!Vrn(R/ 6Eni Dan Derain Volume 04 No. 01 Halaman Padang 1 Ranah Seni 1 ISSN 1

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!Vrn(R/ 6Eni Dan Derain Volume 04 No. 01 Halaman Padang 1 Ranah Seni 1 ISSN 1 !vrn(r/ 6eni dan Derain Diterbitkan oleh: Jwusan Seni Rupa Fakultas Bahasa dan seni Universitas Negeri Padang 1 Ranah Seni Volume 04 1 No. ,01 1 Halaman 1 Padang 1 ISSN 1 631' - 738 Sept. 2010 1978-6565 Penanggung Jawab Spirit L& Gilo Ketua Jurusan Seni Rupa dan Dekan FBS Andranofa, Dosen IS1 Padang Panjang Universitas Negeri Padang Bahasa Rupa Pakaian Penghulu Minan&bau: Kajian tentang Komponen, Pola, clan Makna Pimpinan Umum Sirnbolis pa& Saruwo dan B@u Pangulu Mumi Rarnanto Ariusmedi, Dosen Jurusan Smi Rupa FBS UNP Padang Pimpinan Redaksi Nasbachry Couto Nilai-Nilai Simbolik Pendidikan dalam Songkt Minangkabau Sekretaris redaksi Budiwirman, Dosen jurusan seni rupa FBS Syafwandi LJNP Padang Staf Redaksi Seni Patung Modem Gejala Perkernbangam Dan Zubaidah Pertumbuhannya Di Indonesia Erfahrni, Dosen Jurusan Seni Rupa FBS UNP Zubaidah Agus Padang Syafwai Ahmad Ariusrncdi Eksistensi Seni Kriya Dalam Masyarakat Melay u Alama t Redaksi Ismanadi Uska, Dosen Jurusan Senj Rupa FBS Jurusan Seni Rupa, Fakultx Bahasa dan UNP Padang i Seni, llriiversitas Negeri Paci2ng. I Pengembangan Rentuk Penyajian Musik Jln. Belibis Air Tawar P&no, Tradisional Rabab Pasisia dalarn Konteks Seni Pertunjukan di Minangkabau Telepofiax 1-442 146 075 Marzarn, Dosen Junsan Sendratasik FBS UNP E-mail .gruoa5'il\ nlio~.~il)J Padang Terbit dua kali setahun Keebijakan Pengclolaan Pendidikan Seni Yahya, Dosen Seni Rupa FBS UNP Padang I Penerapan Multistrategi dalam Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Praktik Seni Gratis Dasar Yofita Sandra, Dnsen Jurusan Seni Rupa FBS UNP Padang Makna Baju Kuruang ltarn sebagai Pakain Adat Urang Tuo di Nagari Cupak Kabupaten Solok Sumatera Barat Zubaidah, Dosen Jumsan Seni Rupa FBS UNP Padang ' Kriya 1,oearn dengan teknik cetak lilin Di Sei. Puar Kabupaten Agarn M. Nasrui Kamal, Dosen Jurusan Seni Rupa FBS UNP Padang I Nilai-Nilai Simbolik Pendidikan Dalam Songket Minangkabau Budiwirman Dosen jurusan seni rupr FBS UNP Padang Abstracf, As songket fabric in the life of the Mirnngk&au sociefy can not be separated with traditional ceremonies, because each is the celebration of the adherents will ustl the fraditional clothes of wown fabrics fhai are organized and given songket certain motives as a rejlection of themsehesfi.om user. With regard to the messages .:onveyed values, the wearer can be seen through a variety of symbols and symbolism in tradi~ionalindigenous clothing ornaments such. So this custom clothing hucertain rules when a kind custom clothing is used, who should wear it, and how to use it must follow the rules agreed upon in accordance with provisions customary in the Minangkabau region. To flnd studies on the symbolic values of education that is contained in Songket Mimngkubau, tkbaric elements that must be f0un.Y according to the formulation of the problem points, then used Ethnographic research methodology. In this research, the object is observed,- a wovenfabric Songket, and the one that is public using trgditional woven clothing in the area SongAet Silungkmg with d~yerentbackgrotnd This sociery in general are