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"SA V ASTIS" Vilnius 1994 n.erurrwUl - etnOKUllunnlS pozymis Keramilaz - etnokultiirinis potymis 153 ------~~-" ~" ~------~~------lcultiiroo keramikoo susiliejimas rylliausiai pa­ Kaunas). Afer 1984 there were found three A chapter in the research A The influence of "cordedization" of stebimas rekonstruotoje taureje (pav. 4). Neolitnio settlemenLf with the ceramics mo- the late neolithic culture of Kujawy - the • Taures pavi~iaus apdaila ir molio mases su­ terial in the basin River Sesupe,~ Kuhileliai, on the South-Baltic Dnieper-Vistula and the Elbe-Oder detis artima Sakiq lankos gyvenvietes Nemu­ Gluobiai 1 and Gedupis (district Sakiai). waves" cultural contex in the " no lcultiiroo keramikai, tuo tarpu joo forma More than 6()()() sherds were recovered from The area of Kuiavia and in a wider per- biidinga Pamariq kultiiroo puodams (5). plow zone and humic /o;yer at Kubililiai. The development of the great spective the eastern-great valley was, in light ceramics from hurrlic /oyer were divided into if the most recent studies, in the "classical" - Poland-Kuiavia U1ERATURA two basic types. Temper of first type ceramics cOimnunities from the period of CWC submitted twice to the pro­ 1. RRimantieni. Akmens amiius Lietuvoje. usually consists of ro~k and quar/zit. Ihe thic­ cess of "cordedization" influence. The role v., 1984, p. 219-224. kness of sherds worries from 0,4 to 1,2 centi­ tilne of the horizon of the of the late neolithic substrate in both cases 2A.Girininkas. Kretuonas. Vuiurinysis ir metres, most fregrumtly from 0,6 to 0,8 centi­ "classigal" corder ware was pla;ed by the Funnel Beaker Culture velyvasis neolitas II Lietuvos archeologija, L Z metres. 1he vessds were decorated with hori­ (FBC) . v., 1990,p. 102-106. zontal cord impressions and with small pits culture The older period - identified with the 3. P.Ku1ikflllskas. CJznel'l'lW'lfs piJiakalniai. v., lines. Temper of second type ceramics cvnsifts Dnieper-Vistula "wave" falls to the A hori­ 1982 of sand. Rock were lees frequently utillized for zon of CWe. In the area of Kuiavia it is do­ • 4. S.SiSka. Praveke hmcWstvo. Bratislava, temper. The sherds of second type ceramics AJeksander }(osko cumented by the grave assemblages at 1980, p. 16, paY. Z were hard, decorated with cord impressions or The eastern part the great valley zone Krusza Zamkova, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, 5. RRimantiene. Nida. S elUJiIf balnt with incised lines. 1he surface of sherds wa.s of the Central European Lowland (fig. site 3 (Bln-1812:2445±70 B.C.) and possib­ gyvenvieti. v., 1989, p. 107, pay. 60. smooth or deep stroced. 1he color of both 1:6) is found in the regionalization of the ly those at Zarctmbowo, Wloclawek Voivo­ types pottery varies from different shades ofgrey circle of cultures with corder ware (CWC) deship, site 1 and observations of the alle­ , fliustracijos to browiyh, reddi s'h and yelJowiYh The vessels as a transitional territory; a settlement ged assemblages of the settlement pottery Pay. 1. Vuvelines keramikos puotht sukes is had C,1 and S - shoped necks and pointed area of not very legible characteristic of of the FBC from mC-IVA phaases (Le. Nendrinilf kapinyno. bases. 1here were recovered some shedr with cultural separateness. This "group" dis­ from the years 2600-2450 B.e.) with a spo­ Pay. 2. Kubilililf l1eolito gyvenviete. PWXUt the numerous holes. This type of pottery was tinguished here - western-Polish (J.Kostr­ radic share of "old-corded" features (mainly sukes bnlkSniuotu iforiniu pavirsiumi. us"sed for keeping up the fire. zewski, T.Sulimirski) 1 or the Great Po­ fragments of beakers of A type). Separation Pay. 3. Kubilililf neolito gyvenviete. Puodll 1he pottery from Kubileliai has the features land - Kuiavia or Kuiavia - Great Poland of pottery from horizon A among the FBC kakleli!f (1-11, 16) irdugneli!f (12-15) sukilf both of the culture of Corded ware and both of (J.Machnik) 2 CWC (fig. 1:10) - is hence materials was made by KJ azdzewski in • •• PJUVUlL the Neoltthic Nemunaf culJure. 