DOCSLIB.ORG

Romania National Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Romania National Report Wide the SEE by Succ Mod Romania National Report Harghita Energy Management Public Service & UEM-CARDT The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 Table of content A) INTRODUCTION 1. General overview of the country: 1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation 1.2. Anaglyph / Relief (use of territory) 1.3. Population: evolution for the last 1 year, actual situation and forecast 1.4. Macroeconomic statistics (GDP, per capita GDP, Per main sector GDP percentage, Sectors of activity, Employment – Unemployment, Indicators) 1.5. Statistical data for energy consumption, dependency on energy imports, price evolution, forecast for energy consumption, CO2 emissions (Kyoto Protocol commitments), etc B) STATE OF THE MARKET 2. Overview of the national market situation 2.1. Solar collector production and sales 2.2. Estimated solar parks in present year 2.3. Estimated annual solar thermal energy production in present year, equivalent CO2 emissions avoided in current year (on the basis of oil) 2.4. Product types and solar thermal applications 2.5. Market share of major manufacturers (per product type and application) 2.6. Sector employment 2.7. Imports - Exports C) STATE OF PRODUCTION 3. Main characteristics of production firms (size, concentration, mentality, financial capacity etc.) 4. Product technology and production methods 4.1. Product technology description of typical solar domestic hot water systems 5. Breakdown of solar systems’ cost 5.1. Cost breakdown of a typical DHW system for a typical family house (VAT not included) 5.2. Cost breakdown of a Typical DHW system for an apartment (VAT not included) 5.3. Conventional water heating and energy prices 6. Technological state 7. Level of R&D and R&D expenditures of manufacturers D) STATE OF MARKETING 8. Distribution and marketing methods 9. Incentives and financing methods 9.1. Past, present and future financial incentives 9.2. Public support for investments 9.3. Third party financing - TPF E) FUTURE PROSPECTS 10. National energy policy: 10.1. Brief description of the present and past energy policies and the role of solar thermal energy 10.2. Priorities of the current general energy policy 10.3. Energy mix of the country: 10.4. Share of renewable energies Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 Table of content 10.5. Share of solar thermal energy 10.6. Targets to meet, 11. Driving forces of energy policy 11.1. Main actors: 11.2. Local bodies, specifications, certification 11.3. Workshop organizers, Professional training, Education for citizens, Trading companies and manufacturers 12. Objectives for the solar industry / SWOT analysis: 12.1. Prospects for market development by sector 12.2. Description of major barriers by category 12.3. Strategy to overcome the barriers to market development 12.4. Description of main measures and actions needed to extend the solar thermal market by category 12.5. Opportunities F) CONCLUSIONS G) BIBLIOGRAPHY Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 2 A) INTRODUCTION 1. General overview of the country: 1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation Romania is a country of South-eastern Europe. Romania borders Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of sea coast along the Black Sea, and the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains run through its centre. Since Romania has been part of the European Union on the 1st January 2007, it has had the seventh largest population within the Union with an estimated 22,303,552 inhabitants and the ninth largest territory with 238,391 km2. Statistics in brief: Area: total: 238,391 km2. Land boundaries: total length 3,153 kilometres; border countries: Ukraine 169 km, Moldavia 450 km, Hungary 442 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Black Sea Coastline: 245 km Terrain: distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m Capital: Bucharest (2,2 million inhabitants, 2005) Currency: Romanian LEU (RON), convertible 4,2 RON = 1 EUR (variable) Climate - Temperate continental with clearly marked four seasons. Romania's terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with fourteen of its peaks reaching above the altitude of 2,000 metres. The highest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak (2544 m). In south-central Romania, the Carpathians sweeten into hills, towards the Bărăgan Plains. There is