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Class 2B-3 Commercial Vehicles ORNL/TM-2017/744 Electrification Beyond Light Duty: Class 2b-3 Commercial Vehicles Alicia K. Birky Michael Laughlin Katie Tartaglia Rebecca Price Brandon Lim Zhenhong Lin December 2017 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://classic.ntis.gov/ Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/TM-2017/744 Energy and Transportation Science Division Electrification Beyond Light Duty: Class 2b-3 Commercial Vehicles Alicia K. Birky, PhD Michael Laughlin, PMP Katie Tartaglia Rebecca Price Brandon Lim Zhenhong Lin, PhD Date Published: December 2017 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ v List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. ix 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Scope and Objectives .................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Approach ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Market Overview .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Class 2b-3 Models and Sales ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Vehicle Usage ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Fleet Size ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Use ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Research Status ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Commercial Status of Electrification ........................................................................................ 11 3. Market Environment ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Fuel Consumption Standards .................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Advanced Clean Cars Program ................................................................................................. 14 4. Market Viability .................................................................................................................................. 17 4.1 Consumer Demand .................................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Production Volume ................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Manufacturer Activity ............................................................................................................... 19 4.4 Technology Readiness and Customer Needs ............................................................................ 20 4.5 Promising Applications ............................................................................................................. 21 4.6 Purchase Decisions ................................................................................................................... 22 4.7 Willingness to Adopt New Technologies ................................................................................. 23 4.8 Benefits ..................................................................................................................................... 24 5. Findings .............................................................................................................................................. 27 5.1 Barriers ...................................................................................................................................... 27 5.1.1 Technical Barriers ........................................................................................................ 27 5.1.2 Economic Barriers ....................................................................................................... 28 5.1.3 Operational Issues ........................................................................................................ 29 5.2 Opportunities ............................................................................................................................. 29 5.3 Strategies ................................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.1 Consumer Demand ....................................................................................................... 30 5.3.2 Performance and Design .............................................................................................. 30 5.3.3 Production Volume and Cost ....................................................................................... 31 5.4 Key Insights .............................................................................................................................. 31 References ................................................................................................................................................... 35 iii iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Historical class 2-3 truck sales. .................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. Class 2b-8 vehicle registrations. ................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. Class 2b-3 pickups and vans by fuel type. .................................................................................... 8 Figure 4. Fuel consumptions standards as a function of work factor. ........................................................ 14 Figure 5. Illustration of fuel consumption standard for class 2b-3 pickup trucks. ..................................... 14 Figure 6. Increase in mandated ZEV/TZEV sales through 2018. .............................................................. 14 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Example class 2b vehicle models (8,500 - 10,000 lbs GVWR) ..................................................... 5 Table 2. Example class 3 vehicle models (10,001-14,000 lbs GVWR) ....................................................... 6 Table 3. Class 2-3 plug-in electric pickup and van models ....................................................................... 12 v vi LIST OF ACRONYMS ACC Advanced Clean Cars ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 BEV battery electric vehicle CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy CARB California Air Resources Board EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPRI Electric Power Research Institute GVWR gross vehicle weight rating ICE internal combustion engine kWh kilowatt hour NHTSA National
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