1he settle­ characterized in a taxionomically not very 1936, the so called vessels with the horizon­ Pay. 4. KLlbilililf neolito gyvenvieti. menLf Gluobiai 1 and Gedupir are on initial distinct manner as "synthesis" of geneti­ tal groove ornamention 4. However, only Rekonstruotas puoda~. stage of excavation and the ceramics mmerial cally different "corded ware" communi­ the 70s and 80s as an effect of observation Pay. 5. Kubilililf neolito gyvenviete. in still less numeroUf. ties. Howaver, due the scarcity of availab­ of recurrence of the discoveries of cooccu­ Omamentuollfpuodlfsukes (1-11) irqselis le sources there have not been made an rence of the above mentioned "type" of ma­ (12, 13). Lirt offigures analysis of the origin of development of terials within a number of settlements from Pay. 6. Kubililill neolito gyvenvieti. Figure 1. Sherds' of the corded pottery from this phenomena. That is why it was not Kujawy the hypothesis of the parallel char­ Kinurafienes keramikos sukes. Nendriniai. possible to characterize the course of the acter of the development of great valley Pay. Z Gedupio neolito gyvenvieti. Keramikos Figure 2. NeoliJic settlefnent at Knbili/iai mentioned "synthesis", Le. establish the communities: the oldest CWC (phase Ia) ,Iukes. Sherdy with stroked surface. stages in the development of "the group" and FBC from phase me-IVA could be Figure 3. Neolithic settlement at Kubi/i/iai. pointing to the changes in the generators outlined with more validity. The foundation THE NEOLITHIC CERAMIC FROM Rims and bafes. of its transformations. for the topogenetic identification of this "ol­ SOUTHWESTERN LI11JUANIA (uiNE- Figure 4. Neolithic settlement at Knbik/iai The stimulus for writing this essay were dest CWC:' is provided by the analysis of • MUNE) the reconstruction of vessel the results of the most recent studies on the the grave in Krusza Zamkowa. As its result Vygandaf Juodagalvif Figure 5. Neolithic settlement at Knbi/i/iai late neolithic culture of Kuiavia. One of it could be said that "the community which SUMMARY Decorated ritr.s, sherds and lugs'. their effects is the possibility of undertaking is represented by the studied burial had a Until the 1980s there waf not one excavated Figure 6: Neolithic settlement at Kubi/i/iai studies on the concretization of the above very extremely complex origin combining Neolitic settlement in the southwestem lithua­ Pottery with the numerour holes. Outhned picture of the eastern great valley many cultural traditions of the area be­ nia (Uinemune). A few sherds of Neolitic ce­ Figure Z Neolithic settlement near river Ge­ CWe. In this work we shall focus mainly on tween the Dnieper and the Vistula rivers". ramic,s' were found by chane at Nendriniai (di­ dupis. Rims and sherds. the selected southern-Baltic context of con­ This conclusion is authenticated in the ana­ strict Marijampoli) and La.umenai (dir/rct ditions of its development. lysis of chronologically, and probably gene- 154 Keramika - etnokultilnnlS potymis Keramika - etnokultilrinis poiymis 155 • rally culturally as well, close to the burials in The hitherto best developed version of + 1 Modliborzyce, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, site reconstruction of the origin of the develop. 7 I or those in Bozejewice, Bydgoszcz Voivo­ ment of the "beaker" lineage may be sum­ • 2 , 3 8 • deship, site 8 5. In the area of Great Poland med up in the following way 8. ,,Along with • 4 the symptom of existence of a chronologi­ disintegration in the eastern part of the cally adequate, and maybe genetically as great valley zone of the Lowland of the I 5 9 well, "cordedization" horizon may be consi­ FBC system (ca. 2200 B.C.) this area expe­ 11M 6 -- 10 dered some "loose" finds of axes of A type rienced a new influx of colonizers from the -- , (fig. 1:3,5). Elbe zone - to be more precise from the , Within the area of Kuiavia the above circle of the early (Untergrabzeit) and clas. mentioned influence did not directly bring sical (Bodengrabzeit) culture of unitary gra­ , the transformation of FBC with the "clas­ ves (Einzelgrabkultur . EKG), representing , , sic" CWC (e.g. in contradistincion to the "the Jutland-Low Elbe" CWC centre". In , , , Old Upland - Little Poland zone of the Vis­ the area of Great Poland and Kuiavia the , , , , tula River valley) 6. The "old-corded ware" EGK features are registered only against , , features fall into disuse here, in a not very the FBC pottery treating them as one of the I

