Artykuły

Representation of Ukrainian Territories on Austrian Ethnic Maps of the 19th Century Neonila Padyuka

Th e escalation of national confl icts in the mul- Th e purpose of the article is to determine tinational Austrian monarchy of the mid-nine- the scientifi c importance of the Austrian eth- teenth century, growth of national liberation nic maps of the 19th century by analyzing the movements in of this period prompted representation of the Ukrainian ethnic terri- the government to pay special attention to study- tory. Th e ethnic maps of the Austrian mon- ing the ethnic composition of the state and to de- archy of 19th century which have been select- fi ning the habitation area for each ethnic group, ed for research are at the scale not less than including the Ukrainian one. Along with anthro- 1:3 000 000. pological and statistical studies of the Austrian One of the earliest maps is that of the Sec- monarchy, this period was the time when ethnic retary of the Ministry of Statistics, Austrian maps based on scientifi c data and offi cial statis- surveyor, anthropologist and historian Joseph tics appeared. In particular, these are the maps Vincenz Häufl er (1810–1852) Versuch einer of Joseph Vincenz Häufl er, Rudolph Alois Fröh- Sprachenkarte der Österreichischen Monarchie lich, Franz Raff elsperger, Karl Freiherrn von Czo- (An Attempt to Compile a Language Map of the ernig, Franz Ritter von Le Monnier, who clearly Austrian Monarchy)7. Th at scientist later helped demonstrated the variegated ethnic composition to collect and process the ethnographic and lin- of the state population. guistic materials for the Hungarian part of Aus- Much research still needs to be done on tria for the monograph of Karl Freiherrn von Austrian ethnic maps. Publications of modern Czoernig Ethnographie der Österreichischen Mon- scholars and researchers Johannes Dörfl inger1, archie (Ethnography of the Austrian Monarchy)8. Ingrid Kretschmer2, Morgane Labbé3 and Neo- Th e map was published by the publish- nila Padyuka4 are devoted to studying some in- ing house of Gustav Emich (1843–1911) in dividual maps. However, there is no scientifi c Vienna, format 37.5×48.5 cm, scale approx. work specially dedicated to these ethnic maps. 1:3 000 000. Th e colored print was made by A detailed bibliography of ethnic maps of this Ágost Frigyes Walzel in Pest. Besides the main period is provided in the works of Polish modern map there are other eight inserted maps that scholars Franciszek Paweł Faluszczak5 and An- more precisely represent settlements of ethnic drzej Gawryszewski6. Germans in various regions of the Austrian

1 J. Dörfl inger, Sprachen- und Völkerkarten des mitteleuropäischen «l’ordre des choses» (http://www.lecfc.fr/new/articles/180-article-6.pdf, Raumes vom 18. Jahrhundert bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahr- access: 27 December 2013). hunderts, in: 4. Kartographiehistorisches Colloquium Karlsruhe 4 Н. Падюка, Українці на “Етнографічній карті Австрійської монар- 1988, 17–19. März 1988. Vorträge und Berichte, Berlin 1990, pp. хії” К. Черніґа, in: Історична топографія і соціотопографія Укра- 183–195. їни. Збірник наукових праць, ред. Я. Дашкевич et al., Львів 2006, 2 I. Kretschmer, Frühe ethnographische Karten Südosteuropas aus Wien, pp. 299–315. (http://lazarus.elte.hu/hun/digkonyv/sc/sc13/32ingrid_kretsmer.pdf, 5 F.P. Faluszczak, Kartografi a Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1772–1914, access: 24 December 2013). Rzeszów 2011. 3 M. Labbé, Die “Ethnographische Karte der Österreichischen Monar- 6 A. Gawryszewski, Polskie mapy narodowościowe, wyznaniowe i języ- chie”: ein Abbild der Monarchie, in: Images en capitale: Vienne, fi n kowe. Bibliografi a (lata 1827–1967), Warszawa 1969 (Dokumentacja XVIIe–début XIXe siècles, Hrsg. Ch. Lebeau, Bochum 2011, pp. 151–166 Geografi czna, 4). (Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert und Österreich, 25) (http://www.acade- 7 J.V. Häufl er, Versuch einer Sprachenkarte der Österreichischen Monar- mia.edu/915826/Stadtraum_-_Buhnenraum._Wien_als_Kapitale_in_ chie, [scale 1:1 970 000], Pest 1845. Josef_Richters_Bildergalerien, access: 25 December 2013); idem, La 8 K.F. von Czoernig, Ethnographie der Österreichischen Monarchie, Bd. carte ethnographique de l’empire Autrichien: la multinationalité dans 1, Abt. 1, Wien 1857, p. ХІІ.

