DOCSLIB.ORG

Related Deaths Certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Kwazulu-Natal, from 2003 to 2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Related Deaths Certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Kwazulu-Natal, from 2003 to 2008 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN TOTAL AND AIDS- RELATED DEATHS CERTIFIED AT MOSVOLD HOSPITAL, INGWAVUMA, KWAZULU-NATAL, FROM 2003 TO 2008 C H Vaughan Williams, MB BS, DCH, MFamMed, DOH District Family Physician, Umkhanyakude Health District Office, Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal Objectives. To analyse mortality trends from deaths registered at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal, and possible impact of programmes to treat and prevent HIV infection. Design. Longitudinal study of death certifications from 2003 to 2008. Setting. Mosvold Hospital mortuary, Ingwavuma. Subjects. Counterfoils of form 83/BI-1663, Notification/Register of Death/Stillbirths (Republic of South Africa, Department of Home Affairs), completed at Mosvold Hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. Outcome measures. Age at death, cause of death, patterns of deaths grouped by age, gender and cause of death. Results. AIDS-related deaths were the cause of 53% of deaths, particularly affecting the 20 - 59-year and under-5 age groups. Since 2005 there has been a decline in deaths in the 20 - 59 age group and an increase in average age at death. Conclusions. The decrease in mortality from 2005 may be associated with antiretroviral roll-out reducing mortality from AIDS-related illnesses. Mosvold Hospital is situated in northern KwaZulu- In a previous study,2 an analysis of 4 years’ mortality Natal near the borders of Swaziland and Mozambique. data from 2003 to 2006 indicated that AIDS-related According to estimates by the Department of Health, illnesses were responsible for 53% of deaths certified the hospital serves a population of about 108 000.1 The at the hospital during the period of the study. There population is rural and poor, with adult unemployment was evidence of an increase in average age at death at 60%. Five per cent of households have piped water of women between 2005 and 2006, suggesting a posi- and 3.6% of households are supplied with electricity. tive impact of the ARV roll-out. The present analysis Government health care in the Ingwavuma sub-district, investigated the continuing impact of HIV/AIDS on in which Mosvold Hospital is situated, is provided by mortality and life expectancy and observed trends over the hospital, 10 residential clinics and 3 mobile clinic the period during which HIV treatment and prevention teams. The hospital mortuary is the only government of mother-to-child transmission therapy (PMTCT) were mortuary serving the Mosvold sub-district. Most deaths introduced. occurring in the sub-district, both within and outside the hospital, are certified by medical staff. The use of nevirapine for PMTCT was commenced in 2002. Dual PMTCT, adding zidovudine to nevirapine, Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) were first prescribed in Sep- was started in April 2008. tember 2004 as part of the national antiretroviral roll- out programme. Table I shows the total number of pa- METHODS tients started on ARVs from 2004 to 2008. The number of females started in each year was greater than the Data from counterfoils of form 83/BI-1663, Notification/ number of males, and from the beginning of the roll-out Register of Death/Stillbirths (Republic of South Africa, at least 11% of the patients enrolled were children. Department of Home Affairs), completed at Mosvold Hospital from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2008, were entered into a database (Microsoft Access). 36 APRIL 2010 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Most deaths between the ages of 20 and 54 years are The publication of statistics on the causes of death cer- due to AIDS-related causes. tified at Mosvold Hospital was approved by the Mos- vold Hospital Ethical Committee. Table II shows the average age at death by year for males and females (>9 years) between 2003 and 2008 accord- RESULTS ing to AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related causes. Aver- age age at death for females declined between 2003 and Figs 1 and 2 show age at death in males and females 2005, and appeared to increase again from 2005 and according to HIV-related and non-HIV-related causes. 