certain symmetry in the physical structure of Romania. The country forms a complex geographic unit centred on the Transylvanian Basin, around which the peaks of the Carpathian Mountains and their associated sub ranges and structural platforms form a series of crescents. Beyond this zone, the extensive plains of the south and east of the country, their potential increased by the Danube and its tributaries, form a fertile outer crescent extending to the frontiers. There is great diversity in the topography, geology, climate, hydrology, flora, and fauna. Because of its position on the south-eastern portion of the European continent, Romania's climate is temperate-continental with oceanic influences from the west, mediterranean ones from southwest and continental-excessive ones from the northeast. The hottest regions are located in the southern part. Climatic conditions are somewhat modified by the country's varied relief. The Carpathians serve as a barrier to Atlantic air masses, restricting their oceanic influences to the west and centre of the country. The mountains also block the continental influences of the vast plain to the north in the Soviet Union, which bring frosty winters and less rain to the south and southeast. In the extreme southeast, Mediterranean Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 influences offer a milder, maritime climate. The average annual temperature is 11°C in the south and 8°C in the north. In Bucharest, the temperature ranges from -15°C in January to 35°C in July, with average temperatures of -3°C in January and 27°C in July. Rainfall, although adequate throughout the country, decreases from west to east and from mountains to plains. Some mountainous areas receive more than 1,010 millimetres of precipitation each year. Annual precipitation averages about 635 millimetres in central Transylvania, 521 millimetres at Iasi in Moldavia, and only 381 millimetres at Constanta on the Black Sea. Annual average temperature is 8°C in the north and 11°C in the south and varies with values of -2,5°C in the mountain areas (Omu peak - Bucegi massif) and 11,6°C in the plain (Zimnicea town - Teleorman county). Annual precipitations decrease in intensity from west to east, from 600 mm to 500 mm in the Romanian Plain and under 400 mm in Dobrogea and in the mountain areas they reach 1000-1400 mm. Mountain climate: The mountainous climatic region covers the mountain parts at altitudes above 900-1.000 m. Temperatures decrease with height, whilst snowfalls increase. The snow cover stays put for five to six months and is over 1.5 m thick. The average January temperatures on the high mountain peaks reach up to -20°C and are around -5°C in the valleys and ski resorts. Average summer temperatures vary between 12°C and 20°C. The coastal climate is moderated by the Black Sea, but strong winds and violent local storms are frequent during the winter. Winters along the Danube River are bitterly cold. The average winter temperature drops at -3°C, and average summer temperature is between 22°C and 24°C. A minimum ever registered was -38.5°C in Brasov County and the maximum was +44.5°C in Baragan region. The annual average thickness of snow is 677 mm, slightly higher in mountainous area (above 1000 m), and lower at seashore. The average solar radiation in Romania ranges from 1.300 to 1.500 kWh/m2 per year. Sunshine duration The sunshine duration is the interval with shinning sun during a day and is expressed as hours and tens of an hour. Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 2 On the Romanian territory, the highest values, over 2300 hours annually, are recorded on the Black Sea coast, as a result of the prevalence of the clear sky weather throughout most part of the year, induced by the descending air in the proximity of the Black Sea. The plain areas are different from one another through characteristic sunshine durations, generated by the air mass circulation conditions. Thus, whereas in the Romanian Plain the mean annual sunshine duration sums up more than 2100 hours in its eastern and south-eastern part and more than 2200 hours in its centre and west, as a direct result of the continental air prevalence, in the Western Plain the sunshine duration varies from 2047 hours at Satu Mare to 2178 hours at Sinnicolau Mare. The regions sheltered by the mountain summits benefit from a higher sunshine duration. The annual duration thus exceeds 2000 hours in the Curvature and Getic Carpathians, in the Moldavian Plain and also in the depressions at the foot of the Apuseni Mountains. The hill and mountain areas, where the annual number of days with fog and overcast sky are more frequent, the mean annual number of sunshine hours gradually decreases from 1900 hours in the hill and plateau areas to less than 1600 hours at altitudes greater than 2500 m.a.s.l. In the intermontane depressions the sunshine duration decreases sensibly because of the obstacles that limit the horizon and of the persistence of fog and stratiform cloudiness, as a result of the thermal inversions prevalence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geotechnical Report