modified version, in two different environ­ distinguishing discriminants of the above I ments of the FBC communities: the Ra­ mentioned epibeaker horizon. They cooc­ dziej6w group and the so called epibeaker cur, within the indicated taxonome, with a groups (Ib phase of the CWC). We have typically decline neolithic complex, set of two radiocarbon determinations of this phe­ traditions varying genetically, within it main­ nomenon: Gd-1983: 23OO±70 B.C. /Krusza ly from the "forset" - eastern European Podlotowa, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, site 2) subneolithic cultures. The route through and Bin 2187: 1970±60 B.C. (Krusza Zam­ which the ,,Jutland-Lower Elbe" population kowa, Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, site 13). arrived led along the Odra, and then the The YOlmger period - identified with the Warta and the Notec rivers (fig. 1:8). In the - Elbv-Odra "ware" falling to the "classical" proglacial stream valley of the second of • horizon of the CWC. And so in the area of these rivers and in its immediate hinterland Kuiavia and Great Poland it is mainly docu­ there was created, between Srem and Kolo - mented by the settlement materials, recent­ a zone of the extremely their "eastern great ly qualified within the so called epibeaker valley" adaptation (fig. 1:2). From there or hOrIZon (sporadicaly to the decline of late along the Notec the population from the beaker horizon). EGK circle reached also Kuiavia (e.g. mate· Fig. 1. The epibeaker horizon was distinguished rials from Sornowo, Wtoclawek voivodes· in 1981 (AKosko 7) encompassing within it hip, site 1) 9. However, one should emphasi­ bilization-synthesis of a separate cultural cultural taxonomy of the decline period of the sources which documented the "decline ze that this meso region, despite the fact unit. Anlong its source evidence three "au­ the neolithic, however, they cannot be more phase" of FBC. This concept was to mean that it has been recognized better that togenetic" types of complexes of sources exactly ou tlined. the states of a very strong transformation of Great Poland, did not manifest a more ex­ may be distinguished which document: The Elbe-Odra cultural influences in the the system untIl the lose of the dominant tensive share of EGK in the local cultural - an insignificant share of the EGK tradi­ eastern part of the great valley zone of the position in the structure of genetically re­ transformations. The "epibeaker" settle­ tion in the "late Lubon" enviroments of the Lowland. were continued at the beginning cognized features by the "beaker" compo­ ment delimits the process of formation of FEC (e.g. Czolpin, Wtoctawek Voivodes­ of the bronze epOCh. The distinguishing nent. In such cases in decisions on classifica­ the regional sudsystem of CWC which in hip, site II, fig. 2:A); factor of this decline horizon of the influ­ • • • tion the guiding prinCiple was the assump­ the light of the "Jutland" datings of the - forms of distinct coexistence of the ence of the EGK circle (mainly of the tion on the existence in the western great above mentioned EGK phases may be SI~U' "decline" tradition of FBC, EKG and the Wkra group) are the features of the l?ell • valley zone of the Lowland of two basic en­ ated in the years 2250/2200-2000 B.C. wIth "forest" - east European cultures (e.g. beaker culture 10. The increase in the ge­ • dogeneous lineages of the late neolithic cul­ an admissible shift above the upper caesura. Pakszyn , Poznan Voivodeship, fig. 3). netic complexity of the culture-forming fac­ tural transformation: "the beaker" and "the An open problem remaints to what a de­ lbeir mutual relations - in the situation tors which is characteristic of this period • amphora" ones . gree this process crossed the threshold of sta- of the extremely limited recognition of (protobronze·AB 1) situates CWC (the

