DOCSLIB.ORG

Eastern Winds

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eastern Winds Eastern winds - Emerging European wind power markets Eastern winds - Emerging European wind power 53520-1212-1005 EWEA www.ewea.org About EWEA EWEA is the voice of the wind industry, actively promoting wind power in Europe and worldwide. It has over 700 members from almost 60 Eastern winds countries, including wind turbine manufacturers with a leading share of the world wind power market, plus component suppliers, research institutes, national wind and renewables associations, developers, Emerging European wind power markets contractors, electricity providers, nance and insurance companies, and ISBN 978-2-930670-03-4 consultants. This combined strength makes EWEA the world’s largest and most powerful wind energy network. Rue d’Arlon 80 | B-1040 Brussels 9 782930 670034 Tel: +32 2 213 18 11 - Fax: +32 2 213 18 90 A report by the European Wind Energy Association - February 2013 E-mail: [email protected] emerging_markets_cover.indd 1 12/12/12 17:48 Eastern winds Emerging European wind power markets a report by the European Wind Energy Association Text and analysis Chapter 1: Mihaela Dragan, Jacopo Moccia and Pierre Tardieu (European Wind Energy Association-EWEA) Chapter 2 to Chapter 5: Honorata Fijalka, Raluca Voinica, Bogdan Belciu, Iulian Circiumaru, Jan Brazda, Martin Dolezal, Michal Miklovic, David Schneider and Michael Sponring (PwC) Revising authors: Christian Kjaer, Maria Tvrdonova, Jacopo Moccia, Justin Wilkes and Julian Scola (EWEA) Revision and editing: Adrienne Margolis, Zoë Casey (EWEA) Design Coordination: Jesús Quesada (EWEA) Design: Giselinde Vandevelde Print: www.artoos.be EWEA has joined a climate neutral printing programme. It makes choices as to what it prints and how, based on environmental criteria. The CO2 emissions of the printing process are then calculated and compensated by green emission allowances purchased from a sustainable project. Published in February 2013 ISBN: 978-2-930670-03-4 AF_Emerging_report.indd 1 12/12/12 17:43 2 Eastern winds - Emerging European wind power markets AF_Emerging_report.indd 2 12/12/12 17:43 Content Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................8 1 The wind energy market ........................................................................................................ 10 2 Wind energy nancing ............................................................................................................ 20 2.1 Commercial banks ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 International Financing Institutions ................................................................................................ 24 2.3 EU nancing and support ..............................................................................................................27 2.4 Support mechanisms in central, eastern and south-eastern countries .............................................29 3 First wave markets ................................................................................................................. 30 3.1 Bulgaria ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Hungary ...................................................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Poland......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Romania ..................................................................................................................................... 58 3.5 Turkey ......................................................................................................................................... 68 4 Second wave markets ............................................................................................................ 74 4.1 The Czech Republic ......................................................................................................................75 4.2 Croatia ........................................................................................................................................ 81 4.3 Ukraine ....................................................................................................................................... 87 5 Future markets ........................................................................................................................ 96 5.1 Serbia ......................................................................................................................................... 97 5.2 Slovakia .................................................................................................................................... 102 5.3 Slovenia .................................................................................................................................... 106 5.4 Russia ...................................................................................................................................... 111 Eastern winds - Emerging European wind power markets 3 AF_Emerging_report.indd 3 12/12/12 17:44 © Wolf Winter © Wolf EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AF_Emerging_report.indd 4 12/12/12 17:44 Central, eastern and south-eastern Europe is Europe’s • According to the National Renewable Energy Action new wind energy frontier. Signicant growth, opportu- Plans (NREAPs) of the newer Member States, some nity and benets can be expected from and for the 16 GW of wind energy capacity should be grid con- region in the years ahead. This applies equally to cen- nected by 2020 — an increase of 10 GW or 165% tral, eastern and south-eastern European countries compared to 2012. already in the European Union, and those which are applying to join, or could potentially join in the future. • The newer Member States are, with a few key and important exceptions, currently failing to meet their These newly emerged and emerging markets are NREAP targets. not only important in their own right, but they have increased perceived importance given the state of Non-EU European markets wind energy markets elsewhere in Europe. These new markets look set to offset, to a greater or lesser ex- • Beyond the EU’s borders a number of European tent, declines in the near future in some of the more countries are also showing encouraging growth in mature southern European markets. It therefore be- wind energy. EU accession requirements in Croatia, comes all the more important for the European wind and Ukraine’s alignment with EU energy policy, are energy industry that the newly emerged and emerging driving factors behind this. eastern European markets are able to achieve their full potential. • Alignment with EU accession requirements in Serbia are expected to launch the wind energy sector, once The European Union’s newer Member the authorities have sorted out legislative issues. States • Turkey has one of the fastest growing electricity gen- • Installed wind energy