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1877-1878 Rus - Osmanli Savaşi'nda Propaganda: Avrupali Gazetecilerin Faaliyetleri Ve Rus Savaş Muhabiri Vasili I.N

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1877-1878 Rus - Osmanli Savaşi'nda Propaganda: Avrupali Gazetecilerin Faaliyetleri Ve Rus Savaş Muhabiri Vasili I.N Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türkiyat Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı Türkiyat Araştırmaları Yüksek Lisans Programı 1877-1878 RUS - OSMANLI SAVAŞI'NDA PROPAGANDA: AVRUPALI GAZETECİLERİN FAALİYETLERİ VE RUS SAVAŞ MUHABİRİ VASİLİ İ.N. DANÇENKO’NUN SAVAŞ NOTLARI Aytaç YÜRÜKÇÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2018 1877-1878 RUS - OSMANLI SAVAŞI'NDA PROPAGANDA: AVRUPALI GAZETECİLERİN FAALİYETLERİ VE RUS SAVAŞ MUHABİRİ VASİLİ İ.N. DANÇENKO’NUN SAVAŞ NOTLARI Aytaç YÜRÜKÇÜ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Türkiyat Araştırmaları Anabilim Dalı Türkiyat Araştırmaları Yüksek Lisans Programı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2018 x ÖZET YÜRÜKÇÜ, Aytaç. 1877-1878 Rus - Osmanlı Savaşı'nda Propaganda: Avrupalı Gazetecilerin Faaliyetleri ve Rus Savaş Muhabiri Vasili İ. N. Dançenko’nun Savaş Notları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2018. 1877-1878 Rus-Osmanlı Savaşı iki cephede, yaklaşık on bir ay süren, uluslararası dengeleri değiştiren ve etkileri günümüzde de devam eden evrensel neticeler doğuran bir savaştır. Osmanlı Devleti’ne getirdiği sosyo-kültürel, demografik, iktisadi ve siyasi bunalımın yanında, günümüzde üzerinde birçok devletin bulunduğu ve yaklaşık 60 milyon insanın yaşadığı Balkan topraklarının önemli bir kısmının ve Kafkasların yeniden şekillenmesine sebep olmuştur. Araştırmada savaşın nedenlerinden sonuçlarına kadar önemli bilgiler sunan, 1877-1878 Rus- Osmanlı Savaşı’nda zor şartlarda görev yapan ve çoğunluğu Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine propaganda yürüten Rus, İngiliz, Amerikan, Fransız, Alman, İtalyan, İsveçli, Avusturyalı ve Prusyalı gazeteciler ile bunların yazı, karikatür gönderdikleri gazeteler hakkında bilgiler verilmesi ve Balkan Cephesinde iki yıl boyunca muhabirlik yapan Rus muhabir Vasiliy İvanoviç Nemiroviç- Dançenko’nun “Savaş Yılı, 1877-78 Bir Rus Muhabirin Günlüğü” adlı birinci el kaynak niteliğindeki çalışmasından notlar, görüşler ve gözlemlerin paylaşılması, bu sayede yeni bilgiler çerçevesinde yorumlanması hedeflenmektedir. Savaş muhabirliğinin bu savaştaki zorlukları, Rus tarafının ve Osmanlı tarafının gazetecilere karşı tutumu, V. Dançenko’nun ve diğer muhabirlerin günlüklerine işledikleri gözlemler, gazete ve gazetecilerle diğer bazı bilgiler araştırmanın temel içeriğini oluşturacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: 1877 - 1878 Rus - Osmanlı Savaşı, 93 Harbi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Rus Çarlığı. xi ABSTRACT YÜRÜKÇÜ, Aytaç. Propaganda During the 1877-1878 Russian-Ottoman War: the Deeds of European Journalists and the War Notes of the Russian War Correspondent Vasili İ. N. Dançenko, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2018. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, which lasted for almost eleven months, and was fought in two fronts, is an important war that changed the international equilibrium and gave rise to universal consequences still felt today. Apart from the socio-cultural, demographic, economic and political depression brought upon the Ottoman Empire, the war also resulted in reshaping to a great extent the Caucasus and the Balkans, resulting to the foundation of new states where today nearly 60 million people live. The aim of this research is discuss the propaganda activities -mostly against the Ottomans-of Russian, English, American, French, German, Italian, Swedish, Austrian and Prussian journalists working under the harsh conditions of Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and their articles and caricatures. In particular the thesis aims to analyze “The 1877-1878 War Notes of a Russian Correrspondent” Vasiliy İvanoviç Nemiroviç-Dançenko who worked in the Balkan front for two years. His notes, observations and opinions that constitute an original source are reinterpreted. Finally the difficulties of war correspondence during this war, the approach of the Russian and Ottoman side to journalists, are depicted in their observations sent to their journals. This forms the basis of the thesis alongside information on journalists active during the war. Key Words: The Russo - Turkish War of 1877 - 78, The War of 93, The Ottoman Empire, Tsarist Russia. xii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY ............................................................................................................ v BİLDİRİM ......................................................................................................................... vi YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI ....................................... vii ETİK BEYAN ................................................................................................................. viii ÖZET ................................