekt ų bei Europos ir pasaulio v ėjo energetikos organizacij ų duomenys. 1. Lietuvos v ėjo energetikos strategijos formavimo metodologiniai principai ir įrankiai Ūkin ės veiklos kult ūros raidai b ūdinga nuosekli fizin ės, ekonomin ės ir darnaus vystymosi kokybini ų pakop ų kaita 1. Vertinant dabartin ę Lietuvos ūkin ės veiklos kult ūrą, stebime per ėjimo nuo daiktin ės prie ekonomin ės kokyb ės procesus. Nors formuojant nacionalin ę energetikos strategij ą pla čiai operuojama ekonomikos įrankiais, vienu esminiu pažangios v ėjo energetikos ribojan čiu veiksniu išlieka fizinei kult ūros kokybei b ūdingi technikos kriterijai. Užimantys dominuojan čią pozicij ą elektros rinkoje elektros tinklo operatoriai pirmiausiai kelia technini ų reikalavim ų kriterijus technini ų tinklo parametr ų užtikrinimo poži ūriu. Ekonomikos gi kult ūra pirmiausiai koncentruoja d ėmes į į ūkin ės veiklos efektyvumo kriterijus. Ekonomikos poži ūriu, turint pakankamai l ėšų, daugel į technini ų problem ų galima išspr ęsti. Ta čiau reikalaujamos investicijos turi tenkinti ekonominio efektyvumo kriterijus. Nauj ų veiklos sri čių atskleidimas dažnai susietas su naujausi ų metodologini ų sistem ų bei princip ų įsisavinimu. V ėjo energetikos raida yra to charakteringas pavyzdys. Skaičiuojant šios energetikos r ūšies produkcijos vieneto savikain ą remiantis vyraujan čiu dabarties ūkyje tiesiogini ų gamybos kašt ų metodu, dažnai padaroma išvada, kad v ėjo energetika yra per brangi ir d ėl to neperspektyvi. Pritaikius pagrindinius Europos S ąjungos darnaus vystymosi, lygi ų galimybi ų, regionin ės pl ėtros principus bei modernius naujadaros ir strategin ės savivaldos metodologinius poži ūrius, nacionalin ė v ėjo energetika atsiveria kaip neabejotinai pažangi ir perspektyvi verslo sritis. 1.1. Darnos kult ūros puosel ėjimas 2000 m. įvyk ęs ES virš ūni ų susitikimas pri ėmė vadinam ąją Lisabonos strategij ą, kurioje pagrindiniu ES tikslu iki 2010 m. nurodomas „ES tapimas konkurencingiausia ir dinamiškiausia žiniomis gr įsta ekonomine sistema pasaulyje, užtikrinan čia darn ų vystym ąsi, daugiau ir geresni ų darbo viet ų, didesn ę socialin ę sanglaud ą“2. Europos S ąjunga ypating ą d ėmes į skiria pažangiems ir demokratiškiems horizontaliems pl ėtros principams, svarbiausi iš kuri ų yra darnaus vystymosi, lyg ų galimybi ų, regionin ės pl ėtros ir žini ų visuomen ės k ūrimas. Kiekvieno j ų įgyvendinimas nacionaliniame ūkyje vienu ar kitu aspektu palie čia v ėjo energetikos pl ėtros galimybes. Charakteringas v ėjo energetikos kaip modernios ir ekologiškai švarios ūkin ės bruožas yra tvirta orientacij ą į pažangiausius Jungtini ų Taut ų ir Europos S ąjungos darnaus vystymosi metodologinius principus. Daugiau nei 150 valstybi ų atstovai 1992 metais Rio de Žaneiro pasiraš ė deklaracij ą d ėl aplinkos apsaugos ir pl ėtros bei Darbotvark ę XXI amžiui 3. Darnioji pl ėtra grindžiama vis ų Pasaulio valstybi ų, socialini ų grupi ų, atskir ų asmen ų atsakomybe už gamt ą bei žmonij ą ir įgyvendinama j ų bendromis pastangomis. Svarbus vaidmuo tenka aplinkos apsaugos švietimui. Darnus vystymasis 4– tai ilgalaik ė, nuolatin ė visuomen ės pl ėtra, siekiant tenkinti žmonijos poreikius dabar ir ateityje, racionaliai naudojant bei papildant gamtos išteklius, išsaugant Žem ę ateities kartoms. Verta pasteb ėti, kad Lietuvoje angliškas terminas „ sustainable“ ilgai netur ėjo vieningo atitikmens. Įvair ūs autoriai jį vert ė kaip tolydžioji, subalansuota, tvarioji, remiamoji ir kt. Ta čiau rengiant šios pažangios kult ūros pl ėtros nacionalin ę strategij ą5, buvo priimtas darnaus vystymosi terminas. Pagrindiniai darniojo vystymo aspektai yra: 1 Paulauskas S. Demokratin ė savivalda: Kaip patobulinti Lietuvos valstyb ės valdym ą. Klaip ėda: Klaip ėdos Rytas. 2000. P.59. 2 Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000 Presidency Conclusions. http://www.europarl.eu.int/summits/lis1_en.htm
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