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• 1)0 Keramika - etnokultilrinis poiymis Keramika - etnokultilrinis poiymis 1:J/ • "late corded" or "epicorded" groups) which are formed by the more recent stu_ in the eastern route of the EGK or as a the programme. I hope that this essay will though in a considerably more modest role dies of Lithuanians, Latvians and Byelloru_ fragment of one of the two (in situation be conducive in establishing forms of co­ - of one of the many genetators of transfor­ sians 12 - exhibiting the problem of the EKG where justifications of the Pomeranian operation on "the circum-Baltic scope" in mations of the eastern great valley culture. contribution into the development of the rou te were accepted - cf. earlier remarks) its realization. B. The problem of the southern (Great local cultural environments in an uneguivo_ main routes of its translocations in the di­ Poland - Kuiavia) border of the circum-Bal­ cal manner 13. In such cases J .Machnik's rection of the Eastern Baltic Shore (fig. tic circle of the Corded Ware Culture. "non-source" thesis is quoted "that this 1:8). The second hypothesis seems to be One of the most important processes at contact occurred through the sea or the se­ supported by: the close of the III millenium B.e. in the aside way", allowing "also the possibility of - legible stylistic references of the epibea­ area of the border of the eastern and wes­ existence of a land route running along the ker pottery to the pottery of the Narva-Pa­ tern part of the continent as far as forma­ northern border of the upland or through mariu cultures ("the carprd-incised impres­ tion of culture is concerned was the eastern the Drawskie I ake District up to the Wieli­ sed motifs") as well as more general obser­ migration of the EGK communities. The mie Lake, and from there to the North and vations' phenomenon of the Jutland-Lower Elbe in­ further on like before. In the second version - distinct increase in the period of 2300- fluence of the CWC on the subneolithic cul­ the rou te omits the regions of the Pars'tta 1900 B.e. (Le. during the arrival in the area tural systems of the forest zone of Eastern river basin which were difficult of access of the Eastern Baltic Shore of EGK among Europe was discussed many times 11. As its and was an extension of the Gwda route others) of the "forest" - Eastern European result in various part of the catchent area of know as early as the middle neolithic" 14. features among the whole of Kuiavia com­ the sou thern and eastern Baltic syncretic Also this "annex" to J .Machnik's hypothesis munities. One should also add a significant cultural systems originated and they had a is based mainly on the general recognition increase, as a result of the most recent re­ strong mark of the EGK tradition which of norm of cultural development of the search, in the number of features of the Pa­ can hence be considered by means of the lake-sea side zone in the neolithic. mariu culture in the FBC assemblages and name: circum-Baltic circle of the CWe. The The previously given (chapter A) eastern the "epibeaker" sites from the Chelmno Di­ history of this circle - stages of its develop­ great valley source evidence of the eastern strict; therefore in the area of the commen­ ment and of the influence on the cultural translocation of the EGK models have been ted "route" 17. environments of the Russian Plain, Le. situ­ left out of account in the hitherto interpre­ One should not exclude that in the area ated beyond the catchment area of the Bal­ tations. J.Machnik mentions only "the isola­ of the Vistula valley there was also "demar­ tic; in the river-basin: of the