2007. The pattern for male deaths is less marked. TABLE I. PATIENTS STARTED ON ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS AT MOSVOLD HOSPITAL, INGWAVUMA, KWAZULU-NATAL, FROM SEPTEMBER 2004 Males Females Total patients Cumulative Children <15 yrs Cumulative number % children Year (each year) (each year) started per year total started per year of children <15 yrs <15 yrs 2004 47 78 125 125 14 14 11.2 2005 198 324 522 647 62 76 11.7 2006 367 518 885 1 532 150 226 14.8 2007 397 691 1 088 2 620 170 396 15.1 2008 406 746 1 152 3 772 139 535 14.2 Fig. 1. Total male deaths 2003 - 2008 certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, northern KwaZulu-Natal, grouped according to HIV/AIDS-related and non-HIV/AIDS-related causes of death. deaths Fig. 2. Total female deaths 2003 - 2008 certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, northern KwaZulu-Natal, grouped according to HIV/AIDS-related and non-HIV/AIDS-related causes of death. THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE APRIL 2010 37 Fig. 3 shows the trends in number of deaths certified for men aged 30 - 34 years, which is consistent with at Mosvold Hospital for the 15 - 59-year age group the mortality patterns found in this study of a popula- and deaths attributable to AIDS-related causes. There tion in the same district. is a 39% reduction in all-cause mortality and a 38% reduction in AIDS-related deaths in women and a 24% In a report by Statistics South Africa entitled ‘Mortality reduction in all-cause mortality in men with a 29% and causes of death in South Africa, 2006’,5 the pro- reduction in deaths attributable to AIDS. portion of deaths according to age group had a similar pattern to that found in this study, with peaks in the DISCUSSION under-5, 30 - 34 and, for females, 75 - 79-year age groups. Deaths in the 15 - 59-year age group increased The National HIV and Syphilis Survey South Africa in between 2002 and 2006, but with a decreasing an- 20073 estimated the antenatal HIV prevalence for Um- nual increase between 2005 and 2006 compared with khanyakude District to be 39.8%, an increase on the previous years. 2006 estimate of 36.3% and higher than the national estimate of 28%. High mortality from HIV/AIDS is con- The pattern of mortality according to age at death and sistent with these estimates. cause of death in this study shows that HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of mortality in persons between the ages In a survey of HIV infection prevalence in the south- of 15 and 59, as well as causing substantial mortality in ern part of Umkhanyakude District, near Mtubatuba, the under-5 age group. However, the decline in deaths Tanser et al.4 found that HIV prevalence peaked at 51% in the 15 - 59 age group after 2005, mostly AIDS re- in women in the 25 - 29-year age group and at 44% lated, combined with increased age at death since the TABLE II. AVERAGE AGE OF DEATH IN PERSONS AGED >9 YEARS - DEATHS CERTIFIED AT MOSVOLD HOSPITAL, INGWAVUMA, KWAZULU-NATAL, JANUARY 2003 - DECEMBER 2008 Males Females Year Average age at death 95% CI Average age at death 95% CI 2003 All causes 47.5 45.8 - 49.2 48.5 46.6 - 50.4 HIV/AIDS 39.4 38.0 - 40.8 35.1 33.7 - 36.5 2004 All causes 45.6 43.9 - 47.3 45.3 43.5 - 47.1 HIV/AIDS 38.8 37.5 - 40.1 36.2 34.9 - 37.5 2005 All causes 45.9 44.2 - 47.6 44.1 42.4 - 45.7 HIV/AIDS 37.9 36.5 - 39.3 35.9 34.6 - 37.2 2006 All causes 45.6 43.8 - 47.3 47.7 45.8 - 49.6 HIV/AIDS 38.7 37.2 - 40.2 35.4 33.9 - 36.8 2007 All causes 47.54 45.7 - 49.4 50.01 48.0 - 52.0 HIV/AIDS 39.62 38.1 - 41.2 37.17 35.5 - 38.8 2008 All causes 47.31 45.3 - 49.3 49.06 46.8 - 51.3 HIV/AIDS 40.62 38.7 - 42.6 35.1 33.4 - 36.8 CI = confidence interval. Fig. 3. Deaths per year in the age group 15 - 59 years certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal. 38 APRIL 2010 THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE start of the ARV roll-out, suggests that roll-out may be 2. Vaughan Williams CH. Analysis of impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, northern KwaZulu-Natal from 2003 - 2006. South reducing mortality from AIDS-related illness in the 15 - African Journal of Family Practice 2007; 49(5): 16a-16e. http://www.safpj.co.za/ index.php/safpj/article/view/628/756 (accessed 15 June 2009). 