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monarchy. With colored backgrounds, the ar- Nadsanie, North and South Lemkivshchyna. eas and explanations of the map show the set- Regarding the settlement of ethnic minorities tlement of six ethnic groups (language groups): in the entire Ukrainian ethnic territory, the Germans, Hungarians, Armenians, Slavs, Ro- map marks only the areas densely populated manians and Albanians. Th e Slavonic lands are by Germans in and Transcarpathia as presented in green, the settlement boundaries well as Hungarians in Transcarpathia. Th e of some Slavonic ethnic groups are marked representation of the territories inhabited by with dots and additional inscriptions. all Slavonic peoples with one color did not al- Th e map has an added explanatory text and low the opportunity to outline areas densely a table with statistics, ethnological and histori- populated by each Slavonic ethnic group, in cal information on all ethnic groups that in- particular for those not living on “their own” habited the Austrian monarchy9. ethnic territory. Joseph Vincenz Häufl er believed that be- According to Stepan Rudnytsky, this map, cause ethnographic studies are based on real to some extent, saved the situation that devel- facts they have a paramount importance, and, oped due to a lack of ethnographic studies and therefore, the ethnic maps are the best way for maps of the Ukrainian Galicia12. As for the a quick and true review of interethnic relations Ukrainian borders within the Hungarian Rus, in the country. Th e map and the ethnographic according to Stepan Tomashivsky, the map of survey composed by him can serve in teaching Joseph Vincenz Häufl er was “not detailed and geography, statistics, the history of the Austrian it was wrong”13 and based on the maps of Jan Empire in self-education, schools and so on10. Čaplovič and Pavel Šafařík. To compose the map, Joseph Vincenz Häu- In Vienna in 1849 two maps by Rudolph Alois fl er used a large number of sources: results of Fröhlich and Franz Raff elsperger were published conscription of 1843, schematisms 1842–1843, which diff ered in their importance and func- ethnographic studies and maps for the Sla- tion. Neueste National und Sprachenkarte des Ös- vonic part the works and maps of Pavel Šafařík terreichischen Kaiserstaates und der angrenzenden were used11. Th e author defi nes as Th eile, mit genauer Angabe der einzelnen Sprach- Ruthenen, Klein-Russen, Russinen or Rusniaken familien (Latest National and Linguistic Map of who belonged to the northern Slavs and lived in the Austrian Monarchy and Adjacent Territories)14 the central and eastern Galicia, and by the scientist and linguist of Croatian origin part of north-eastern Hungary. Joseph Vincenz Rudolf Alois Fröhlich (also known as Rudolf Häufl er divides into the following Veselić, 1819–1862) was published in the format ethnic groups: Red Ruthenians (on the map 53×80 cm. Th e scale was presented in German they are Rothreussen) from the plains, Pokuttians (geographical) and Italian miles and leagues, (on the map they are Pokutier) in the moun- approximately 1:1 970 000. Settlements of 10 tainous areas of Galicia, (on the map levels were included, from capital towns to vil- they are Lemaken) in district and komi- lages with an indication of presence or absence tat of , Lyshaks (on the map they are of places were post-horses (Postwechsel) were Lissaken) in Bereg and Maramureș komitats. changed; with specifi cation of locations of land Th e map within the Ukrainian ethnic ter- or provincial administrations, corps headquar- ritory represents the areas that at present are ters, district administrations, baths, spas, and beyond the political boundaries of : residences of an archbishop or bishop.

9 J.V. Häufl er, Sprachenkarte der Österreichischen Monarchie sammt erklä- 13 С . Томашівський, Етнографічна карта Угорської Руси, С.-Петер- render Übersicht der Völker dieses Kaiserstaates, ihrer Sprachstämme бург 1910, p. 9. und Mundarten, ihrer örtlichen und numerischen Verteilung, Ofen 1845. 14 R.A. Fröhlich, Neueste National und Sprachenkarte des Österrei- 10 Ibidem, p. 3. chischen Kaiserstaates und der angrenzenden Theile, mit genauer 11 Ibidem, p. 6. Angabe der einzelnen Sprachfamilien, [scale 1:1 970 000], Wien 12 С. Рудницький, Огляд національної території України, Берлін 1849. 1923, p. 34.