    GEOTECHNICAL REPORT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR REVIEW AND COMPLETION OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON IMPROVING NAVIGATION CONDITIONS ON THE ROMANIAN-BULGARIAN SECTOR OF DANUBE AND FURTHER STUDIES Client: Beneficiary: ADMINISTRAŢIA FLUVIATILĂ HALCROW ROMANIA SRL A DUNĂRII DE JOS, GALAŢI Project no: 4132 / 2017 Phase: FS Technical Assistance for Revising and Complementing the Feasibility Study Regarding the Improvement of Navigation Conditions on the Romanian-Bulgarian Common Sector of the Danube and Complementary Studies - FAST DANUBE Sediu social: Platinei 25, 307160 Dumbravita, Timis Punct de lucru: Memorandului 14, 300208 Timişoara, Timiş RO 15984400, J35/2932/2003 ADMINISTRATIA FLUVIALA A DUNARII DE JOS, GALATI Tel/fax: 0356.10.10.20, 0745.50.51.53 [email protected] RO 56 BTRL 0360 1202 J559 44XX - Banca Transilvania Timisoara Edition: 0 1 2 3 4 5 RO53 TREZ 6215 069X XX00 6340 - Trezoreria Timisoara Revision: 0 1 2 3 4 5 DEVELOPMENT TEAM Field works manager Geol. Eng. Dragoş PETRESCU Edited by Geol. Eng. Valentin BOGDAN Geol. Eng. Dragoş PETRESCU Jur. Alexandra PASCU Written by Geol. Eng. Valentin BOGDAN Certified Af by Prof. PhD. Eng. Marin MARIN This project and its content cannot be modified, copied, duplicated or used, partially or totally, without a written agreement from GEOSOND SRL and it cannot be used for another purposes than the ones they were elaborated for. – TIMIŞOARA 2017 – Technical Assistance for Revising and Complementing the Feasibility Study Regarding the Improvement of Navigation Conditions on the Romanian-Bulgarian Common Sector of the Danube and Complementary Studies - FAST DANUBE Sediu social: Platinei 25, 307160 Dumbravita, Timis Punct de lucru: Memorandului 14, 300208 Timişoara, Timiş RO 15984400, J35/2932/2003 ADMINISTRATIA FLUVIALA A DUNARII DE JOS, GALATI Tel/fax: 0356.10.10.20, 0745.50.51.53 [email protected] RO 56 BTRL 0360 1202 J559 44XX - Banca Transilvania Timisoara Edition: 0 1 2 3 4 5 RO53 TREZ 6215 069X XX00 6340 - Trezoreria Timisoara Revision: 0 1 2 3 4 5 CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dracula: Hero Or Villain? Radu R
    Dracula: Hero or Villain? Radu R. Florescu racula is the real name of a Left: Portrait of Dracula Wallachian ruler, also known to at Castle Ambras, near DRomanian chroniclers as Vlad lnnsbruck, Austria. The the Impaler. Dracula is a derivative of artist is unknown, but his father's name, Dracul, which in this appears to be a Romanian means the devil. According to copy painted during the those more charitably inclined, the second half of the 16th father was so known because he had century from an earlier been invested by the Holy Roman original that was proba­ Emperor with the Order of the Dragon, bly painted during dedicated to fighting "the Infidel:' Dracula's imprison­ Dracula was, therefore, either the son of ment at Buda or evil or the son of good, villain or hero. Visegnid after 1462. Dracula ruled the Romanian princi­ pality of Wallachia on three separate occasions: in 1448, from 1456 to 1462, Right: The Chindia and, briefly, shortly before his assassina­ watchtower at Tirgo­ tion in 1476. These dates correspond to vi~te; a 19th-century one of the most crucial periods in the reconstruction. Apart country's history. Constantinople had from its role as an fallen in 1453, most of the lands south of observation post, it Wallachia had been converted into enabled Dracula to Turkish pashaliks, and the last hero of watch impalements in the Balkan crusades, John Hunyadi, had the courtyard below. died in the plague of Belgrade in 1456. Images courtesy The Danube was thus the frontier of Radu R. Florescu Christendom at a time when Moham­ med the Conqueror was planning fur­ chronicle which mentions Dracula, dat­ Genoese, English, and French chroniclers ther Turkish inroads.
