Universidad Complutense De Madrid Facultad De Ciencias De La Información

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Universidad Complutense De Madrid Facultad De Ciencias De La Información UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL La promoción de la seguridad de los periodistas en perspectiva histórica: el papel de Naciones Unidas de 1945 a 2014 MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Silvia Chocarro Marcesse Directores Concepción Anguita Olmedo Miguel Ángel Sobrino Blanco Madrid, 2016 © Silvia Chocarro Marcesse, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN LA PROMOCIÓN DE LA SEGURIDAD DE LOS PERIODISTAS EN PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA: EL PAPEL DE NACIONES UNIDAS DE 1945 A 2014 Silvia Elena Chocarro Marcesse Directores: Concepción Anguita Olmedo Miguel Ángel Sobrino Blanco Madrid, 2015 II UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Sociología IV PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO 276 “COMUNICACIÓN, CAMBIO SOCIAL Y DESARROLLO” LA PROMOCIÓN DE LA SEGURIDAD DE LOS PERIODISTAS EN PERSPECTIVA HISTÓRICA: EL PAPEL DE NACIONES UNIDAS DE 1945 A 2014 Silvia Elena Chocarro Marcesse Directores: Concepción Anguita Olmedo Miguel Ángel Sobrino Blanco Madrid, 2015 III IV Sabemos que el periodismo es clave para vencer el miedo que paraliza a una sociedad y para mantener viva la esperanza. Y no tenemos derecho a claudicar. No, al menos, mientras haya periodistas dando la batalla. Daniela Pastrana Periodistas de a pie, México Here is a calling that is yet above high office, fame, lucre and security. It is the call of conscience Lasantha Wickrematunge (asesinado el 9-11-09) Sunday Leader, Sri Lanka Premio Mundial de Libertad de Prensa UNESCO/Guillermo Cano V VI A George, A mis padres, A mi hermana, VII VIII AGRADECIMIENTOS Esta tesis se ha hecho realidad gracias, en primer lugar, a mis directores Concepción Anguita Olmedo y Miguel Ángel Sobrino Blanco. A Miguel, le agradezco especialmente haber insistido en que siguiera adelante y no desistiera, aunque no siempre fuese fácil compatibilizar la realización de esta tesis con las exigencias de la vida profesional. A Conchi le agradezco enormemente su dedicación y apoyo, en días lectivos o fines de semanas, de día o de noche. Su claridad siempre fue una guía en este proceso. También, agradezco al equipo docente del Departamento de Sociología IV, de quien aprendí lo necesario en el programa Comunicación, cambio social y desarrollo, como para adentrarme en esta aventura. A mi compañero de vida, George, que siempre creyó en la relevancia de mi investigación y me animó día a día. Sin su apoyo, este texto no hubiese visto la luz. A mis padres, que siempre han estado y están a mi lado. A mi hermana, a quien adoro. A mis amigas del alma, porque la vida sin ellas no sería igual. A mis compañeros y compañeras de la UNESCO, con quienes compartí el entusiasmo por diseñar la primera estrategia de Naciones Unidas destinada a frenar la violencia contra periodistas. Y a todas las personas a las que he entrevistado y que me han ofrecido información valiosísima. IX Por último, pero no por ello menos importante, a todas las personas que arriesgan su vida ejerciendo el periodismo en su intento por buscar la verdad para contárnosla. Mi más sincera admiración a todos ellos y todas ellas. X XI XII INDICE GENERAL A. RESUMEN/ABSTRACT ................................................................................. XIX B. SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................. XXIII C. SIGLAS, ACRÓNIMOS Y ABREVIATURAS ......................................... XXXIII PARTE I: PLANTEAMIENTO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN .............. 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 3 1.1. CONTEXTO ................................................................................................ 3 1.2. DELIMITACIÓN DEL TEMA, OBJETO DE ESTUDIO, OBJETIVOS E HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO: MÉTODOS, TÉCNICAS Y FUENTES DE INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................................................ 16 1.4. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN.................................................................... 20 1.5. PLAN GENERAL Y CONTENIDO DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL.............. 25 CAPÍTULO II. APROXIMACIÓN CONCEPTUAL ............................................. 31 2.1. LA VIOLENCIA CONTRA PERIODISTAS: CONTEXTO Y EVOLUCIÓN .......................................................................................................................... 31 2.2. APROXIMACIÓN CONCEPTUAL ........................................................... 39 2.2.1. Periodismo ............................................................................................ 