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Th e territorial settlements of certain ethnic and staff ; basic communications: postal roads, groups are marked with colored background, railways, shipping routes. Th e map indicated Slavs – green and blue, Ukrainians (on the map the political and administrative division of the they are Russinen) – slightly darker shade, and an Austrian monarchy. Th e background color and additional red color traced boundaries between inscriptions were used to outline settlement ethnic Slavs. Th e Ukrainian ethnic territory in- territories of seven ethnic groups of the Aus- cludes a big part of Nadsanie (without Przemyśl trian monarchy, especially Slavs – with one Land), North and South Lemkivshchyna. color, depending on the edition, either green In the entire Ukrainian ethnic territory the or yellow. Th e settlement of each Slavonic eth- map represents areas densely populated by Ger- nic group was indicated with inscriptions, in- mans: Eastern Galicia (near , , Ro- cluding the Ukrainian ethnic groups: Lemkos, zhniativ) in the Transcarpathian region (Uzh- Lyshaks, Pokuttians, Ruthenians, Red Ruthe- horod, , Ruska Mokra, Dubove); Poles in nians, Sotacs. According to the map, one can the Eastern Galicia (Rymanów, Jaśliska, Sam- defi ne only the Ukrainian ethnic boundaries bir, Khyriv, ). In his explication of with Hungarians and Romanians. However, the map, Rudolph Alois Fröhlich pointed out these limits are shown schematically, as evi- that his map was based primarily on research denced by white islands along them. In East- and the aforementioned map of Joseph Vincenz ern Galicia the map represents areas inhabited Häufl er, on the work of Peter Kosler, magazine by Germans near Lviv, Stanislau and Kalush. articles etc.15 The second edition of the Map of Peoples In 1849 in Vienna, an Austrian scientist and and Languages of the Austrian State… by Franz geographer Franz Raff elsperger (1793–1861) Raff elsperger17 was also dated to 1849 with the published his Völker und Sprachenkarte der same scale of 79×111.5 cm. Th e map represents Österreichischen Staaten mit genauer Angabe the same ethnic boundaries, but the Ukrain- der Provinz- und Kreis-Begrenzung, so wie der ian territory of Hungary is presented as “Ma- kleinen Sprachgebiethe und der gemischten Kre- giarisirte Volksstämme” (Hungarized tribes). In is- und Ortsbevölkerung (Map of Peoples and addition, as it was noted on the map, the Civil Languages of the Austrian States with a Detailed Geographic Institute in Vienna made transla- Representation of Borders of Provinces and Dis- tions of the map to order and print them in tricts, and Small Linguistic Areas and Mixed each Slavonic language as well as Hungarian, Population of Counties and Districts)16, format Italian and Romanian. 79×111.5 cm. Th e basis of this map was the However, the most detailed map of the eth- General Map of Post and Railway Connections nic composition of the Austrian Empire was of Austria (General-Post- und Eisenbahnkarte published in 1855 by the Directorate of Admin- des Kaiserthumes Österreich, Wien 1849). Th e istrative Statistics in Vienna. It was composed scale was provided in German or Italian and in by the director of this institution, anthropolo- geographical miles, approx. 1:1 500 000. Th ere gist Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig (1804–1889). were indicated national boundaries, bounda- Ethnographische Karte der Österreichischen ries of provinces and districts; towns: capitals, Monarchie (Ethnographic Map of the Austrian fairs, villages, individual houses; castles or for- Monarchy) by Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig18 tifi cations; locations of military departments with a scale of 1:864 000 on four sheets and its

15 R.A. Fröhlich, Historisch-ethnographisch-statistische Erläuterungen der kleinen Sprachgebiethe und der gemischten Kreis- und Ortsbe- zur neuesten National- und Sprachenkarte des österreichischen völkerung, [scale 1:1 500 000], Wien 1849. Kaiserstaates, und der angränzenden Theile, mit genauer Angabe 17 F. Raffelsperger, Völker und Sprachenkarte, Aufl . 2, [scale 1:1 500 000], der einzelnen Sprachfamilien, Wien 1849, p. [1]. Wien 1849. 16 F. Raffelsperger, Völker und Sprachenkarte der Österreichischen Staa- 18 K.F. von Czoernig, Ethnographische Karte der Österreichischen Mo- ten mit genauer Angabe der Provinz- und Kreis-Begrenzung, so wie narchie. In vier Blaettern, scale 1:864 000, Wien 1855.

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publication on a single sheet in 185619 were instructions. So it was the fi rst ascertainment widely known to scientists. Th e maps were used of the ethnic structure of each separate area33. as a source for research and creation of other Th e defi nition of ethnicity for the popula- maps by Yakiv Holovatsky20, Hryhoriy Vely- tion of the Hungarian part of the monarchy chko21, Stepan Tomashivsky22, Stepan Rud- was based on Catholic and Protestant (partly) nytsky23, Alexander Petrov24, Fedir Maksy- schematisms. Th is could be explained by the menko25, Józef Buzek26, Stanisław Pawłow- fact that these local administrations were un- ski27. Th ese publications of Karl Freiherrn von der the infl uence of the offi cial view of the Czoernig are mentioned in the articles of mod- Hungarian authorities on ethnic problems34. ern Ukrainian researchers of ethnic maps Ivan Th e map was created in stages. At fi rst the re- Rovenchak28, Alla Symutina29 and Rostyslav search results were traced with paint on detailed Sossa30. maps (with a total number of 306 sheets). Th en Th e history of creating the Ethnographic all the confl icting data was repeatedly tested Map of the Austrian Monarchy is thoroughly in situ. In 1848, all the material was transferred described in the study published in 1857 by to a road map (on nine sheets)35. After that an Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig Ethnographie der additional examination of all ethnographic is- Österreichischen Monarchie (Ethnography of the lands and groups was carried out in the border Austrian Monarchy)31, which in fact is a de- areas36. tailed explication of the map. As it was claimed Th e next phase was the tracing of the ethno- by Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig, creating an graphic map itself. As it turned out, none of the ethnographic map that could truly cover set- existing general maps at that time could serve as tlement of peoples in the Austrian monarchy a basis for the Ethnographic Map of the Austrian was diffi cult because there was a lack of the Monarchy because they lacked many settle- practical material. Previous studies, except for ments37. Th e corresponding map was composed the work of Pavel Šafařík Slovanský národopis by the famous Austrian military cartographer (Slavonic Ethnography)32, were imperfect, so he Joseph Scheda (1815–1888), who was then decided not to use them. For the collection a major of the Imperial Royal Military Geo- of materials for an ethnographic map of the graphical Institute. Th e work was completed in Empire he involved the local authorities, who 1855. Th at same year a copy of the map was received specially designed questionnaires and presented at the industrial exhibition in Paris.