capacity in the EU’s newer erating sectors in the world, which is driving large Member States1 increased from 208 MW in 2005 investments in wind energy. A government target of to 4,200 MW by the end of 2011, growing annually 20 GW of installed wind energy capacity by 2023 by 665 MW on average. This growth is in large part has been set. Meeting this target will require adding driven by the EU’s energy policy: indicative 2010 tar- 18 GW of new wind capacity. gets for renewable energy in all Member States2 and binding 2020 targets set by the 2009 renewable en- • While Russia would benet economically and envi- ergy directive3. ronmentally from harnessing its abundant wind re- sources, the government currently shows little inter- • Wind energy development, like the policies and in- est in developing this potential. centives it requires, is diverse across the region. There are as many wind energy markets as there are Financing wind energy in Europe’s Member States. Interestingly, ve of the 12 newer emerging markets Member States (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania) have 88% of the total installed • A number of commercial banks are willing to invest wind energy capacity in the newer Member States. in wind energy projects in central and eastern Eu- rope. However, these countries’ regulatory instabil- • The share of the EU’s annual wind energy installa- ity is a key issue in obtaining nance. tions in the newer Member States has grown from just over 2% in 2005 to 12.5% in 2011. • Banks offer many nancing schemes, but the most common are non-recourse and limited recourse sen- ior loans. Deals are preferred in euros rather than local currency. 1 Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia 2 Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market 3 Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC Eastern winds - Emerging European wind power
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Energy in Turkey's Relations with Russia and Iran
    THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA AND IRAN Authored by Tuncay Babali Director of Human Resources, Minister Plenipotentiary, Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Paper Prepared for an International Workshop “The Turkey, Russia, Iran Nexus: Economic and Energy Dimensions” Hosted by: The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey Ankara, March 29, 2012 This paper was commissioned as part of a CSIS research project called “The Turkey, Russia, Iran Nexus: Regional Perspectives.” This project, which CSIS is pursuing in cooperation with the Economic Policy Research Institute of Turkey (TEPAV) and Institute of Oriental Studies (IVRAN) Moscow, is exploring evolving relations between these three pivotal countries and their implications for regional developments in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean, and for their relations with the United States and other countries. It seeks to promote dialogue and a deeper understanding of these relations among experts and officials in all four countries. CSIS will develop a comprehensive assessment of the forces driving these relations and their long-term implications, and offer various policy recommendations. For more information on the project, please visit our website at http://csis.org/program/turkey-russia-iran- nexus . I. Turkey’s Global Energy Strategy This paper briefly outlines Turkey’s overall energy strategy to set the context for an assessment of how Russia and Iran figure in that strategy, particularly with respect to Turkey’s ambition to become a vital east-west and north-south energy bridge. Energy is one of the tools of Turkey’s re-emergence as a regional geopolitical player. Turkey’s main goal in formulating its energy strategy is first and foremost to strengthen its energy security.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2002 Business Report
    Petrol, d.d. 2002 annual report confirmed by Petrol Management Board on March 10, 2003 1 Petrol, d.d., Annual Report 2002 Business Report Key events and factors effecting Petrol’s business results ......................................................... 8 Key financial data, results and forecasts ........................................................................................................ 12 Message of the Management Board Chairman .......................................................................................... 18 Management Board ................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Petrol shares ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Risk management ......................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Core business activities ........................................................................................................................................................... 34 Other business activities ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Development and investment ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Promotion of Renewable Energy in Primorska the Longest Solar Noise Barrier
    PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PRIMORSKA ThE LONGEST SOLAR NOISE BARRIER LONGEST SOLAR NOISE BARRIER IN SlOVENIA The project consists of three parts: first, a 600-me- tre long noise barrier along the motorway to Italy is being equipped with solar panels. This photovoltaic installation – the longest solar noise barrier in Slove- nia – will supply 46 households with electrical power. HEATING WITH BIOMASS The second project component is the use of biomass for heating in 32 selected public buildings. For this purpose, 14 oil heating systems will be replaced by biomass boilers. Among the 32 buildings are schools and kindergartens with nearly 2,000 children as well as two information centres in Triglav National Park which are visited by 45,000 people every year. The conversion of the heating systems to biomass will en- able heating costs in these buildings to be reduced Up to now, “green energy” in Slovenia has by about 40%. been almost exclusively derived from hydro- electric installations, but that is set to change: Switzerland is supporting a project in Slove- nia that promotes other sources of renewable INFORMATION CAMPAIGN WITH TELEVISION energy. A noise barrier along a motorway will COMPETITION be equipped with solar panels, and 32 public buildings that were previously heated with oil The third part of the project is a public awareness will be converted to biomass heating. campaign. Information sites are being set up in Triglav National Park, in the schools and near the motor- In March 2007, the EU agreed that by 2020, 20% way’s solar noise barrier. The public, local business- of its total energy requirements would be met people, teachers and pupils will be made aware of through renewable sources of energy – biomass, the topic of renewable energy through local events, water, wind and sun.