among the top leadership in an area that can also be called the prince /Dot& Bundokamhattg, DUBALANG and other cusfomcqv hnliiers. By using this method. it can he found in the &fa that is the work nrwess, extensive and in-depth descriptions, feelings, norms. helieh attirude, IV 7rk ethic, and a cul~urethat embraced one or group. Thus if will he to oh fain data more widelv,for sure, so it hm high credbility and depth. Thejndings ofre: eruchers at songket cloth as traditioml clothes in Mnangkabou. in principle, is a pmt that can not be separatedfiom the existence of an indigenous stakeholders in bfi~li.langkobauculture Clothing made fromfabrics woven songket it would more than just clothes, he at once a symbol or emblem which can be translared into a .yrnbolic values tha~are meaningfiul to education, and a role model in the daily iiveli hood of indigenous peoples in Mnanghbau. Keywordr. Songke: Vi'ai, mnkna simbol, clan Pendidikan PENDAHULUAN Seni tradisional rnerupakan bagian dari budaya daerah tertentu yang telah berkembang di dalam sejarah kehidupan manusia, ia lahir dalam masyarakat, karena diperlukan dalam berbagai bentuk kebutuhan praktis masyarakat. Dengan demikian, keberadaannya tidak hanya merupakan bentuk pernyataan seni, akan tetapi juga merupakan manifestasi kehidupan masyarakat pendukungnya, atau ungkapan kreativitas dari kebudayam itu sendiri, (Kayam, 1982). Dalam konteks rats nilai seni tradisional tersebut yang masih segar di pedesaan Sumardjo (2090). Menjelaskan harus dilihat berdasarkan sejarah perubahannya, akibat pengaruh budaya kota pemaharnan konteks tata ~ilai tradisional ini berguna untuk melihat secara objektif latar sosial (konteks budaya) setiap karya seni tradisional. Selanjutnya Barkrr (2004), dalarn buku Cultural Studies menyatakan bahwa Kebudayaan itu 'seni' sekaligus nilai, norma dan benda simbolis kehidupan sehsri- hari. Meskipun kebuday,mn mernberikan perhatian kepada tradisi clan reproduksi sosial, ia juga merupakan pengembangan ide-ide dan perubahan. Salah satu hasil kebudayaan rnasyarakat Indonesia yaitu berupa kain tenun tradisional yang biasanya juga disebut kain adat. Seperti dikatakan oleh Suwita. (2003), di Indonesia awalnya kain tenun dibawa oleh nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia dari Yunani, Cina Selatan. Tidak heran kalau tekniknya juga sama dengan kain tenun bangsa Asia laimya, seperti dari Kamboja, Laos, Myanmiu, atau Thailand. Ada juga pengaruh asing pada kain tenun Indonesia. Pengaruh ini dibawa pedagang rempah-rempah yang datang ke Nusantara. Misalnya di Minangkabau, a,da songket dari benang emas yang disebut benang Macau (kain songket adat). Mac~u adalah salah satu kota di Cina. Kita juga rnengenal kain plakat (semacam kain digunakan untuk bakk atau kain sarung) yang rnerupakan salah satu daerah di India. Kain tenun tradisional tersebar di seluruh wilayah Nusantara dengan bentuk yang khas di tiap-tiap daerah. Kekhasan bentuk kain tenun tradisional di tiap daenh senantiasa dipertahankan, karena merupakan identitas dari masyarakat pendukungnya, dan dalam kerangka yang lebih luas juga merupakan identitas kebudayaan bangsa Indonesia yan g bersi fat BhineRa Tunggal Ika. Dalarn kehidupan rnasyarakat Minangkabau terdapat berbagai jenis seni kerajinan sebagai aktivitas budaya rnasyarakat