59-year age group. The greater impact on female mor- 3. National Department of Health, South Africa. 2008. The National HIV and Syphilis tality compared with male mortality may be explained Survey South Africa 2007. http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/reports/2007/antenatal/ antenatal_report.pdf (accessed 14 June 2009). by the greater number of females compared with males 4. Tanser F, Hosegood V, Bärnighausen T, et al. Cohort profile: Africa Centre enrolled onto ARV treatment. Demographic Information System (ACDIS) and population-based HIV survey. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37: 956-962. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender. fcgi?artid=2557060 (accessed 15 June 2009). REFERENCES 5. Statistics South Africa. 2008.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DISTRICT ECONOMIC PROFILES Umkhanyakude District 2021
    Office of the Head of Department 270 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg, 3201 Tel: +27 (33) 264 2515, Fax: 033 264 2680 Private Bag X 9152 Pietermaritzburg, 3200 www.kznded.gov.za DISTRICT ECONOMIC PROFILES UMkhanyakude District 2021 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION UMkhanyakude DM (DC 27) Population: 686,908 Area Size: 13, 855.3 Km2 Location: Located along the coast in the far north of the KZN Province, it shares its borders with Swaziland and Mozambique, as well as with the districts of Zululand and King Cetshwayo. It consists of the following four local municipalities: uMhlabuyalingana, Jozini, Big 5 Hlabisa and Mtubatuba. The Isimangaliso Wetland Park, is encompassed in the district and it holds a number of biodiversity and conservation areas attracting a number of tourists to the region. DISTRICT SPATIAL FEATURES UMkhanyakude District Municipality is located in the far north eastern corner of the province. The district is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east and Mozambique and Swaziland to the north, as well as two KZN districts to the south and west. The district shares international borders with two countries: Mozambique in the north and Swaziland along its north-western boundary. The Lubombo SDI corridor (MR439) was upgraded in the late 1990s to a tar road – extending from Hluhluwe through to Mbazwana to join the only other tar road in the region at Pelindaba, before heading north east through KwaNgwanase (Manguzi) to the Mozambique border at Farazel. The dominant land tenure of the district is communal tenure under Ingonyama Trust lands. The only privately owned commercial farms lie in a narrow strip along the N2 from Mtubatuba to Mkuze.
    [Show full text]
  • Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South Africa - the Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane*
    Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South Africa - The Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane* By Wolfgang Senftleben Since the Gambia united with Senegal under a Confederation recently, Swaziland (with an area of 17 363 sq.km) has been the smallest country in mainland Africa' (followed by Dj ibouti with 21 783 sq.km), but this could change very soon. In mid-1982 it was announced that the Republic of South Africa is willing to transfer two of its land areas totalling approximately 10 000 sq.km to the Kingdom of Swaziland. Together, these two areas would increase Swaziland's size by more than 60 per cent and give the hitherto land-locked state2 access to the sea with a potential port at Kosi Bay, just below Mozambique. The principal benefits for both countries are only too obvious: For Swaziland it means a realization of a long-standing dream of the late King Sobhuza II to incorporate all lands of the traditionally Swazi realm, besides ending Swaziland's status as a land-locked state. For South Africa it would be a major success of her apartheid policy (or territorial separation) by excommunicating two of its African tribaI areas with a population of together 850 000 people, which would give South Africa a tacit quasi-re­ cognition of her homeland policy, besides the advantage of creating a buffer zone between white-ruled South Africa and Marxist-orientated Mozambique for security reasons. However, such land transactions are carried out at the expenses of the local population in the respective areas of Ingwavuma and KaNgwane.