    [Show full text]
  • PHD THESIS-DISTRIBUTEDELECTR Photo Credits Totheauthor Ifnototherwisestated
    A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy Central European University In partial fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: POLICIES, BARRIERS AND PROSPECTS FOR DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN BULGARIA By: Gergana Miladinova Supervisors: CEU eTD Collection Prof. Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Central European University Dr. Christian Jardine, University of Oxford Prof. Alexios Antypas, Central European University February, 2008 Budapest PHD THESIS - DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN BULGARIA Notes on copyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights: (1) Copyright in text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the Author. (2) The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in the Central European University, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. (3) For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should be referred to as: Miladinova, G. 2007. Developing sustainable energy systems: policies, barriers and prospects for distributed electricity generation in Bulgaria. Dissertation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University, Budapest.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex REPORT for 2019 UNDER the “HEALTH CARE” PRIORITY of the NATIONAL ROMA INTEGRATION STRATEGY of the REPUBLIC of BULGAR
    Annex REPORT FOR 2019 UNDER THE “HEALTH CARE” PRIORITY of the NATIONAL ROMA INTEGRATION STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA 2012 - 2020 Operational objective: A national monitoring progress report has been prepared for implementation of Measure 1.1.2. “Performing obstetric and gynaecological examinations with mobile offices in settlements with compact Roma population”. During the period 01.07—20.11.2019, a total of 2,261 prophylactic medical examinations were carried out with the four mobile gynaecological offices to uninsured persons of Roma origin and to persons with difficult access to medical facilities, as 951 women were diagnosed with diseases. The implementation of the activity for each Regional Health Inspectorate is in accordance with an order of the Minister of Health to carry out not less than 500 examinations with each mobile gynaecological office. Financial resources of BGN 12,500 were allocated for each mobile unit, totalling BGN 50,000 for the four units. During the reporting period, the mobile gynecological offices were divided into four areas: Varna (the city of Varna, the village of Kamenar, the town of Ignatievo, the village of Staro Oryahovo, the village of Sindel, the village of Dubravino, the town of Provadia, the town of Devnya, the town of Suvorovo, the village of Chernevo, the town of Valchi Dol); Silistra (Tutrakan Municipality– the town of Tutrakan, the village of Tsar Samuel, the village of Nova Cherna, the village of Staro Selo, the village of Belitsa, the village of Preslavtsi, the village of Tarnovtsi,
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland's Energy
    energies Article The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix Renata Gnatowska * and Elzbieta˙ Mory ´n-Kucharczyk Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-343250534 Abstract: The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers. Keywords: renewable energy sources (RES); photovoltaic system (PV); energy mix; green energy 1. State of Photovoltaics Development in the World The global use of renewable energy sources (RES) is steadily increasing, which is due, among other things, to the rapid increase in demand for energy in countries that have so far been less developed [1]. Other reasons include the desire of various countries to Citation: Gnatowska, R.; become self-sufficient in energy, significant local environmental problems, as well as falling Mory´n-Kucharczyk, E.