19 Idem, Ethnographische Karte der Österreichischen Monarchie, scale 28 І .І. Ровенчак, Передумови видання Г. Величком “Народописної 1:1 584 000, Wien 1856. карти українсько-руського народу”, „Вісник геодезії та карто- 20 Я.Ф. Головацкий, Народные песни Галицкой и Угорской Руси, графії”, 1 (20), 2001, p. 50; idem, Перші етнічні карти українських ч. 1: Думы и думки, Москва 1878, p. 672; idem, Этнографическая земель ХІХ століття (за матеріалами картографічного фонду ЛНБ карта русского народонаселения в Галичине, северовосточной ім. В. Стефаника АН УРСР), in: Бібліотека – науці. Збірник науко- Угрии и Буковине, scale 1:1 600 000, Вена [1875]. вих статей, Київ 1990, p. 70; idem, Фактори та джерела видання 21 Г. Величко, Деякі замітки до етнографічної карти Руси-України, Г. Величком “Народописної карти українсько-руського народу” “Діло”, 52, 1893, pp. 1–2; idem, Народописна карта українсько- в 1896 р., in: Картографія та історія України. Збірник наукових -руського народу, scale 1:1 680 000, Львів [1896]. праць, Львів–Київ–Нью-Йорк 2000, p. 110. 22 С. Томашівський, Етнографічна карта Угорської Руси, scale 29 А .Л. Симутіна, Перші українські етнічні карти, “Записки Львівської 1:300 000, С.-Петербург 1906; idem, Етнографічна карта (1910). наукової бібліотеки ім. В. Стефаника”, 2, 1993, p. 24. 23 С. Рудницький, Огляд, pp. 34–35. 30 Р .І. Сосса, Історія картографування території України. Від най- 24 А. Петров, Об этнографической границе русского народа в Ав- давніших часів до 1920 р. Короткий нарис, Київ 2000, p. 51; idem, стро-Угрии, о сомнительной “венгерской” нации и о неделимости Картографування території України. Історія, перспективи, наукові Угрии (с двумя картами Галичины), Петроград 1915, pp. 28–30. основи, Київ 2005, p. 140. 25 Ф.П. Максименко, Межі етнографічної території українського 31 K.F. von Czoernig, Ethnographie, Bd. 1, Abt. 1, Bd 2. народу, “Бібліотечний збірник. Бібліографія на Україні”, 3, 1927, 32 P.J. Šafařík, Slovanský národopis, Praha 1842. p. 68. 33 K.F. von Czoernig, Ethnographie, Bd. 1, Abt. 1, p. VI. 26 J. Buzek, Rozsiedlenie ludności Galicyi według wyznania i języka, 34 Ibidem, p. VII. “Wiadomości Statystyczne o Stosunkach Krajowych”, 21 (2), 1909. 35 Ibidem. 27 S. Pawłowski, Ludność rzymsko-katolicka w polsko-ruskiej części 36 Ibidem, p. VIII. Galicji. Z dwoma mapami, Lwów–Warszawa–Poznań 1919. 37 Ibidem, p. IX.

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A quick additional examination concerning all ian-Polish territory. It extends to the western elements of the geographical bases in the map re- part of the Kreis including almost all vealed no errors. Th e fi rst edition of the map in Lviv, Sambir and Sanok district. In addition, 1855 was published in four sheets. Subsequent- in Galicia there were highlighted other areas ly, for a wider introduction of the ethnographic where Poles lived. Th e Ukrainian-Slovak eth- situation in the Austrian monarchy to its sci- nic border runs over Spiš, Šariš and Zemplén entifi c and public circles, the map was reduced komitats (modern Prešov Region of ), to a single sheet and published in color in the thus covering the South Lemkivshchyna. Ac- Military Geographic Institute in 185638. cording to the map, among the prevailing Slo- Th e Ethnographic Map of the Austrian Monar- vak population the Ukrainians lived almost all chy by Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig was printed over the Zemplén and Šariš komitats as well in on four sheets with a scale of 1:864 000. With the east of the Spiš komitat. In general, as it colored backgrounds, areas and inscriptions it was noted in the explanatory notes to the map, represents the settlement of 15 ethnic groups. the establishment of the Polish-Ukrainian and Th e settlement of Ukrainians is marked with Ukrainian-Slovak ethnic boundaries was accom- the blue color. Th e map includes the localities panied by many diffi culties, especially through with more than two thousand inhabitants, strips of transitional patoises40. borders and boundaries (of state, crown lands, Th e Ukrainian-Hungarian ethnic border is counties and komitats), hydrographic network, marked by the former Uzhan and Bereg-Ugoc- and communications (railways, roads, state komitats (modern Transcarpathian region of roads). Th e map also provides tables of the pop- Ukraine and Szabolcs-Szatmár region of Hun- ulation size based on the ethnic composition in gary). In addition, to the south of the Ukraini- each province of the Austrian monarchy and ta- an-Hungarian ethnic boundary and the mixed bles of its political and administrative division. Ukrainian-Slovak territory there were marked Th e rich toponymy of the map (especially on areas where the Ukrainian population was ethnic borders) allows a suffi cient and accurate a minority. Th ese areas are located in the former description of the ethnic boundaries, including Abaúj-Torna, Borsod, Szabolcs, Szatmár and the Ukrainian ones. It should be noted that the North Bihar komitats (modern regions of Bor- Ethnography of the Austrian Monarchy deter- sod-Abaúj and Szabolcs-Szatmár in Hungary). mined the Ukrainian ethnic territory mainly In general, the Ukrainian settlements reach the by the extreme non-Ukrainian settlements. towns of Edelény, Miskolc, Nyíregyháza, Nyír- Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig believed that bátor, and Mátészalka. the Ukrainian-Polish ethnic boundary general- Th e Ukrainian-Romanian ethnic boundary ly ran along the San river, and the new admin- runs through the former Maramureș County istrative division of Galicia into the East and and Bukovina (today Transcarpathian and Cher- the West was of political signifi cance39. Th e nivtsi region of Ukraine, the modern counties of Ukrainian-Polish ethnic border was marked Satu Mare, Maramureș, Suceava in Romania). by Przemyśl, Sanok, Jasło and Sącz districts Th e settlement of the Ukrainian ethnic group (east and south of the modern Subcarpathian in Southern Bukovina (along the river Siret and and south of the Lesser Voivodeship in southeast of Câmpulung in Bukovina) is repre- Poland), thus Nadsanie and North Lemkivsh- sented by islands and colonies, which is a major chyna became part of the continuous Ukrain- drawback of the map as the area above the river ian ethnic territory. Seret was populated by Ukrainians in a solid Let us note that a part of Eastern Galicia mass, through the introduction of the Roma- on the map was presented as a mixed Ukrain- nian ethnic territory as a narrow wedge.

