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A Case Study of Umkhanyakude District Municipality

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A Case Study of Umkhanyakude District Municipality toekomstige onsekerhede te bekamp. Met behulp van die kwalitatiewe sekondêre databenadering, evalueer hierdie artikel of kwesbare gemeenskappe in Published by the UFS uMkhanyakude-distriksmunisipaliteit http://journals.ufs.ac.za/index.php/trp veerkragtig kan raak teen die gevolge van © Creative Commons With Attribution (CC-BY) How to cite: Mthembu, A. & Hlophe, S. 2020. Building resilience to climate change in vulnerable communities: klimaatsverandering. UMkhanyakude- A case study of uMkhanyakude district municipality. Town and Regional Planning, no.77, pp. 42-56. distriksmunisipaliteit is oorwegend landelik en een van die armste distrikte in KwaZulu-Natal, met ’n meerderheid Building resilience to climate change in vulnerable sosiale en ekonomies gemarginaliseerde individue en huishoudings wat baie communities: A case study of uMkhanyakude district erger gevolge ervaar as gevolg van municipality klimaatsverandering in vergelyking met dié in stedelike gebiede. Data is met behulp van inhoudsanalise geanaliseer Anele Mthembu & Syathokoza Hlophe en ’n bondige opsomming van die biofisiese en sosio-ekonomiese aspekte is aangebied. Hierdie navorsing dui daarop dat die bou van veerkragtigheid DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/2415-0495/trp77i1.4 teenoor klimaatsverandering moontlik Peer reviewed and revised October 2020 is as gevolg van onder, proaktiewe en Published December 2020 stelselmatige maatreëls om kwesbare gebiede soos dié in uMkhanyakude- *The authors declared no conflict of interest for this title or article distriksmunisipaliteit te bestuur. Die artikel beveel aan dat maatskaplike Abstract impakstudies (SIA) gedoen word om te help met die beoordeling van Climate change in South Africa remains an issue of socio-economic and environ- maatskaplike gevolge wat waarskynlik mental concern. An increase in frequency and intensity of climatic events pose uit beleidsaksies kan volg. significant threats to biophysical and socio-economic aspects, namely food security, water resources, agriculture, biodiversity, tourism, and poverty. In order to counteract Sleutelwoorde: Aanpassing, klimaats ver- the socio-economic and environmental concerns pertaining to issues of climate an dering, kwesbaarheid, veerkrag tigheid change, emergent insights on climate change strategies suggest that building resilience in human and environmental systems is an ideal way of combating HO AHA MAMELLO EA PHETOHO dynamic environmental conditions and future uncertainties. Using the qualitative secondary data approach, this article evaluates whether vulnerable communities EA MAEMO A LEHOLIMO in uMkhanyakude District Municipality can become resilient to the implications of METSENG E TLOKOTSING: climate change. UMkhanyakude District Municipality is predominantly rural and one PHUPUTSO EA MASEPALA OA of the most impoverished districts in KwaZulu-Natal, with the majority of socially and SETEREKE SA UMKHANYAKUDE economically marginalised individuals and households experiencing more severe impacts as a result of climate change compared to those in urban areas. Data was Phetoho ea maemo a leholimo Afrika analysed using content analysis and a concise summary of the biophysical and Boroa e ntse e le taba ea ngongoreho socio-economic aspects is presented. This research suggests that building resilience ea sechaba, moruo le tikoloho. Ho to climate change is possible when bottom-up, proactive and systematic measures nyoloha hoa maqhubu le matla a are taken to manage vulnerable areas such as those in uMkhanyakude District liketsahalo tsa maemo a leholimo li Municipality. It recommends that social impact assessments (SIA) be conducted tlisa tlokotsi likarolong tsa tikoloho, to assist in terms of assessing social consequences that are likely to follow from sechaba le moruo, e leng ts’ireletso policy actions. ea lijo, lisebelisoa tsa metsi, temo, mefuta-futa ea bochaba, bohahlauli le Keywords: Adaptation, climate change, resilience, vulnerability bofuma. Bakeng sa ho loants’a mathata a sechaba, moruo le tikoloho mabapi le BOU VEERKRAGTIGHEID TEEN KLIMAATSVERANDERING litaba tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, leseli le hlahang mabapi le maano a IN KWESBARE GEMEENSKAPPE: ‘N GEVALLESTUDIE VAN phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le fana UMKHANYAKUDE-DISTRIKSMUNISIPALITEIT ka maikutlo a hore, ho aha botsitso Klimaatsverandering in Suid-Afrika bly ’n kwessie van maatskaplike ekonomiese litsing tsa batho le tsa tikoloho ke tsela en omgewingsbelang. Terwyl daar ’n toename is in frekwensie en intensiteit van e nepahetseng ea ho loants’a maemo klimaatsgebeurtenisse, is daar steeds beduidende bedreigings vir biofisiese en a tikoloho le phapang e ka tlisoang ke sosio-ekonomiese aspekte, naamlik