Wide the SEE by Succ Mod Romania National Report Harghita Energy Management Public Service & UEM-CARDT The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 Table of content A) INTRODUCTION 1. General overview of the country: 1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation 1.2. Anaglyph / Relief (use of territory) 1.3. Population: evolution for the last 1 year, actual situation and forecast 1.4. Macroeconomic statistics (GDP, per capita GDP, Per main sector GDP percentage, Sectors of activity, Employment – Unemployment, Indicators) 1.5. Statistical data for energy consumption, dependency on energy imports, price evolution, forecast for energy consumption, CO2 emissions (Kyoto Protocol commitments), etc B) STATE OF THE MARKET 2. Overview of the national market situation 2.1. Solar collector production and sales 2.2. Estimated solar parks in present year 2.3. Estimated annual solar thermal energy production in present year, equivalent CO2 emissions avoided in current year (on the basis of oil) 2.4. Product types and solar thermal applications 2.5. Market share of major manufacturers (per product type and application) 2.6. Sector employment 2.7. Imports - Exports C) STATE OF PRODUCTION 3. Main characteristics of production firms (size, concentration, mentality, financial capacity etc.) 4. Product technology and production methods 4.1. Product technology description of typical solar domestic hot water systems 5. Breakdown of solar systems’ cost 5.1. Cost breakdown of a typical DHW system for a typical family house (VAT not included) 5.2. Cost breakdown of a Typical DHW system for an apartment (VAT not included) 5.3. Conventional water heating and energy prices 6. Technological state 7. Level of R&D and R&D expenditures of manufacturers D) STATE OF MARKETING 8. Distribution and marketing methods 9. Incentives and financing methods 9.1. Past, present and future financial incentives 9.2. Public support for investments 9.3. Third party financing - TPF E) FUTURE PROSPECTS 10. National energy policy: 10.1. Brief description of the present and past energy policies and the role of solar thermal energy 10.2. Priorities of the current general energy policy 10.3. Energy mix of the country: 10.4. Share of renewable energies Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 Table of content 10.5. Share of solar thermal energy 10.6. Targets to meet, 11. Driving forces of energy policy 11.1. Main actors: 11.2. Local bodies, specifications, certification 11.3. Workshop organizers, Professional training, Education for citizens, Trading companies and manufacturers 12. Objectives for the solar industry / SWOT analysis: 12.1. Prospects for market development by sector 12.2. Description of major barriers by category 12.3. Strategy to overcome the barriers to market development 12.4. Description of main measures and actions needed to extend the solar thermal market by category 12.5. Opportunities F) CONCLUSIONS G) BIBLIOGRAPHY Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 2 A) INTRODUCTION 1. General overview of the country: 1.1. Meteorology: temperatures, global daily radiation Romania is a country of South-eastern Europe. Romania borders Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Romania has a stretch of sea coast along the Black Sea, and the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains run through its centre. Since Romania has been part of the European Union on the 1st January 2007, it has had the seventh largest population within the Union with an estimated 22,303,552 inhabitants and the ninth largest territory with 238,391 km2. Statistics in brief: Area: total: 238,391 km2. Land boundaries: total length 3,153 kilometres; border countries: Ukraine 169 km, Moldavia 450 km, Hungary 442 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Black Sea Coastline: 245 km Terrain: distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m Capital: Bucharest (2,2 million inhabitants, 2005) Currency: Romanian LEU (RON), convertible 4,2 RON = 1 EUR (variable) Climate - Temperate continental with clearly marked four seasons. Romania's terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with fourteen of its peaks reaching above the altitude of 2,000 metres. The highest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak (2544 m). In south-central Romania, the Carpathians sweeten into hills, towards the Bărăgan Plains. There is certain symmetry in the physical structure of Romania. The country forms a complex geographic unit centred on the Transylvanian Basin, around which the peaks of the Carpathian Mountains and their associated sub ranges and structural platforms form a series of crescents. Beyond this zone, the extensive plains of the south