    [Show full text]
  • National Renewable Energy Action Plan for Turkey
    December 2014 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY ACTION PLAN FOR TURKEY The Directive 2009/28/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC sets. • Ambitious targets for all Member States, such that the EU will reach a 20% share of energy from renewa- ble sources by 2020 and a 10% share of renewable energy specifically in the transport sector • The requirement to develop national action plans that establish targets for the share of energy from renewable sources consumed in transport, electricity and heating and cooling in 2020 (Article 4). The Annex VI of the above mentioned Directive establis- hes the content for national renewable energy action plans and the methodology for their preparation. Based on this methodology, The Government of The Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources and Yenilenebilir Enerji Genel Müdürlüğü, has carried out the National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the period 2013-2023. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“EBRD”), with the support of The Government of The King- dom of Spain and Deloitte, Touche & Tohmatsu (“Deloitte”), has collaborated with The Ministry of Energy and Yenilene- bilir Enerji Genel Müdürlüğü in elaborating this Plan. With the support of Table of contents 1 National renewable energy strategy 7 4.3 Plans to support and promote the use of 1.1 Rationale 8 energy from renewable resources in electricity 1.2 Summary of the national policy on applied by Turkey 50 energy from renewable energy sources 10 Legislation 50 1.2.1 Current national policy on renewable energy 11 Specific questions for feed-in fixed tariffs 53 1.2.2 Commission Staff Working Document.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Nikola Wind Farm Public Disclosure and Consultation Plan [EBRD
    Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Bulgaria Public Disclosure and Consultation Plan AGE May 2008 Kavarna Wind Farm Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan RSK GENERAL NOTES Project No: P80154 Title: Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan Client: AGE Issue Date: May 2008 Issuing Office: Glasgow Project Manager Date: 22/05/08 Authorised by: Project QA Rep Date: 22/05/08 Authorised by: RSK Environment Ltd (RSK) has prepared this report for the sole use of the client, showing reasonable skill and care, for the intended purposes as stated in the agreement under which this work was completed. The report may not be relied upon by any other party without the express agreement of the client and RSK. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this report. Where any data supplied by the client or from other sources have been used, it has been assumed that the information is correct. No responsibility can be accepted by RSK for inaccuracies in the data supplied by any other party. The conclusions and recommendations in this report are based on the assumption that all relevant information has been supplied by those bodies from whom it was requested. No part of this report may be copied or duplicated without the express permission of RSK and the party for whom it was prepared. Where field investigations have been carried out, these have been restricted to a level of detail required to achieve the stated objectives of the work. This work has been undertaken in accordance with the Quality Management System of RSK.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Herald International Law&Business Business New S in T E R
    1 digest nationaL economic reLations Law&business business news internationaL ter n i s w e n s s e n i s u b s s e n i s u b & w a E L C STRY U ND I CHAMBER COMMER OF AND UKRAINIAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS HERALD business news ing for the new markets, the Klei UKRAINE AND SAUDI ARABIA struction cost is estimated at 700-800 Adhesive Machinery implements the WILL JOINTLY CONSTRUCT AIR- mln dollars. international quality standards, ISO PLANES The Ukrlandfarming structure 9001 including, and develops pro- includes 111 horizontal grain storage duction. «Taqnia Aeronotics», a daughter facilities, 6 seed plants, 6 enimal feed entity of the Saudi company for de- plants, 6 sugar plants and 2 leather The main field of the company activity – supply of hi-tech equipment velopment and investments and «An- producing plants as well as an egg to glue various materials. The com- tonov» State company have signed products plant «Imperovo Foods», 19 pany designers develop machines the agreement on development and poultry-breeding plants, 9 hen farms, according to the client requirements production of the light transport plane 3 poultry farms, 3 selection breeding and their high-class specialists ma- An- 132 in Saudi Arabia. The main farms, 3 long-term storage facilities terialize their ideas in metal. That’s goal of the agreement is to fulfill a and 19 meat-processing plants. number of tasks in aviation construc- why the company machines meet tion and technology transfer to Saudi the world requirements. But they are Arabia as well as to train Saudi per- much cheaper.