38 Ibidem, p. X. 40 Ibidem, p. VIІ. 39 Ibidem, p. 49.

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On the Ukrainian ethnic territory there are Basic Law on State Independence of the Ukrain- also marked settlements of other ethnic groups: ian Lands of the Former Austro-Hungarian Mon- Poles (almost everywhere in Galicia), Germans archy), which determined the political bounda- (mostly in towns of Galicia and Bukovina), Ar- ries of the WUPR adopted at a meeting of the menians (in Lviv, Horodenets, Snyatyn, Cher- Ukrainian National Council on November 13, nivtsi, Kuty, Lysets). 1918. Its Article II. Boundaries proclaimed that A single sheet edition of the Ethnographic the “Territory of the Western Ukrainian People’s Map of the Austrian Monarchy of 1856 was Republic is covered with the Ukrainian con- composed in a scale of 1:1 584 000, format tinuous ethnographic area within the former 57×79.5 cm. Th e settlement of ethnic groups Austro-Hungarian monarchy, i.e. the Ukrain- is represented identically to that of the 1855 ian part of the former Austrian crown lands of edition. Th e diff erence is that the smaller ver- Galicia, Lodomeria and Bukovina with other sion of the map represents a somewhat smaller Ukrainian parts of the former Hungarian capi- number of settlements. Th e Ethnographic Map tals (counties): Spiš, Šariš, Zemplén, Ung, Be- of the Austrian Monarchy of 1855 and its sin- reg and Maramureș as it was represented on the gle sheet republication in 1856 were highly ethnographic map of the Austrian monarchy of praised by Ukrainian scientists. In particular, Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig, Ethnographische historian Stepan Tomashivsky41 and geogra- Karte der Österreichischen Monarchie, entworfen pher Stepan Rudnytsky42 emphasized the ref- von Karl Freiherrn Czoernig, herausgegeben von erence value of the map and its relevance even der k. k. Direktion der administrativen Statistik. after half a century after its publication, in spite Wien, 1855. Maßstab 1:864 000”47. It should of some of its shortcomings. be noted that sometimes in modern studies one Moreover, Polish scholars including Józef can confuse the names of two diff erent peo- Buzek43 and Stanisław Pawłowski44 made criti- ple – Baron Karl Czoernig (1804–1889) – the cal comments regarding the composition tech- map author’s own name, and Count Ottokar niques of Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig’s Ethno- Czernin (1872–1932) – Foreign Minister of graphic Map of the Austrian Monarchy of 1855 Austria-Hungary, who is sometimes regarded as and its representation of the Polish population being the author of this map48. distribution within Eastern Galicia. A Ukrain- In 1888 the Viennese publishing house of ian bibliographer Fedir Maksymenko support- Eduard Hölzel (1817–1885) published Spra- ed the idea of the Russian scientist Alexander chenkarte von Österreich-Ungarn (Linguistic Petrov45 that only the works of Czoernig can Map of Austria-Hungary)49 which was com- be used to trace the Ukrainian-Polish ethnic posed by Franz Ritter von Le Monnier (1854– border46. 1925), vice-secretary of the minister and librar- However, the Ethnographic Map of the Aus- ian of the Imperial Royal Geographical Society trian Monarchy got its highest recognition with- in Vienna. Th e map was complied according in the government circles of the West Ukrain- to the Census of December 31, 1880 and on ian People’s Republic and this map became the the topographic basis of the map issued by the basis of the Тимчасовий основний закон про publishing house Artaria & Comp. Th e said державну самостійність українських земель map of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was бувшої австро-угорської монархії (Provisional earlier composed by the Austrian Major Gen-

41 С. Томашівський, Етнографічна карта (1910), pp. 5, 9. 47 М . Лозинський, Галичина в рр. 1918–1920, Нью-Йорк 1970, p. 45. 42 С. Рудницький, Огляд, pp. 34–35. 48 В . Боєчко, О. Ганжа, Б. Захарчук, Кордони України: історична ре- 43 J. Buzek, Rozsiedlenie, pp. 2–3. троспектива та сучасний стан, Київ 1994, p. 113; С.А. Макарчук, 44 S. Pawłowski, Ludność, pp. 2–3. Українська Республіка галичан, Львів 1997, p. 62. 45 А. Петров, Об этнографической границе, pp. 28–30. 49 F. Ritter von Le Monnier, Sprachenkarte von Österreich-Ungarn, scale 46 Ф.П. Максименко, Межі, p. 68. 1:1 000 000, Wien 1888.