    [Show full text]
  • Umkhanyakude Development Agency Strategic Plan 2019-2024
    UMKHANYAKUDE DEVELOPMENT AGENCY STRATEGIC PLAN 2019-2024 UMDA STRATEGIC PLAN 2019-2024 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. THE MANDATE OF UMHLOSINGA DEVELOPMENT AGENCY ..................................................................... 3 2. THE STRATEGIC PLAN 2019-2024 ..................................................................................................... 4 2.1. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE NEXT 5 YEARS .................................................................... 5 2.2. VISION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 9 2.3. GUIDING PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................................ 10 2.4. CATALYTIC PROJECTS AND ACTIONS ....................................................................................................... 11 3. IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURES ........................................................................................... 20 3.1. ORGANISING FOR IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................................................... 20 3.2. FUNDING MODEL ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reconnaissance Study UAP Phase 2 UKDM
    UNIVERSAL ACCESS PLAN (FOR WATER SERVICES) PHASE 2 PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL CONCEPT PLAN - UMKHANYAKUDE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY CONTRACT NO. 2015/178 RECONNAISSANCE STUDY FINAL JUNE 2016 Prepared for: Compiled by: Umgeni Water BIGEN AFRICA Services (Pty) Ltd 310 Burger Street, PMB Block B, Bellevue Campus, PO Box 9, PMB 5 Bellevue Road, Kloof, 3610 Tel: (033) 341 1111 PO Box 1469, Kloof, 3640 Fax: (033) 341 1084 Tel: +27(0) 31 717 2571 Attention: Mr Vernon Perumal Fax: +27(0) 31 717 2572 e-mail: [email protected] Enquiries: Ms Aditi Lachman In Association with: Universal Access Plan for Water Services Phase 2 Reconnaissance Study - uMkhanyakude District Municipality June 2016 REPORT CONTROL PAGE Report Control Client: Umgeni Water Project Name: Universal Access Plan (For Water Services) Phase 2: Progressive Development of a Regional Concept Plan Project Stage: Reconnaissance Study Report title: Progressive Development of a Regional Concept Plan – UKDM: Reconnaissance Study Report status: Final Project reference no: 2663-00-00 Report date: June 2016 Quality Control Written by: Njabulo Bhengu – Bigen Africa Reviewed by: Aditi Lachman – Bigen Africa Approved by: Robert Moffat – Bigen Africa Date: June 2016 Document Control Version History: Version Date changed Changed by Comments F:\Admin\2663\Reconnaissance Study Reports\UKDM\Reconnaissance Study_UAP Phase 2_UKDM_FINAL.docx i Universal Access Plan for Water Services Phase 2 Reconnaissance Study - uMkhanyakude District Municipality June 2016 Water Availability EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Water for domestic and commercial usage within the district is sourced from both surface and This report is the Reconnaissance Study for the Universal Access Plan Phase 2 – Progressive groundwater.
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Area Management Plan: 2011
    Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Protected Area Management Plan: 2011 Prepared by Udidi Environmental Planning and Development Consultants and Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife Protected Area Management Planning Unit Citation: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. 2011. Protected Area Management Plan: Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HIP: ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.4 LOCAL AGREEMENTS, LEASES, SERVITUDE ARRANGEMENTS AND MOU’S .......................................................... 6 2.5 BROADENING CONSERVATION LAND USE MANAGEMENT AND BUFFER ZONE MANAGEMENT IN AREAS SURROUNDING HIP ............................................................................................................................................ 7 3. BACKGROUND
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Ingwavuma
    OPERATION INGWAVUMA Memoirs of a Political commissar UNDER normal circumstances, break with the conventional rule one questions since I was the military participants are expec­ requiring the writing of military only one in that meeting who ted to write their memoirs only memoirs only when the war is was thoroughly acquainted with when the war is over, to give over. Northern Natal, as I was actually them the advantage of looking bom in Zululand and had already at things more objectively, THE NATAL REGIONAL worked as a political operative in weighing both successes and fai­ COMMAND MEETS the area of Ingwavuma for a pe­ lures unemotionally, and talcing TO DISCUSS riod of close to two years under advantage of the total outcome 'OPERATION INGWAVUMA' the political structures of the of the whole war period to ap­ ANC. praise the contribution of single I was summoned to the first After about four hours, our battles. meeting to discuss the implem­ meeting was over. The task of I took up my pen to write entation of this plan in the un­ our Military Command was clear. about our experiences in the derground Operational Head­ We were expected to begin work­ planning and implementation of quarters of the Natal Regional ing immediately to prepare con­ 'Operation Ingwavuma' for the Military Command. Also present ditions for the creation of guer­ following reasons: at-the meeting was the sub-struc­ rilla zones in Northern Natal. 1)1 was asked to do so by the ture of this Command, called the The area of Ingwavuma, situated Editor of Dawn, who insisted Northern Natal Military Com­ on the most Northern tip of that since a special issue of our mand (NNMC) whose specific Natal and also bordering on Swa­ army's journal was being pre­ task it was to execute this, task.