39 2.2.2. Periodista .............................................................................................. 43 2.2.3. Violencia ............................................................................................... 52 2.2.4. Seguridad .............................................................................................. 54 2.2.5. Protección ............................................................................................. 56 2.2.6. Impunidad ............................................................................................. 58 2.3. DERECHOS Y LIBERTADES .................................................................. 62 2.3.1. El derecho a la vida............................................................................... 62 2.3.2. El derecho a la libertad de expresión .................................................... 66 2.3.3. Derecho a la libertad de información vs derecho de acceso a la información..................................................................................................... 69 2.3.5. Enfoque basado en derechos humanos................................................... 71 XIII 2.3.6. La protección internacional de periodistas: derecho internacional humanitario y de derechos humanos ............................................................... 76 PARTE II: APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICA .................................... 81 3. CAPÍTULO III. HASTA 1977: LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS PERIODISTAS EN SITUACIONES DE CONFLICTO ARMADO ................................................. 83 3.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................... 83 3.2. HASTA 1949: LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS PERIODISTAS Y LAS LEYES DE LA GUERRA .............................................................................................. 84 3.2.1. Primeros pasos: los Convenios de la Haya y la Sociedad de Naciones .. 84 3.2.2. Los Convenios de Ginebra de 1929 y 1949 ............................................ 92 3.3. 1945-1970: LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS PERIODISTAS EN EL NUEVO SISTEMA INTERNACIONAL ......................................................................... 98 3.3.1. La creación e inicios de Naciones Unidas ............................................. 98 3.3.2. El borrador de Montecantini ............................................................... 107 3.4. 1970-1977: EL INTENTO DE CREAR UNA CONVENCIÓN INTERNACIONAL Y LOS PROTOCOLOS DE LOS CONVENIOS DE GINEBRA....................................................................................................... 110 3.4.1. Primer borrador de Convención .......................................................... 110 3.4.2. El segundo borrador de Convención.................................................... 118 3.4.2. Protocolo I Adicional de los Convenios de Ginebra............................. 130 3.5. RECAPITULACIÓN FINAL ................................................................... 138 4. CAPÍTULO IV. 1975-1991: LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS PERIODISTAS: UN DEBATE POLÉMICO EN LA UNESCO ............................................................. 143 4.1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................... 143 4.2. 1974-1980: EL INFORME MACBRIDE .................................................. 148 4.2.1. Contexto comunicacional de la UNESCO ............................................ 148 4.2.2. La Declaración sobre los medios de comunicación de masas .............. 150 4.3.3. La protección de los periodistas en el coloquio de Florencia (1977 ..... 161 4.3.4. La Comisión Internacional de Estudio de los Problemas de la Comunicación y la protección de los periodistas ........................................... 164 4.3.5. Informe MacBride ............................................................................... 178 4.4. 1980-1989: DEL INFORME MACBRIDE A LA DECLARACIÓN DE SADI ............................................................................................................... 188 4.4.1. La era post-MacBride.......................................................................... 188 XIV 4.4.2. La hotline de CICR .............................................................................. 196 4.5. RECAPITULACIÓN FINAL ................................................................... 204 5. CAPÍTULO V. 1989-1997: DE LA NUEVA ESTRATEGIA DE COMUNICACIÓN DE LA UNESCO A LA RESOLUCIÓN 29.......................... 209 5.1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................... 209 5.2. 1989: LA NUEVA ESTRATEGIA DE LA UNESCO .............................. 212 5.3. LAS DECLARACIONES POR UN PERIODISMO INDEPENDIENTE Y SUS REPERCUSIONES ................................................................................
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