voedselsekerheid, waterbronne, landbou, bokamoso. Ka ts’ebeliso ea mokhoa oa biodiversiteit, toerisme en armoede. Ten einde die sosio-ekonomiese en boleng bo holimo oa lipatlisiso, sengoloa omgewingskwessies rakende klimaatsverandering teë te werk, dui opkomende sena se lekola hore na sechaba se insigte oor klimaatsveranderingstrategieë daarop dat veerkragtigheid in menslike tlokotsing seterekeng sa Mmasepala sa en omgewingstelsels ’n ideale manier is om dinamiese omgewingstoestande en uMkhanyakude se ka khona ho mamella Miss Anele Mthembu, eThekwini Municipality, Candidate Planner, P.O. Box 680, Durban, 4001. Phone: 0837756749, email: <anelemthembu@gmail. com>, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0622-1907. Miss Syathokoza Portia Hlophe, KZN EDTEA, Environmental Officer, Private Bag X2055, Dundee, 3000. Phone: 0730831599, email: <[email protected]>, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-833X. SSB/TRP/MDM 2020 (77):42-56 | ISSN 1012-280 | e-ISSN 2415-0495 42 Anele Mthembu & Syathokoza Hlophe • Building resilience to climate change in vulnerable communities litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a across generations, classes, regions, Following these mitigation plans, leholimo. Masepala oa Setereke oa income groups, and gender (Mbow, South Africa experienced a massive UMkhanyakude o mahaeng haholo ‘me Rosenzweig, Barioni, Benton, Herrero reduction in crop production as a setereke sena ke seseng sa litereke tse & Krishnapilla et al., 2019: 464). result of these droughts. The drought futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa KwaZulu- severity in the country has been Natal, ka bongata ba batho le malapa Climate change has been considered increasing to a point where, on 4 a sotlehileng sechabeng le moruong, the most prevalent environmental moo ho bileng ho nang le litlamorao tse March 2020, the Minister of Co- concern in South Africa, as the country’s mpe ka lebaka la phetoho ea maemo a Operative Governance and Traditional mean annual temperatures have leholimo ha a bapisoa le a libakeng tsa Affairs declared a state of drought increased at least 1.5 time compared litoropo. Linthla Ii ile tsa hlahlojoa ho disaster in the country (De Wet, 2020). sebelisoa tlhaiso-leseling le kakaretso to the observed global average of ea likarolo tsa tlhaho ea bophelo le 0.65ºC over the past fifty years, with an According to Adams, Álvarez-Romero, moruo. Phuputso ena e fana ka maikutlo increase in frequency and intensity, due Capon, Crowley, Dale, Kennard, a hore ho aha boits’oaro ba phetoho to extreme climatic events (Ziervogel, Douglas & Pressey (2017: 57), to ea maemo a leholimo ho a khonahala New, Archer Van Garderen, Midgley, counteract the country’s vulnerability ha mehato e nkuoang ho laola libaka tse tlokotsing joalo ka tse Masepaleng Taylor & Hamann et al., 2014: 605). to climate change, emergent insights oa Setereke sa uMkhanyakude, ele Catastrophic events such as droughts, on climate change strategies suggest e hlophisehileng e bile e kenyeletsa floods, tropical cyclones, and urban heat that building resilience in human maikutlo a sechaba. E khothaletsa hore islands pose a significant threat to food and environmental systems is an litekolo tsa sekhahla sa kahisano (SIA) security, water resources, infrastructure, ideal way of dealing with dynamic di etsoe ho thusa mabapi le ho lekola tourism, ecosystem services, and environmental conditions and future litlamorao tsa kahisano tse ka bang teng ho latela liketso tsa maano. biodiversity (Huq, Hugè, Boon & Gain, uncertainties. Therefore, this article 2015: 8438; Ziervogel et al., 2014: 606). evaluates whether communities in uMkhanyakude District Municipality The threat of climate change on food 1. INTRODUCTION could become resilient to climate security, water resources, tourism, change implications, given their Climate change is defined as any ecosystem services and biodiversity vulnerability. The purpose of using changes in climate over time, due challenges national development, due uMkhanyakude District Municipality to natural variability or human to South Africa’s high levels of poverty as a case study is due to the geo- activities (IPCC, 2007: 6). Although and inequality (Ziervogel et al., 2014: economic setting of the area being climate naturally changes, there is a 606). Climate change projections in predominantly rural and regarded growing concern about the changes South Africa suggest a substantial as the poorest district municipality in in climate due to anthropogenic warming of 5ºC-8ºC in the interior, KwaZulu-Natal. Studies have noted activities (Henderson, Storeygard wetter conditions along the eastern that such communities are vulnerable & Deichmann, 2017: 60). Climate portion of the country, and drier and lack the ability to adapt to change is now a scientifically proven conditions to the west and south of the climate change impacts, due to poor issue and poses life-threatening
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