    [Show full text]
  • Maurice Webb Race Relations Unit
    MAURICE WEBB RACE RELATIONS UNIT A DIRECTORY OF RURAL AND PERI-URBAN COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS IN NATAL T Mzimela CENTRE FOR SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NATAL KING GEORGE V AVENUE DURBAN 4001 SOUTH AFRICA * CENTRE FOR SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NATAL DURBAN A DIRECTORY OF RURAL AND PERI-URBAN COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS IN NATAL PRODUCED BY T. MZIMELA MAURICE WEBB RACE RELATIONS UNIT CENTRE FOR SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NATAL DURBAN The Centre for Social and Development Studies was established in 1988 through the merger of the Centre for Applied Social Science and the Development Studies Unit. The purpose of the centre is to focus university research in such a way as to make it relevant to the needs of the surrounding developing communities, to generate general awareness of development problems and to assist in aiding the process of appropriate development planning. ISBN No 1-86840-029-8 RURAL AND PERI-URBAN COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS This Directory consists of rural COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBOS) and some organisations from peri-urban areas in Natal. It has been produced by the Maurice Webb Race Relations Unit at the Centre for Social and development Studies which is based at the University of Natal. The directory seeks to facilitate communication amongst community based organisations in pursuance of their goals. The province is divided into five zones : (i) ZONE A: UPPER NOTUERN NATAL REGION: This includes the Mahlabathini, Nquthu, Nhlazatshe, Nongoma and Ulundi districts. (ii) ZONE B: UPPER NORTHERN NATAL COASTAL REGION: This includes Ingwavuma, Kwa-Ngwanase, Hlabisa, Mtubatuba, Empangeni, Eshowe, Mandini, Melmoth, Mthunzini, and Stanger districts.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTIVE HERITAGE Cc
    P443, D1886, L1380 Road Upgrade CULTURAL HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED P443, D1886, AND L1380 ROAD UPGRADE NEAR INGWAVUMA, NORTHERN KWAZULU-NATAL ACTIVE HERITAGE cc. Frans Prins MA (Archaeology) P.O. Box 947 Howick 3290 [email protected] 27 October 2013 Fax: 0867636380 www.activeheritage.webs.com Active Heritage for Jeffares and Green i P443, D1886, L1380 Road Upgrade TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE PROJECT .............................................................. 1 1.1. Details of the area surveyed: ........................................................................................... 2 2 BACKGROUND TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF AREA ............................................. 2 3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE SURVEY ................................................................ 7 3.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Restrictions encountered during the survey ..................................................................... 7 3.2.1 Visibility ........................................................................................................................ 7 3.2.2 Disturbance .................................................................................................................. 7 3.3 Details of equipment used in the survey ........................................................................... 7 4 DESCRIPTION OF SITES AND MATERIAL OBSERVED .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • APOSTOLIC VICARIATE of INGWVUMA, SOUTH AFRICA Description the Apostolic Vicariate of Ingwavuma Is in the Northeastern Part of the Republic of South Africa
    APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF INGWVUMA, SOUTH AFRICA Description The Apostolic Vicariate of Ingwavuma is in the northeastern part of the Republic of South Africa. It includes the districts of Ingwavuma, Ubombo and Hlabisa. The Holy See entrusted this territory to the Servite Order in 1938 and the Tuscan Province accepted the mandate to implant the Church in this area (implantatio ecclesiae). Bishop Costantino Barneschi, Vicar Apostolic of Bremersdorp (now Manzini) asked the American Province to send friars for the new mission. Fra Edwin Roy Kinch (1918-2003) arrived in Swaziland in 1947. Other friars came from the United States and the Apostolic Prefecture of Ingwavuma was born. On November 19, 1990 the territory became an Apostolic Vicariate. After the Second World War the missionary territory was assumed directly by the friars of the North American provinces. By a decree of the 1968 General Chapter the then existing communities were established as the Provincial Vicariate of Zululand, a dependency of the US Eastern Province. At present there are 10 Servite friars who are members of the Zululand Delegation OSM. Servites The friars of the Zululand delegation work in five communities: Hlabisa, Ingwavuma, KwaNgwanase, Mtubtuba and Ubombo; there are 9 solemn professed (2 local, 2 Canadian and 5 from the US). General Information Area: 12,369 sq km; population: 609,180; Catholics: 23,054; other denominations: Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists: 150,000; African Churches 60,000; non-Christian: 300,000; parishes: 5; missionary stations: 68; 8 Servite priests and one local priest: Father Wilbert Mkhawanazi. Lay Missionaries: 3; part-time catechists: 160; full-time catechists: 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithostratigraphy of Border Cave, Kwazulu, South Africa: a Middle Stone Age Sequence Beginning C