    [Show full text]
  • Harttimo 1.Pdf
    Beyond the River, under the Eye of Rome Ethnographic Landscapes, Imperial Frontiers, and the Shaping of a Danubian Borderland by Timothy Campbell Hart A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor David S. Potter, Co-Chair Professor Emeritus Raymond H. Van Dam, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Ian David Fielding Professor Christopher John Ratté © Timothy Campbell Hart [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8640-131X For my family ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Developing and writing a dissertation can, at times, seem like a solo battle, but in my case, at least, this was far from the truth. I could not have completed this project without the advice and support of many individuals, most crucially, my dissertation co-chairs David S. Potter, and Raymond Van Dam. Ray saw some glimmer of potential in me and worked to foster it from the moment I arrived at Michigan. I am truly thankful for his support throughout the years and constant advice on both academic and institutional matters. In particular, our conversations about demographics and the movement of people in the ancient world were crucial to the genesis of this project. Throughout the writing process, Ray’s firm encouragement towards clarity of argument and style, while not always what I wanted to hear, have done much to make this a stronger dissertation. David Potter has provided me with a lofty academic model towards which to strive. I admire the breadth and depth of his scholarship; working and teaching with him have shown me much worth emulating.
    [Show full text]
  • Disentangling Sedimentary Pathways for the Pleniglacial Lower Danube Loess Based on Geochemical Signatures
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 20 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.600010 Disentangling Sedimentary Pathways for the Pleniglacial Lower Danube Loess Based on Geochemical Signatures Stephan Pötter 1*, Daniel Veres 1,2, Yunus Baykal 3, Janina J. Nett 1, Philipp Schulte 1, Ulrich Hambach 4 and Frank Lehmkuhl 1 1Department of Geography, Chair of Physical Geography and Geoecology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 2Romanian Academy, Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 3Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 4BayCEER and Chair of Geomorphology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany The source of aeolian sediments such as loess has been investigated since decades. Reliable knowledge on potential dust sources is crucial to understand past climatic and environmental conditions accompanying the dispersal of early modern humans (EMH) into Europe. Provenance studies are usually performed on small sample sets and most Edited by: established methods are expensive and time-consuming. Here, we present the results of Annett Junginger, fi Department of Geosciences, high-resolution geochemical analyses performed on ve loess-palaeosol sequences from University of Tubingen, Germany the Lower Danube Basin (LDB), a region, despite its importance as a trajectory for EMH, Reviewed by: largely underrepresented in loess provenance studies. We compare our results with Mingrui Qiang, geochemical data of loess-palaeosol sequences from Austria, Hungary, Serbia, and South China Normal University, China Roberto Adrián
    [Show full text]
  • Harnessing Eu Funds for Romania's Renewable
    HARNESSING EU FUNDS FOR ROMANIA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION Published in March 2021 by Sandbag. This report is published under a Creative Commons licence. You are free to share and adapt the report, but you must credit the authors and title, and you must share any material you create under the same licence. Principal Authors Manuel Herlo Ciara Barry Thanks We are grateful to the European Climate Foundation for helping to fund this work. The report’s conclusions remain independent. With thanks to Adrien Assous, Eusebiu Stamate and Julie Ducasse for helpful comments and input on this report, and to Laura Nazare, Raphael Hanoteaux, Martin Moise, Thomas Garabetian, Alberto Rocamora and Robert Gavriliuc for their feedback and advice. Image credits Front cover image by Karsten Würth on Unsplash. Report design Ciara Barry Copyright © Sandbag, 2021 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. The Energy System in Romania 3 2.1 Developments in renewable energy 4 2.2 Growth in the gas sector 6 3. Funding opportunities for the Energy Transition 9 3.1 The EU budget and climate mainstreaming 9 3.2 The EU ETS as a revenue recycling scheme 12 4. Geothermal energy 16 4.1 Uses of geothermal energy 16 4.2 Assessing geothermal energy potential 17 4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy 18 4.4. Geothermal energy in Romania 21 5. Bioenergy 26 5.1 Sources of bioenergy 26 5.2 Evaluating bioenergy potential 28 5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bioenergy 28 5.4 Bioenergy in Romania 30 6. Conclusion and policy recommendations 35 1. Introduction The European Union has set out a vision to become climate neutral by 2050, the first economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • CODE of GOOD PRACTICE for RENEWABLE ENERGY in ROMANIA 2021 Dear Reader
    CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ROMANIA 2021 Dear Reader, Carlo Pignoloni CEO, Enel Romania President of the Board, RWEA You may wonder why the Romanian Wind Energy Association (RWEA) decided to issue a Code of Good Practice for the industry now, in 2021, more than 10 years since the first wind energy projects in the country were commissioned. Wind energy, with more than 3000 MW installed, has become one of the major energy sources in the country and last year accounted for almost 14% of the total energy produced in Romania. While this is a very important share, adding to the sizeable quota of renewable energy generation in Romania, it is quite safe to say that we are far from the country’s potential. RWEA members demonstrated that they came to invest in the country for the long term, supported economic growth and technological advance and are part of the backbone of the energy sector. But there is much more left to be done. At the time when I am writing these lines, several new renewable projects have been announced in Romania by different companies, and the pipeline is expected to grow significantly. This is a welcome development, as Romania’s generation fleet is ageing and needs to be replaced quickly and at optimal costs. The country, its economy and its people need access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy and one cannot overemphasize wind’s importance. This brings me to the purpose of this Code and its timing. In order to make this transition just, we need to think of all stakeholders and improve the quality of life of citizens-customers.
    [Show full text]
  • To the Delta and Back
    To the delta and back. Budapest is one of the most beautifully situated cities in Europe. In the walled old town of Buda on the hilly east bank of the Danube are the Matthias Church and the baroque Königsschloss of the Habsburgs. Next to this, under the Gellert Hill, it is well worth making a visit to the nostalgic Gellert baths. On the Pest side you will find the famous Parliament buildings and many other fine buildings dating from the time of the monarchy at the end of the 19th century. City tours are recommended, especially in the Buda district it is rather hilly. Further downstream we visit the ships at Novi Sad, now Serbia, the capital of Vojvodina with its massive fortress high above the river Petrovaradin. It tells of the eventful history of the Turkish wars. After the Ottoman armies had advanced along the Danube to Central Europe in 1389, they were defeated in Vienna in 1683 and subsequently pushed back over the next two centuries. The architecture, cuisine and folklore bear witness to Ottoman presence. In spite of all this, the Christian faith survived in monasteries such as Krušedol in Fruska Gora. The second largest basilica of Orthodox Christianity, St. Sava, stands in the city of Belgrade. Considering the 2,000-year history of the Serbian capital, you can relate to the vast fortress of Kalemegdan, which guards over the confluence of the Sava and the Danube. The scenic highlight of the lower Danube is the cataracts route of the Iron Gate: with a length of 100 kilometres, the current squeezes through the forested mountains of the Carpathians.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Renewable Energy Policy and Their Implications: the Case of Romanian Producers
    energies Article Changes in Renewable Energy Policy and Their Implications: The Case of Romanian Producers Nicolae Marinescu MTSAI Department, Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; [email protected] Received: 18 November 2020; Accepted: 6 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of policy changes on the Romanian renewable energy producers. Attracted by a generous subsidy scheme, foreign and domestic investors flocked to the market. Consequently, the sector witnessed remarkable progress, especially in the wind power category. Romania fast approached the national target set by the European Union concerning the share of the country’s energy consumption from renewable sources. However, frequent changes in the support scheme and in the regulations issued by public authorities led to chaos. The aim of the paper was to emphasize the evolution of renewable energy policy in Romania, to investigate the incentives and their effects, and to critically assess the impact of the changes on renewable energy producers. It highlights, by means of an exploratory study and several interviews with executives of renewable energy companies, the challenges and shortcomings of policymaking. The main finding was that the revision of the subsidy scheme and the changes in energy policy that followed are the major determinants for the declining financial performance of renewable energy producers. Subsequently, some recommendations for improved policymaking are suggested, so as to re-establish the trust of investors and to promote the sustainable development of the sector. Keywords: renewable energy; energy policy; energy market; subsidies; electricity; green certificates 1. Introduction The use of renewable energy has been encouraged and supported by the European Union (EU) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, achieve energy policy goals of sustainability, security and increased efficiency, and to reduce its dependency on foreign energy suppliers.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania Empowered Lives