and east of the country, their potential increased by the Danube and its tributaries, form a fertile outer crescent extending to the frontiers. There is great diversity in the topography, geology, climate, hydrology, flora, and fauna. Because of its position on the south-eastern portion of the European continent, Romania's climate is temperate-continental with oceanic influences from the west, mediterranean ones from southwest and continental-excessive ones from the northeast. The hottest regions are located in the southern part. Climatic conditions are somewhat modified by the country's varied relief. The Carpathians serve as a barrier to Atlantic air masses, restricting their oceanic influences to the west and centre of the country. The mountains also block the continental influences of the vast plain to the north in the Soviet Union, which bring frosty winters and less rain to the south and southeast. In the extreme southeast, Mediterranean Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 1 influences offer a milder, maritime climate. The average annual temperature is 11°C in the south and 8°C in the north. In Bucharest, the temperature ranges from -15°C in January to 35°C in July, with average temperatures of -3°C in January and 27°C in July. Rainfall, although adequate throughout the country, decreases from west to east and from mountains to plains. Some mountainous areas receive more than 1,010 millimetres of precipitation each year. Annual precipitation averages about 635 millimetres in central Transylvania, 521 millimetres at Iasi in Moldavia, and only 381 millimetres at Constanta on the Black Sea. Annual average temperature is 8°C in the north and 11°C in the south and varies with values of -2,5°C in the mountain areas (Omu peak - Bucegi massif) and 11,6°C in the plain (Zimnicea town - Teleorman county). Annual precipitations decrease in intensity from west to east, from 600 mm to 500 mm in the Romanian Plain and under 400 mm in Dobrogea and in the mountain areas they reach 1000-1400 mm. Mountain climate: The mountainous climatic region covers the mountain parts at altitudes above 900-1.000 m. Temperatures decrease with height, whilst snowfalls increase. The snow cover stays put for five to six months and is over 1.5 m thick. The average January temperatures on the high mountain peaks reach up to -20°C and are around -5°C in the valleys and ski resorts. Average summer temperatures vary between 12°C and 20°C. The coastal climate is moderated by the Black Sea, but strong winds and violent local storms are frequent during the winter. Winters along the Danube River are bitterly cold. The average winter temperature drops at -3°C, and average summer temperature is between 22°C and 24°C. A minimum ever registered was -38.5°C in Brasov County and the maximum was +44.5°C in Baragan region. The annual average thickness of snow is 677 mm, slightly higher in mountainous area (above 1000 m), and lower at seashore. The average solar radiation in Romania ranges from 1.300 to 1.500 kWh/m2 per year. Sunshine duration The sunshine duration is the interval with shinning sun during a day and is expressed as hours and tens of an hour. Romania National Report UEM-CARDT pag 2 On the Romanian territory, the highest values, over 2300 hours annually, are recorded on the Black Sea coast, as a result of the prevalence of the clear sky weather throughout most part of the year, induced by the descending air in the proximity of the Black Sea. The plain areas are different from one another through characteristic sunshine durations, generated by the air mass circulation conditions. Thus, whereas in the Romanian Plain the mean annual sunshine duration sums up more than 2100 hours in its eastern and south-eastern part and more than 2200 hours in its centre and west, as a direct result of the continental air prevalence, in the Western Plain the sunshine duration varies from 2047 hours at Satu Mare to 2178 hours at Sinnicolau Mare. The regions sheltered by the mountain summits benefit from a higher sunshine duration. The annual duration thus exceeds 2000 hours in the Curvature and Getic Carpathians, in the Moldavian Plain and also in the depressions at the foot of the Apuseni Mountains. The hill and mountain areas, where the annual number of days with fog and overcast sky are more frequent, the mean annual number of sunshine hours gradually decreases from 1900 hours in the hill and plateau areas to less than 1600 hours at altitudes greater than 2500 m.a.s.l. In the intermontane depressions the sunshine duration decreases sensibly because of the obstacles that limit the horizon and of the persistence of fog and stratiform cloudiness, as a result of the thermal inversions prevalence.