rnasing-masing dengan cornk yarig khas, seperti; kerajinan ukir, tenunlsongket, sulam, tembikarl krarnik, anyam dan lain sebagainya. Kerajinan ini pada mulanya dibuaa dalan bentuk benda-benda Jan pakaian untuk upacara-upacara adat. Seperti kain tenun songket dalam kehidupan rnasyarakat Minangkabau tidnk dapat dipisahkan dengan upacara-upacara adat, karena setiap ada perayaan para penganut akan menggunakan pakaian tradisional kain tenun songket yang d i tata dnn diberi motif-motif tertentu sebagai cerminan diri dari sipemakainya. Ibrahim (1986), nienjelaskan bahwa pakaian adat tradisional memiliki peranan penting dalam upacara-upacara adat tertentu. Melalui pakaian adat tersebut tergambar pesan-pesan, nilai-nilai budaya yang terkandung di dalamnya, serta berkaitan pula dengan aspek-aspek lain dari kebudayaan seperti; ekonomi. sosinl, pendidikan, politik dan keatpnaan. Berkenaan dengan pesan-pesan nilai-nilai budaya yang disampaikan, maka pemakainya dapat dilihat melalui berbagai simbol dalam ragam hias pakaian adst tradisional tersebut. Maka pakaian adat ini mernpunyai aturan-aturan tertentu kapan suatu jenis pakaian adal dipergunakan, siapa yang harus memakainya, dan bagaimana cara memakainya hams rnengikuti aturan-aturan yang telah disepakati sesuai dengan ketetapan adat di daerah Minangkabau. Laporan penelitian Proyek Pengernbangan Permuseuman Sumatem Bara t. (1990), mengatakan bahwa, Kain tenun songket yang ada di Minangkabau merupakan bagian dari kebudayaan. Karena kain tenun songket dalarn kehidupan masyarakat Minangkabau umrlmnya dipakai pada waktu-waktu tertentu, biasaqa orang memakainya pada acara-acara yang bersifat sakral. Sebagai kerajinan tradisional Suwarti (1986), menielaskan bahwa, kain tenun songket merupakan bagian perwujudan budaya rnasyarakat pemakainya. Tidak semua orang dibenarkan mernakai busana ini. Kesakralan ada pada ketenh~anatau persyaratan pemakainya yang just^ rnemiliki nilai simbolis, yaitu sebagai pakaian kebesaran. Menurut Mina~ih.(1998), yang diperbolehkan mernakainya adalah orang-orang tertentu (terpandang dalam masyarakatnya). yaitu pendukung upacara 65 8 Budiwirman, Nilal-Nilai Simbolik Pendidikon Dalam Songket Mlnangkubou Ramh Seni, JurnalSeni dun Dcsain, volume 04. No. 1, sptember 2010 \ - adat seperti: Bundo Kanduang, Datuk dan Penganten. Betapapun kayanya seseomg dan berkesanggupan memiliki benda itu, namun ia tetap tidak dipe&enankan memakai sesuh hati. Dalam pandangan Ibrahim (1986), pada umumnya pengetahuan tentang pemakaian dan pembuatan pakaian adat beserta kelengkapannya di Minangkabau, diajarkan secara lisan atau dengan cara menirukan dan berlangsung secara turun- temurun. Pengetahuan itu hanya dicatat dalam ingatan dan berulangkali dipraktekkan setiap dibutuhkan oleb keluarga yang akan mengikuti upacara-upacara bersangkutan. Oleh karena semuanya tidak tertulis dan hanya ada dalam ingatan saja, maka tradisi pakain ada* serta perhiasan dan kelengkapannya itu mudah mengalami perubahan, sehingga timbullah bentuk-bentuk baru dalam pakaian adat tradisional yang sulit dilacak bentuk mana yang paling tua. Budiwirman (1986), menjelaskan bahwa, setiap motif yang terdapat pda kain tenun songket trac'isional Minangkabau mempunyai arti simbolis dan unsur yang
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