180 Studia Geohistorica • Nr 03. 2015 Representation of Ukrainian Territories on Austrian Ethnic Maps of the 19th Century Artykuły eral, geographer and cartographer Joseph Rit- nier, he tried to represent the habitation of all ter von Scheda (1815–1888)50. ethnic groups as closely as possible according Th is map was based on government statis- to the census, so only a small number of Ar- tics taken completely at face value, and thus, menian and Albanian settlements were shown ignoring any biases that may have existed. Th is schematically55. is a classic example of an uncritical treatment Th e map intended to study the population of the offi cial statistics by the author. In fact, of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy had to be the map is essentially a photograph of the Cen- of assistance in state institutions and schools. sus of 1880 in Austria-Hungary, which cer- Th anks to its excellent color print it could be tainly undermines its scientifi c value. Th is was used as a wall map. Th e author believed that indicated by Stepan Rudnytsky51 and Stepan it could successfully replace the already used Tomashivsky 52. map of Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig56, which Th e Language Map of Austria-Hungary, as was mentioned above. Th e Language Map of noted by Franz Ritter von Le Monnier in his Austria-Hungary was composed in a scale explication, was based on information on the of 1:1 000 000, with a format of 113×154 cm. spoken language in Austria and the native lan- Th e Slavonic territories were marked with dif- guage in Hungary. Th e author believed that ferent shades of the green range of colors. Th e even though a spoken language is not similar Ukrainian ethnic territory was marked with to a native one, the diff erence between the two a bright green color. is not signifi cant enough to aff ect the fi nal re- On the Polish continuous ethnic territory sults of the census53. However, as shown by the the Ukrainian islands and colonies are repre- ethnic boundaries traced on the map, especially sented, the majority of which are located: the Ukrainian-Polish and Ukrainian-Slovak – on the right bank of the San and marked ones, understanding the diff erence between the with localities of Kuryłówka, Żuków, Cieplice, spoken and native languages was essential. Leżachów, Majdan, Pawłowa, Cewków, near Ad- When compiling this map the publisher pur- amówka to the north – all of them are north of sued the following sequence. First, for all com- the river Lubaczówka; east of Jarosław (islands munities (27 528 in Austria, 4910 estates in- of Ukrainians between mapped settlements are cluded and 16 374 in Hungary) the percentage marked); of ethnic groups that created a community was – south from Jarosław (on the left bank of calculated. Minorities of less than 10% were ex- the San – marked between two localities); cluded to simplify the representation, minorities – on both sides of the river San near Dynów; of 10–29% were represented by dots of a corre- – on a large Ukrainian island located on the sponding color while the minorities of 30–49% right bank of the river Wisłok between the lo- – with strokes of a corresponding color54. calities of Lutcza, Korczyna, Wysoka; Th e calculation results were applied to 60 – to the north and south of Rymanów. sheets of maps of the Austro-Hungarian mon- On the continuous Slovak ethnic territory archy issued by the Military Geographical In- Ukrainian islands are represented on a big is- stitute in Vienna with a scale of 1:300 000, and land south to Stará Ľubovňa which covers the from there they were transferred to the active areas of Jakubany, Majerka, Nižné Repaše, map of the Austro-Hungarian Reich of Joseph Blažov; and on a second one to the west of Ritter von Scheda with a scale of 1:1 000 000. Stropkov. On the continuous Hungarian eth- As was noted by Franz Ritter von Le Mon- nic territory Ukrainian islands are depicted west to the , near the mouth of the

50 Ibidem, p. [1]. Borzhava, south from Shalanky, on the left 51 С. Рудницький, Огляд, p. 35. 52 С. Томашівський, Етнографічна карта (1910), p. 10. 53 F. Ritter von Le Monnier, Sprachenkarte, p. [3]. 55 Ibidem, pp. [3–4]. 54 Ibidem, p. [3]. 56 Ibidem, p. [4].