    RENEWABLE ENERGY SNAPSHOT: Romania Empowered lives. Resilient nations. General Country Electricity Generating Information Capacity 2012 Population: 21,326,905 Surface Area: 238,390 km² 22,000 MW 10.9% Capital City: Bucharest Total Installed Capacity RE Share GDP (2012): $ 169.4 billion GDP Per Capita (2012): $ 7,943 2,378 MW Installed RE Capacity WB Ease of Doing Business: 73 Biomass Solar PV Wind Small Hydro Installed Renewable Electricity Capacity 2012 in MW 16.8 6.4 1,905 450 Technical Potential for Installed 12,100 219,700 14,000 1,100 Renewable Electricity Capacity in MW Sources : EBRD(2009); WWEA (2013); EurObserv’Er (2013); KPMG (b) (2012); ESHA (2012); World Bank(2014); Armand Consulting (2010); Renewable Facts (2013); EIA (2013); Hoogwijk and Graus (2008); Hoogwijk (2004); JRC (2011); and UNDP calculations. Key information about renewable energy in Romania Romania’s share of renewable energy to total installed capacity has risen in recent years to 11 percent by the end of 2012. In 2012, it showed the highest global growth rate for commissioned wind power plants (including only markets bigger than 200 MW of installed capacity), and 1079 MW of wind power plants was installed in that year (WWEA, 2013). This was due to a support scheme of quota obligations, minimum and maximum prices and tradable renewable energy certificates introduced in 2008. In the quota system, electricity suppliers and producers are obliged to produce a fixed quantity of renewable energy per year (increasing annually from 14 percent in 2013 to 20 percent in 2020) (Law No. 220/2008, Art. 4 [4&5]).
    [Show full text]
  • HOUSING in ROMANIA Project Co-Financed from the European Regional Development Fund Through the Operational Programme Technical Assistance (OPTA) 2007-2013
    Public Disclosure Authorized HOUSING IN ROMANIA Project co-financed from the European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Programme Technical Assistance (OPTA) 2007-2013 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TOWARDS A NATIONAL HOUSING STRATEGY Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Development Program 2 | Harmonizing Public Investments Component 4: FINAL REPORT (1) August 27, 2015 i ii Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. v Currency Equivalents ........................................................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 28 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................... 28 1.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Utilization in Europe
    Geothermal Utilization in Europe Electricity Production Direct Use by Enex & Geysir Green Energy January 2008 Geysir Green Energy. Enex Table of Index 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 2 2 HISTORY OF GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION IN EUROPE ............................................... 2 3 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES........................................................................................... 2 3.1 ELECTRICITY GENERATION............................................................................................... 3 3.2 DIRECT HEAT USES ......................................................................................................... 3 3.3 HOT DRY ROCK .............................................................................................................. 3 4 GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION AND POTENTIAL IN EUROPE........................................ 3 4.1 HIGH TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL COUNTRIES ................................................................ 6 4.1.1 Iceland.................................................................................................................... 6 4.1.2 Italy......................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.3 Portugal - Azores ................................................................................................... 7 4.1.4 Turkey ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • US Department of State Self Study Guide for Moldova, March 2002
    Description of document: US Department of State Self Study Guide for Moldova, March 2002 Requested date: 11-March-2007 Released date: 25-Mar-2010 Posted date: 19-April-2010 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act Office of Information Programs and Services A/GIS/IPS/RL U. S. Department of State Washington, D. C. 20522-8100 Fax: 202-261-8579 Note: This is one of a series of self-study guides for a country or area, prepared for the use of USAID staff assigned to temporary duty in those countries. The guides are designed to allow individuals to familiarize themselves with the country or area in which they will be posted. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.
    [Show full text]