Dnieper (the ted finds" of the Wkra group (there: the cated" the southern-Old Upland branch of Central-Dnieper culture) or that of the Lower Odra group) south of the line of this route. As its manifestation may be con­ Volga (the Fatjanovo culture) has never Notec, Le. in the Lubusz, Silesia and Kuia­ sidered the "contacts" between the Pamariu been interpreted as a whole. It has a direct via districts 15. In the region of Great Po­ culture (in the given interpretations: Rzuce­ bearing on the relatively low consciousness land and Kuiavia more distinc influence wo culture) and the Zlota culture which of the need of integrated (interregional) from the EGK circle was usually associated have been discussed many times 18. Anot­ look on a number of local occurrences in only with the prologue of the bronze epoch, her symptom is the discovery of pottery the history of the Baltic CWe. This also ap­ Le. with the above mentioned "decline hori­ with diStinct~ "epibeaker" features on the plied to the milieu of Polish scholars who zon" of its influence 16. upper Bug 1 . One should remark here that study the neolithic. The sources Signaled in this work that both these Old Upland enclaves of recep­ In the evaluation of the Baltic CWC set­ confirm the Elbe-Odra "wave" of "cordedi­ tion of the features of the circum-Baltic tlement between the Odra and the Niemen zation" of the cultural environments of the circle of the CWC are recognized as areas still dominates a habit fa the EGK circle eastern great valley zone show a new chan­ of the stable, long-term contacts with the and the Rzucewo culture (fig. 1:7,8). "The ce of integrated interpretation of the "saut- Kujawy settlement-cultural mesoregion. guestion of the ways of influx of the north­ hern segment" (between the Odra and the xxx ern and western elements to the area of the Niemen - fig. 1:9 of the circum-Baltic circle As can be seen from the above remarks Rzucewo culture, thus the guestion of exist­ of the CWC. To begin with a question in the studies of the southern-Baltic cultural ence of the Pomeranian of lattitude com­ should be asked whether the "epibeaker " context, which we begin to perceive in stu­ • munication route" is treated to marginally, materials from Great Poland and Kuiavia dies on the great Poland Kuiavia communi­ in a manner which is incommensurable to which document its southern border should ties of the "classical" area of CWC, we are the "favourable cognitive circumstances" be identified as an effect of the "side tren d" at present in the atage of initial establishing Keramika - etnokultilrinis poiymis Keramzka - etnokultilnnzs potymzs

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, lOU , Aeramuca - emoKUlrunnLS pOzymLS Keramika - etnokultilrinis potymis 161 REFERENCES recepcji egzogennych wzorc6w 1 Kostrzewski J. Wielkopolsko. w kulturotworczych - In: Kontakty "Lesno "-wschodnioeuropejski komponent pradziejach - Warszawa, Wroclaw, 1955, p. pradvejowych spolczenstw Kujaw z innymi kulturowy w rozwoju 49-55; Sulimirski T. Polsko. ludami Europy, Inowroclaw, 1988, schylkowoneolitycznych spoleczeflstw przedhistoryczna - Londyn, 1957-1959, p. p.157-161 Kujaw - In: Kontakty pradziejowych 245-247 9 Chmielewski W. Zagadnienie grobowc6w spoleczeflstw Kujaw z innymi ludami 2 Machnik. I. The Corded Ware Culture and kujawskich w swietle ostamich badaii - Europy, Inowroclaw, 1988, p. 185-195; Cultures from the Tum of the Neolithic Age LOdz, 1952, p. 21, fig. 4 Kosko A Osady kultury puchar6w and the BronuAge - In: The Neolithic in 10 KoskoA. Rozw6j, p. 157-159; lejkowatych w Inowroclawiu - Mqtwach, Poland, Wroclaw, Warszawa, KrakOw, Makarowicz P., Czebreszuk I. Ze studi6w woj. Bydgoszcz, stanowisko 1 - Inowroclaw, 1970, p. 413-414; Machnik I. Krqg kultury nad kulturq puchar6w lejkowatych w 1988, p. 109-114 ceramiki sznurowej - In: Prahistoria ziem 18 Gimbutas M. The prehistory os Eaytern • zachodniej c~sci Nim Polski - Polskich, t. II, Neolit, Wroclaw, Warszawa, Archaeologia Interregionalis, in print