Studia Geohistorica • Nr 03. 2015 181 Artykuły Neonila Padyuka

bank of the Tisza near the localities of Tisza- of the Ukrainians. But the Ethnographic Map péterfalva, Chepa, Nevetlenfalu, Gyula. On the of Hungarian Rus58 by Stepan Tomashivsky continuous Romanian ethnic territory Ukrain- 1906 refutes this. ian islands are depicted south from A signifi cant reduction of the continuous near , Dovhopillia, Vişeu de Sus, Os- Ukrainian ethnic territory was due to the vague- tra on the river Sukha; Dragomirna, Hatna, ness of the concept of colloquial (“sociable”) Lypovany on the left bank of the river Suceava; language, as it was indicated by Volodymyr south of the town of Suceava near the Rus Barvinsky59 in his study of the census results in Monastery. the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1880. In the continuous Ukrainian ethnic territo- It should be noted that the publication of ry there are areas of settlement of other ethnic the large Language Map of Austria-Hungary by groups: Poles (throughout Galicia – it seems Joseph Ritter von Le Monnier was preceded that they are at least ⅓ of the total population); by his single sheet Karte der Verteilung der Bev- Germans (in Galicia, Transcarpathia, Buko- ölkerung Österreich-Ungarns nach der Umgangs-, vina, South Lemkivshchyna); Hungarians (in beziehungsweise Muttersprache (Map of Distri- Transcarpathia), Romanians (in Bukovina). bution of the Population of Austria-Hungary by If we compare the Ukrainian ethnic bound- Spoken or Native Languages)60. It was placed aries traced by Franz Ritter von Le Monnier at number 15 in the Physikalisch-statistischer with those traced by Karl Freiherrn von Czoer- Handatlas von Österreich-Ungarn (Physical and nig in 1855, we can see that the continuous Statistical Atlas of Austria-Hungary)61, which Ukrainian ethnic territory was considerably was created according to the results of the Cen- reduced on the Ukrainian-Polish (Nadsanie sus of 1880. Th is map was also published in North Lemkivshchyna) and the Ukrainian- a separate edition with an option of ordering -Slovak (South Lemkivshchyna) limits, and an explanatory text to it62. Th e map of Franz somewhat reduced on the Ukrainian-Romani- Ritter von Le Monnier was used as a source an part in the Transcarpathian region at inter- to create maps for dictionaries63 and by other vals Vyshkovo – Tiachiv, Vişeu de Sus – Borșa cartographers, including Myron Kymakovych – Cârlibaba. Th e Ukrainian-Hungarian bor- and Liubomyr Rozhansky64, Lubor Niederle65, der runs identically to that of Karl Freiherrn Timofey Florinskiy66. von Czoernig. Th e Ukrainian-Romanian eth- nic border in Bukovina is traced well enough if Conclusions you compare this piece with the Ethnographic Th us, the ethnic maps of Austria-Hungary Map of Bukovina by Arkadii Zhukovsky57, (Austrian monarchy) described by us were based on the Census of 1910 and issued in published during a 50-year period (1845– 1954. Of course, we can assume that on the 1888) throughout the 19th century. To repre- Ukrainian-Slovak and Ukrainian-Romanian sent the Ukrainian ethnic territory the authors ethnic boundaries from 1855 to 1880 the eth- used background colors (mostly green-blue nographic situation changed and not in favor colour shades), geographical ranges and super-

57 А . Жуковський, Етнографічна карта Буковини. Опрацьована на 61 J. Chavanne, Physikalisch-statistischer Handatlas, Tafel 15. підставі перепису населення з 31 грудня 1910, scale 1:300 000, 62 F. Ritter von Le Monnier, Karte. Париж 1954. 63 Idem, Ethnographische Karte von Österreich-Ungarn, scale 1:4 850 000, 58 С . Томашівський, Етнографічна карта (1906). Leipzig 1909, in: Meyers Konv.-Lexikon, Aufl . 6, Bd. 15, zum Artikel 59 В . Барвінський, Досліди з поля статистики, Київ 1993. Österreich. 60 F. Ritter von Le Monnier, Karte der Verteilung der Bevölkerung Öster- 64 М . Кимакович, Л. Рожанський, Русь-Україна і Біла Русь. Карта reich-Ungarns nach der Umgangs-, beziehungsweise Muttersprache етнографічна, scale 1:3 700 000, Львів 1892. auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dec. 1880, [scale 65 L. Niederle, Národopisná mapa slovanstva, scale 1:3 700 000, Praha 1:2 500 000], Wien 1885, in: J. Chavanne, Physikalisch-statistischer 1912. Handatlas von Österreich-Ungarn, Wien 1887, Tafel 15. 66 Т .Д. Флоринский, Этнографическая карта западного славянства и Западной Руси, [scale 1:680 000], Киев 1911.

