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Tendances Mondiales En Matière De Liberté D'expression Et De Publié en 2018 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2018 ISBN 978-92-3-200153-5 OEuvre publiée en libre accès sous la licence Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). Les utilisateurs du contenu de la présente publication acceptent les conditions d’utilisation de l’Archive ouverte en libre accès UNESCO (https://fr.unesco.org/open-access/les-licences-creative-commons). Ladite licence s’applique uniquement au texte contenu dans la publication. Pour l’usage de tout autre matériel qui ne serait pas clairement identifié comme appartenant à l’UNESCO, une demande d’autorisation préalable est nécessaire auprès de l’UNESCO : [email protected] ou Éditions l’UNESCO, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP France. Titre original : World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report Publié en 2018 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture Davantage d’informations et le texte intégral du Rapport sur les tendances mondiales sont disponibles à l’adresse suivante : fr.unesco.org/world-media-trends-2017 L’étude complète doit être citée comme suit : UNESCO. 2018. Tendances mondiales en matière de liberté d’expression et de développement des médias : Rapport mondial 2017-2018, Paris. Les désignations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’UNESCO aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Les idées et les opinions exprimées dans cet ouvrage sont celles des auteurs ; elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’UNESCO et n’engagent en aucune façon l’Organisation. Coordination éditoriale : Rachel Pollack Ichou Chercheurs principaux : Nicole Stremlau, Iginio Gagliardone et Monroe Price Création graphique, graphisme de la couverture et composition : Marc James Infographies : Carlos Manzo Photos : p. 28, 64 © Shutterstock / Marcel Clemens p. 33, 161 © Alfred Yaghobzadeh p. 51 © Shutterstock / Piotr Adamowicz p. 68,100 © Fred Cifuentes p. 76 © Shutterstock / LDprod p. 104 © Slim Ayadi p. 132 © AFP PHOTO / James Lawler Duggan p. 135, 128 © Tobin Jones p. 143 © Shutterstock / Dragon Images p. 170 © Carlos Duarte Imprimé dans les ateliers de l’UNESCO Imprimé en France Cette publication a bénéficié du soutien de la Suède. Tendances mondiales en matière de Liberté d’expression et de développement des médias RAPPORT MONDIAL 2017/2018 Sommaire Liste des figures 6 Liste des encadrés 7 Equipe éditoriale 8 Avant-propos 10 Résumé 12 Introduction 18 Fondements du rapport 19 Normes internationales en matière de liberté d’expression 19 Conceptualisation de la liberté de la presse 20 Approfondissement des concepts 23 Contexte technologique, social et politique 24 Inégalités et publics 26 Conflits et extrémisme violent 27 Migrations forcées et crise des réfugiés 28 Structure du rapport 29 Conclusion 30 Tendances en matière de liberté des médias 35 Vue d’ensemble 35 Le concept de liberté des médias 36 Restrictions à la liberté des médias 37 Lois sur la diffamation et autres restrictions juridiques concernant les journalistes 37 Restrictions d’accès, blocages de l’Internet et retraits de contenus 42 Sécurité nationale et lutte contre l’extrémisme violent 47 Protection de l’accès à l’information et du respect de la vie privée 48 Accès à l’information 48 Vie privée, surveillance et chiffrement 52 Protection des sources confidentielles et des lanceurs d’alerte 58 Gouvernance de l’Internet et liberté des médias 61 Egalite des genres et liberté des médias 64 Conclusion 66 Tendances en matière de pluralisme des médias 71 Vue d’ensemble 71 Qu’entend-on par « pluralisme des médias » ? 72 Accès 74 Internet et téléphonie mobile 74 Médias radiodiffusés 77 Industrie de la presse écrite 79 Modèles économiques 79 Pluralisme de la propriété des médias 80 La publicité : entre anciens et nouveaux modèles 81 Nouvelles plates-formes et nouveaux modèles commerciaux 83 Contenus 84 Contenus générés par les utilisateurs 84 Algorithmes, chambres d’écho et polarisation 85 Fausses informations 87 Informer sur les groupes marginalisés 89 4 Tendances mondiales en matière de Liberté d’expression et de Développement des médias Rapport Mondial 2017/2018 Les nouveaux acteurs de l’information : une démocratisation de la production des nouvelles ? 