    Journal oj Archaeological Science 1978, 5, 317-341 Lithostratigraphy of Border Cave, KwaZulu, South Africa: a Middle Stone Age Sequence Beginning c. 195,000 B.P. K. W. ButzeTa, P. B. Beaumontb and J. C. Vogel” Border Cave is well-known for its Middle Stone Age (MSA) sequence and associ- ated hominids, as well as for the earliest demonstrable Later Stone Age (LSA) (c. 38,000 b.p.) strata in southern Africa. Detailed lithostratigraphic and sedimento- logical study permits identification of 8 Pleistocene sedimentary cycles, including 6 major cold phases and 2 intervening weathering horizons. The 2 youngest cold phases are associated with the LSA and have 8 14C dates 38,600-13,300 b.p. By gauging sedimentation rates in finer and coarser sediments, duration of sedi- mentary breaks, and allowing for differential compaction, the excellent radiocarbon framework provided by 28 available 14C dates can be extrapolated to the 6 cold intervals and 2 palaeosols that are older than 50,000 b.p. These clearly span oxygen- isotope stages 4, 5 and 6, placing the base of the MSA deposits at c. 195,000 b.p., Homo sapiens sapiens at c. 90,000-115,000 b.p. and the sophisticated, microlithic “Howieson’s Poort” industry at 95,000 b.p. These results require radical reassess- ment of the age and nature of the MSA complex and of the earliest evolution of anatomically-modern people. Keywords: BORDER CAVE, CAVE SEDIMENTOLOGY, EBOULIS SECS, GEO-ARCHAEOLOGY, HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS, ISOTOPE STRATI- GRAPHY, MIDDLE AND LATER STONE AGE, PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALAEOSOLS, RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY. Introduction Border Cave first drew attention when fossilized human bone was uncovered by Mr W.
    [Show full text]
  • Export This Category As A
    South African Government Provincial and Local Government Directory: KwaZulu-Natal Municipalities 2021-09-27 Table of Contents AbaQulusi Local Municipality .............................................................................................................................. 3 Alfred Duma Local Municipality ........................................................................................................................... 3 Amajuba District Municipality .............................................................................................................................. 3 Big 5 Hlabisa Local Municipality (The) ................................................................................................................ 4 City of uMhlathuze Local Municipality ................................................................................................................ 4 Dannhauser Local Municipality ............................................................................................................................ 4 Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma Local Municipality ................................................................................................ 5 eDumbe Local Municipality .................................................................................................................................. 5 Emadlangeni Local Municipality .......................................................................................................................... 6 Endumeni Local Municipality ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Levels and Correlates of Physical Activity in Rural Ingwavuma Community, Umkhanyakude District, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Levels and Correlates of Physical Activity in Rural Ingwavuma Community, uMkhanyakude District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Herbert Chikafu * and Moses J. Chimbari School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 5 July 2020; Published: 16 September 2020 Abstract: Physical activity, among others, confers cardiovascular, mental, and skeletal health benefits to people of all age-groups and health states. It reduces the risks associated with cardiovascular disease and therefore, could be useful in rural South Africa where cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden is increasing. The objective of this study was to examine levels and correlates of physical activity among adults in the Ingwavuma community in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Self-reported data on physical activity from 392 consenting adults (female, n = 265; male, n = 127) was used. We used the one-sample t-test to assess the level of physical activity and a two-level multiple linear regression to investigate the relationship between total physical activity (TPA) and independent predictors. The weekly number of minutes spent on all physical activities by members of the Ingwavuma community was 912.2; standard deviation (SD) (870.5), with males having 37% higher physical activity (1210.6 min, SD = 994.2) than females (769.2, SD = 766.3). Livelihood activities constituted 65% of TPA, and sport and recreation contributed 10%. Participants without formal education (20%), those underweight (27%), and the obese (16%) had low physical activity.
    [Show full text]