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xi İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................. xii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ................................................................................................. xv HARİTALAR DİZİNİ ..................................................................................................... xvi RESİMLER DİZİNİ ....................................................................................................... xvii ÖNSÖZ ......................................................................................................................... xviii GİRİŞ………………………………...………………………..…………………..……………...1 1. BÖLÜM :1877–1878 OSMANLI–RUS HARBİNİN NEDENLERİ, GELİŞİMİ VE SAVAŞ SONUCUNDA YAPILAN ANTLAŞMALAR ........................................................................... 11 1.1. RUSYA’NIN OSMANLI POLİTİKASI .......................................................................... 11 1.1.1. Şark Meselesi ............................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. Panslavizm ................................................................................................................. 13 1.2. BALKANLARDA OSMANLI BARIŞININ SONU VE BALKAN KRİZİ .................... 14 1.2.1. Bosna Hersek Ayaklanması ve Avrupa Devletlerinin Tutumu ................................. 14 1.2.2. Andrassy Notası ve Berlin Memorandumu ................................................................ 16 1.2.3. Sırbistan ve Karadağ’ın Osmanlı Devleti’ne Savaş Açması ...................................... 17 1.3. OSMANLI-RUS GERGİNLİĞİ VE SAVAŞI ÖNLEME ÇABALARI........................... 19 1.3.1.İstanbul Tersane Konferansı ....................................................................................... 19 1.3.2.Londra Konferansı ...................................................................................................... 20 xiii 1.4. CEPHELER VE MÜCADELELERDE YAŞANAN GELİŞMELER .............................. 22 1.4.1.Tuna Cephesi Mücadeleleri ........................................................................................ 22 1.4.2. Plevne Cephesi Mücadeleleri ..................................................................................... 25 1.5. SAVAŞ SONUCUNDA YAPILAN ANTLAŞMA VE MÜTAREKELER ..................... 30 1.5.1.Edirne Mütarekesi ....................................................................................................... 30 1.5.2.Ayastefanos / Yeşilköy Antlaşması ............................................................................ 31 1.5.3. Berlin Kongresi .......................................................................................................... 33 2. BÖLÜM :SAVAŞ MUHABİRLİĞİ VE OSMANLI-RUS SAVAŞI 1877-78…………………………………………..... .................................................................... 36 2.1. OSMANLI-RUS SAVAŞI’NDA BASIN, GAZETECİLER VE GÜNLÜKLER ............ 36 2.1.1. XIX. Yüzyıl’da Savaş Muhabirliği’nin Doğuşu ve Gelişimi ..................................... 36 2.1.2. Hatırat ve Süreli Yayınların Metodolojik Değerlendirmesi ....................................... 43 2.1.3. Propagandanın Türleri, Stratejisi, Amaçları ve Taktikleri ......................................... 46 2.2. SAVAŞA KATILAN AVRUPALI GAZETECİLER VE YAYIN GÖNDERİLEN GAZETELER .......................................................................................................................... 52 2.2.1.Rus Gazeteleri ............................................................................................................ 52 2.2.2.Аlmanya, Avusturya-Macaristan ve Prusya Gazeteleri .............................................. 57 2.2.3.İngiliz Gazeteleri ......................................................................................................... 58 2.2.4. Fransız Gazeteleri ...................................................................................................... 60 2.2.5. Amerikan Gazeteleri .................................................................................................. 62 2.2.6. Belçika, İsveç ve İsviçre Gazeteleri ........................................................................... 62 2.2.7. İspanyol ve İtalyan Gazeteleri .................................................................................... 63 2.2.8. Osmanlı Gazeteleri ..................................................................................................... 64 2.2.9. Gazetecilerin Çalışma Koşullarıyla İlgili Görseller ................................................... 65 2.3.1877-78 OSMANLI-RUS SAVAŞI’NDA TELGRAF TEŞKİLATI VE SAVAŞ MUHABİRLERİNİN GÜNLÜKLERİ ...................................................................................
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