91 L’éducation aux médias et à l’information 93 Égalité des genres et pluralisme des médias 94 Égalité des genres dans le personnel des médias 96 Femmes et prise de décision 98 Genre et représentation 98 Les femmes dans les médias : changer le tableau 100 Conclusion 102 Tendances en matière d’indépendance des médias 107 Vue d’ensemble 107 Comprendre l’indépendance des médias 109 Tendances et transitions en matière de régulation 111 Indépendance et régulation par l’État 112 Autorégulation 113 Pressions politiques et économiques au sein des systèmes médiatiques 116 Tendances à la décrédibilisation des médias 116 Capture des médias 120 Réglementations financières et modèles économiques 121 Perceptions de l’indépendance des médias par les journalistes 122 Professionnalisme et efforts visant à limiter les pressions politiques et économiques 124 Égalité des genres et indépendance des médias 127 Égalité des genres sur le lieu de travail 127 Surveillance et défense des médias 128 Associations professionnelles formelles et informelles 129 Conclusion 130 Tendances en matière de sécurité des journalistes 135 Vue d’ensemble 135 Qu’entend-on par « sécurité des journalistes » ? 136 Actes de violence à l’encontre des journalistes 140 Meurtres de journalistes 140 Impunité des crimes perpétrés contre des journalistes 144 Autres atteintes à la sécurité du journalisme 150 Sécurité numérique des journalistes 152 Égalité des sexes et sécurité des journalistes 155 Harcèlement en ligne des femmes journalistes 157 Actions entreprises pour améliorer la sécurité des journalistes 160 Nations Unies 162 États membres 164 Milieux académiques, société civile et médias 166 Conclusion 172 Appendices 174 Bibliographie 175 Groupements régionaux 196 Acronymes et abréviations 199 Tendances mondiales en matière de Liberté d’expression et de Développement des médias Rapport Mondial 2017/2018 5 Liste des figures Figure 1-1 Raisons couramment invoquées pour justifier des arrêts de service Internet 43 Figure 1-2 Nombre de demandes gouvernementales de retrait de contenus reçues par Google et Twitter 45 Figure 1-3 Raisons citées dans les demandes de retrait de contenus reçues par Google 45 Figure 1-4 Nombre de demandes gouvernementales de retrait de contenus reçues par Google, Twitter et Facebook 46 Figure 1-5 États membres (par région) dotés d’une loi ou d’une politique sur la liberté d’information 50 Figure 1-6 Nombre de pays (par région) ayant adopté ou amendé des lois sur la protection des données ou le respect de la vie privée, 2012-2016 55 Figure 1-7 États membres qui sont partie à la Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption 59 Figure 1-8 Universalité de l’Internet et « principes D.O.A.M. » 62 Figure 2-1 Pourcentage d’individus utilisant Internet, 2012-2017 74 Figure 2-2 Nombre d’abonnements à la téléphonie mobile cellulaire, 2012-2016 en milliards 75 Figure 2-3 Principales sources d’information selon l’âge 77 Figure 2-4 État d’avancement du passage à la radiodiffusion télévisuelle numérique terrestre 78 Figure 2-5 Revenus publicitaires d’Internet, 2012-2016 82 Figure 2-6 Les nouveaux modèles économiques des médias 82 Figure 2-7 Part des recettes publicitaires d’Internet selon la plate-forme, 2012-2016 83 Figure 2-8 Les racines des fausses informations 88 Figure 2-9 Les femmes invisibles ? L’équilibre des genres dans les contenus médiatiques, la prise de décision et le personnel des médias 95 Figure 2-10 Égalité des genres aux postes décisionnels et au sein des conseils d’administration des médias européens 99 Figure 3-1 Scores des indicateurs RDR de transparence des politiques concernant les demandes de restrictions de contenus ou de comptes 115 Figure 3-2 Scores des indicateurs RDR de transparence des politiques concernant le respect de leurs conditions de service (ayant une incidence sur les restrictions de contenus ou de comptes) 115 Figure 3-3 Effet de la décrédibilisation des médias sur la société 118 Figure 3-4 Tendances relatives à la perception de la liberté éditoriale par les journalistes 123 Figure 3-5 Tendances relatives à la perception de la crédibilité du journalisme par les journalistes 123 Figure 3-6 Priorités des bailleurs de fonds en matière de développement des médias 126 6 Tendances mondiales en matière de Liberté d’expression et de Développement des médias Rapport Mondial 2017/2018 Figure 4-1 Nombre de journalistes tués par an et par région (2012-2016) 139 Figure 4-2 Carte des journalistes tués par région (2012-2016) 140 Figure 4-3 Nombre de journalistes tués par pays (2012-2016) 141 Figure 4-4 Nombre de journalistes tués par pays (2016) 142 Figure 4-5 Nombre de journalistes tués dans les pays en proie à un conflit armé (2012-2016) 143 Figure 4-6 Nombre de journalistes tués par statut d’emploi (2012-2016) 143 Figure 4-7 Nombre de journalistes tués par type de média (2012-2016) 143 Figure 4-8 Nombre de journalistes locaux et étrangers tués (2012-2016) 144 Figure 4-9 État des enquêtes judiciaires sur les meurtres de
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