Europe, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1956, p. KrakOw, Gdansk, 1979, p. 406-408 11 Rimantiene R Pamarill: kultaros 161; TetzlaJfW. The Rmcewo culture - In: 3 Kosko A. Z badan nad tzw hortzontem gyvenvietes - Vilnius, 1980, p. 74-76; The Neolithic in Poland, Wroclaw, starosznurowym w rozwoju Rimantiene R Akmens amZius Lietuvoje - Warszawa, KrakOw, 1970, p. 361; cf Krzak poznoneolitycznej kultury spoleczenstw Vilnius, 1984, p. 316-317; GirininlalsA. Rol Z. The Zlota culture, Wroclaw, Warszawa, Kujaw-Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia pozdnenarvskoj kultury v processe KrakOw, Gdansk, 1976, p. 22-30 Archaeologica, 1991, in print 19 BonieckiA. -personal communication obrazovanja vostocznych Baltov - In: • 4 Jaidtewski K [(ultura puhar6w Problemy etniczeskoj istorii Baltov, Riga, lejkowatych w Polsce Zachodniej i 1985,p. 51-52; GirininlalsA. Narvos FIGURES Srodkowej - Poznan, 1936, p. 247-248 kultUros raida - In: Lietuvos Archeologija, 1. The range offeatures of the "early" and 5 WtSlanski T. Kurhan z wczesnej fazy No 4, Vilnius, 1985, p. 133; Butrimas A.I. "classical" Corder Ware culture (CWC) on kultury ceramiki sznurowej z Modliborzyc Pozdnij neolit zemajtskoj vozvyszenosti - the Polish Lowland: 1 - graves from horizon , na Kujawach (woj. Bydgoskie) - Prace i Vilnius, 1985, p. 1 and following A; 2 - synkretic so called epibeaker horiwn Materialy MuzeumArcheologicznego i 12 Jankowsko. D. Stan badaii nad kulturq wilh features of the unitary graves culture Etnograficznego w Lodzi, Seria ceramiki sznurowej na Pomorzu - Folia (EGK); 3 - type A axes; 4 - "early" "Jutland" Archeologiczna, Nr.25, 1978, p. 405 and Praehistorica Posnaniensia, t. 1, 1985, p. (type B - J) and "faceted axes; 5 - generally following; Kosko A., Kloczko v.l. 62-70 - the older literature of the subject to nearly" type form, i.e. type A, B - J and Bozejewice, gm. Strulno, woj. Bydgoszcz, be found there; Machnik I. Problem "faceted" combibed; 6 - boundaries of great stan. 8, kurhan z p6inego okresu neolitu - kontynuacji i dyskontynuacji kulturowej na valley zone (makroregion) in the Polish Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia, t. IV, przelomie neolitu i epoki brqzu na terenie (eastern) part of the Central European 1991, in print Lowland (subprovince); 7 - range of the Pomona, Zachodniego i Pomona 6 Machnik 1. Studia nad kulturq ceramiki Srodkowego - In: Problemy epoki Ialmienia Rmcewo culture (Pamariu culture); 8- sznurowej w Malopolsce - Wroclaw, na Pomorzu, Slupsk, 1983, p. 201-203 sout-eastern reach of EGK and eastern great Warszawa, KrakOw, 1966, p. 188 and 13 See ref 11. Cf also; Zajkowski E.M. valley "routes" of the EGK infiltration; 9 - following; Kruk J. Przyczynki do badaii nad Neolit i bronzovyj vek Belorusskogo the southern part of the circum - Baltic eneolitem less6w Malopolski - Archeologia Podvinja - Vilnius, 1985, p. 12-15; Loze IA. circle of the "classical" CWC; 10- the Great Polski, t. XIX, z. 2, 1974, p. 285 and Pozdnij neolit i rannaja bronza Lubanskoj Poland - Kuiavia "group" of cwc = Great following ravniny - Riga, 1979, p. 93 and following Poland - Kuiavia area of reception of the 7 Kosko A. Udzial 14 Jankowsko. D. Stan, p. 68 EGK models. After Kosko 1988. poludniowo-wschodnioeuropejskich 15 Machnik I. Krqg, p. 408 2 "Epibeaker" ceramics (with features of wzorcow kulturowych w rozwoju niwwych 16 Cf Kosko A. Rozw6j kulturowy the EGK). A - Czolpin, Wloclawek spoleczenstw kultury puchar6w lejkowatych spoleczeflstw Kujaw w okresach voivodeship, site II; B - Orkovo, Poznaii - Poznan, 1981, p. 51 schylkowego neolitu i wczesnej epoki brqzu - voivodeship, site 1. After Kosko 1988. 8 Kosko A. Rozw6j kulturowy spoleczenstw Poznan, 1979, p. 141-148 - the older 3. "Epibeaker" ceramics (with features of w okresie p6zniego neolitu oraz literature of the subject to be found there the EGK). Pakyzyn, Poznaii voivodeship. interstadium epok neolitu i brqzu w aspekcie 17 Czebreszuk J. Collection of the Museum in Gniezno.

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