182 Studia Geohistorica • Nr 03. 2015 Representation of Ukrainian Territories on Austrian Ethnic Maps of the 19th Century Artykuły scriptions. Th e maps were based on the scales the Austrian monarchy in the mid-nineteenth of survey maps. century, especially the ethnic Ukrainian-Polish Th e maps are compiled on a scientifi c basis. border. For the fi rst time the author chose Th e authors used a variety of sources, includ- a particular blue colour for marking the Ukrain- ing census results, information from sche- ian ethnic territory and thus he represented matisms, data from ethnographic researches, Ukrainians as a separate people (on the maps of and earlier issued maps including the works Joseph Vincenz Häufl er, Rudolph Alois Fröh- of Pavel Šafařík. Th e authors’ use of diff erent lich and Franz Raff elsperger the territories of sources and diff erent approaches in compiling Slavs are represented in one colour and the areas the maps were the reason for diff erent ethnic of some Slavonic peoples are marked with lines boundaries on the maps. and superscriptions). Marking with a signifi cant Th e maps of Joseph Vincenz Häufl er, Ru- number of names, especially on ethnic bounda- dolph Alois Fröhlich and Franz Raff elsperger ries, makes reading the map easier. Th e scien- provided a general overview of interethnic tifi c value of the map is amplifi ed by the work relations in the Austrian monarchy. While of Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig Ethnography of comparing these maps we should see that the the Austrian Monarchy. As already mentioned, Ukrainian-Polish ethnic boundaries are fairly many cartographers used this map to create their accurately represented on the map of Joseph own maps. Th e Ethnographic Map… of Karl Vincenz Häufl er. On the map of Rudolph Alois Freiherrn von Czoernig has not lost its scientifi c Fröhlich this boundary is moved considerably value up to the present time. It is still a valuable to the east, which was contrary to the truth, but document for mapping in Ukrainian studies. on the maps of Franz Raff elsperger it was not Th e Linguistic Map of Austria-Hungary by Franz shown at all, and neither were the Ukrainian- Ritter von Le Monnier can be used only as an il- -Slovak ethnic boundaries. Th e representation lustration of the results of the population census of the Ukrainian-Slovak ethnic boundaries in Austria-Hungary in 1880. on the maps of Joseph Vincenz Häufl er and Th e principal scientifi c value of the descri- Rudolph Alois Fröhlich and Ukrainian ethnic bed ethnic maps of Austria-Hungary (Austrian boundaries with Hungarians and Romanians monarchy) lies in the fact that Ukrainians (Ru- on the maps of the three authors is over-simpli- thenians) are represented as a separate ethnic fi ed and based upon the maps of Pavel Šafařík group that lived together in the north-eastern (1842) and Jan Čaplovič (1829). part of the state. Th e separate representation of Scientifi cally, the most valuable is the Eth- Ukrainians-Ruthenians on the map contributed nographic Map of the Austrian Monarchy by to the recognition of the fact that Ukrainians Czoernig, which represents in the most ac- were a single nation and not a dialect part of curate way the Ukrainian ethnic territory of any other. „

Bibliography Atlases and Maps Величко Г., Народописна карта українсько- Жуковський А., Етнографічна карта Буко- -руського народу, scale 1:1 680 000, Львів вини. Опрацьована на підставі перепису на- [1896]. селення з 31 грудня 1910, scale 1:300 000, Головацкий Я.Ф., Этнографическая кар- Париж 1954. та русского народонаселения в Галичине, Кимакович М., Рожанський Л., Русь-Україна северовосточной Угрии и Буковине, scale і Біла Русь. Карта етнографічна, scale 1:1 600 000, Вена [1875]. 1:3 700 000, Львів 1892.

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Studia Geohistorica • Nr 03. 2015 185 Artykuły

Obraz ziem ukraińskich na austriackich mapach etnicznych z XIX w.

Streszczenie Zaostrzenie konfl iktów etnicznych w wielona- podejście autorów do sporządzania map spowo- rodowej monarchii austriackiej w poł. XIX w. dowały, że ukraińskie granice etniczne przedsta- i wzrost ruchów narodowowyzwoleńczych wiane były różnie. w Europie skłoniły rząd Austro-Węgier do po- Mapy Häufl era, Fröhlicha i Raff elspergera święcenia szczególnej uwagi badaniom składu dają ogólny przegląd stosunków między grupa- etnicznego państwa oraz zdefi niowaniu zasięgu mi etnicznymi w monarchii austriackiej. Z na- występowania każdego z etnosów, w tym ukra- ukowego punktu widzenia najbardziej cenna jest ińskiego. Wraz z badaniami etnografi cznymi Mapa etnografi czna monarchii austriackiej Czoer- i statystycznymi w monarchii austriackiej za- niga, która najwierniej przedstawia terytorium częły się pojawiać mapy etniczne, sporządzane zajmowane przez etnos ukraiński w poł. XIX w., na podstawie ofi cjalnych statystyk naukowych. zwłaszcza ukraińsko-polską granicę etniczną. Jest Są to przede wszystkim dzieła Josepha Vincen- to więc bardzo cenny dokument dla ukraińskiej za Häufl era, Rudolpha Aloisa Fröhlicha, Franza nauki. Przydatność Mapy językowej Austro-Węgier Raff elspergera, Karla Freiherrna von Czoer- Le Monniera ogranicza się do zilustrowania wy- niga, Franza Rittera von Le Monniera. Wszyst- ników spisu ludności Austro-Węgier z 1880 r. kie wyraźnie pokazują różnorodność etniczną Pod względem naukowym największą war- państwa. tością opisanych map etnicznych Austro-Węgier Mapy zostały opracowane na podstawie ba- jest przedstawienie Ukraińców (Rusinów) jako dań naukowych. Ich autorzy czerpali informa- oddzielnego narodu żyjącego w północnej części cje ze spisu ludności, schematyzmów, badań kraju. Wyodrębnienie Ukraińców (Rusinów) na etnografi cznych, starszych map, pracy Pavla mapach sprzyjało uznaniu ich za odrębny naród, Šafaříka. Korzystanie z wielu źródeł i odmienne niebędący częścią żadnego innego. „

Keywords: mapping history, ethnic maps, Austrian monarchy, ethnic mapping of Ukrainians Słowa kluczowe: historia kartografi i, mapy etniczne, monarchia austriacka, etnokartografi a Ukraińców

Neonila Padyuka – kierownik Gabinetu Kartografi i Lwowskiej Narodowej Naukowej Biblioteki Ukrainy im. Wasyla Stefanyka (e-mail: [email protected])

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