    [Show full text]
  • European Business Club
    ASSOCIATION АССОЦИАЦИЯ OF EUROPEAN BUSINESSES ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО БИЗНЕСА РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ, RUSSIAN FEDERATION 127473 Москва ул. Краснопролетарская, д. 16 стр. 3 Ulitsa Krasnoproletarskaya 16, bld. 3, Moscow, 127473 Тел. +7 495 234 2764 Факс +7 495 234 2807 Tel +7 495 234 2764 Fax +7 495 234 2807 [email protected] http://www.aebrus.ru [email protected] http://www.aebrus.ru 12th May, 2012 Moscow PRESS RELEASE The Year Continues Strong for New Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles in Russia • Sales of new passenger cars and LCVs in Russia increased by 14% in April, 2012 • Among the top ten bestselling models so far, ten are locally produced According to the AEB Automobile Manufacturers Committee (AEB AMC), April, 2012 saw the sales of new cars and light commercial vehicles in Russia increase by 14% in comparison to the same period in 2011. This April, 266,267 units were sold; this is 33,189 units more than in April, 2011. From January to April, 2012 the percentage sales of new cars and light commercial vehicles in Russia increased by 18% in comparison to the same period in 2011 or by 135,066 more sold units. David Thomas, Chairman of the AEB Automobile Manufacturers Committee commented: "The solid growth of the Russian automotive market continues into the second quarter. Although the pace of the year on year growth is stabilising to less than 15% in recent months, we still feel that the AEB full year forecast for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles should be increased by 50,000 units to 2.85 mln." -------------------------------------------------------------- Attachments: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania National Report
    Wide the SEE by Succ Mod Romania National Report Harghita Energy Management Public Service & UEM-CARDT The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 Table of content A) INTRODUCTION 1. General overview of the country: 1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation 1.2. Anaglyph / Relief (use of territory) 1.3. Population: evolution for the last 1 year, actual situation and forecast 1.4. Macroeconomic statistics (GDP, per capita GDP, Per main sector GDP percentage, Sectors of activity, Employment – Unemployment, Indicators) 1.5. Statistical data for energy consumption, dependency on energy imports, price evolution, forecast for energy consumption, CO2 emissions (Kyoto Protocol commitments), etc B) STATE OF THE MARKET 2. Overview of the national market situation 2.1. Solar collector production and sales 2.2. Estimated solar parks in present year 2.3. Estimated annual solar thermal energy production in present year, equivalent CO2 emissions avoided in current year (on the basis of oil) 2.4. Product types and solar thermal applications 2.5. Market share of major manufacturers (per product type and application) 2.6. Sector employment 2.7. Imports - Exports C) STATE OF PRODUCTION 3. Main characteristics of production firms (size, concentration, mentality, financial capacity etc.) 4. Product technology and production methods 4.1. Product technology description of typical solar domestic hot water systems 5. Breakdown of solar systems’ cost 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Development in Hungary Country Update Report 2000–2002
    GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN HUNGARY COUNTRY UPDATE REPORT 2000–2002 Miklós Árpási Hungarian Geothermal Association Lupény u. 3/B. H-1026, Budapest, Hungary ABSTRACT Information is provided on the status of the geothermal energy utilization – direct use – in Hungary with emphasis on developments between 2000–2002. Level of utilization of geothermal energy in the World has been increased in this period. Geothermal energy was the leading producer with 70% of the total electricity production of the renewables energy sources (wind. solar, geothermal and tidal) followed by wind energy with 28% of the electricity production. The current cost in USD¢/kWh of direct heat use from biomass is 1–5, geothermal 0,5–5 and solar heating 3–20. The parameters of direct use in Hungary were decreased in this period and the proportion of geothermal energy utilization in the energy balance of Hungary, despite the significance proven dynamic reserves (with reinjection) of 380 Mm3/a with heat content of 63,5 PJ/a at ∆T = 40 oC is remained very low (0,25%). The utilization of the geothermal energy only for direct use, despite of the possibility of production of geothermal fluids with surface temperature higher than 100oC, no electricity has been generated. Geothermal energy utilization for direct use is estimated to 324,5 MWt of geothermal capacity and to currently supply 2804 TJ/a of utilized heat energy through direct application in Hungary, by December 31, 2002. Geothermal heat pumps represent about 4,0 MWt of installed capacity. The quantity of produced thermal water for direct use in year 2002 was approximately 15.0 million cu.m.
    [Show full text]