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INL/EXT-15-35708 Plug-in Electric Vehicle and Infrastructure Analysis September 2015 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy DISCLAIMER This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. INL/EXT-15-35708 Plug-in Electric Vehicle and Infrastructure Analysis Jim Francfort1 Brion Bennett1 Richard “Barney” Carlson1 Thomas Garretson2 LauraLee Gourley1 Donald Karner2 Mindy Kirkpatrick1 Patti McGuire1 Don Scoffield1 Matthew Shirk1 Shawn Salisbury1 Stephen Schey2 John Smart1 Sera White1 Jeffery Wishart3 September 2015 Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 http://avt.inl.gov Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517 1 Idaho National Laboratory 2 Electric Applications Incorporated 3 Intertek Center for the Evaluation of Clean Energy Technology ABSTRACT Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC, is the managing and operating contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Idaho National Laboratory (INL). INL is the lead laboratory for DOE’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity. INL’s conduct of the Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity resulted in a significant base of knowledge and experience in the area of testing light-duty plug-in electric vehicles and electric charging infrastructure that reduce transportation-related petroleum consumption. Because of this experience, INL was tasked by DOE to develop agreements with companies that were recipients of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Transportation Electrification grants that allowed INL to collect raw data from light-duty vehicles and charging infrastructure developed and deployed as a result of these grants. INL developed non-disclosure agreements with several companies and their partners, which resulted in INL being able to receive raw data via server-to- server connections from the partner companies. These raw data allowed INL to independently conduct data quality checks, perform analyses, and report publicly to DOE, partners, and stakeholders how drivers used both the new advanced plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) technologies and the deployed charging infrastructure. The ultimate goal was not deployment of vehicles and charging infrastructure, but rather creation of real-world laboratories of vehicles, charging infrastructure, and drivers that would aid in the design of future electric drive vehicle transportation systems. The five projects and the goal of each project that INL collected data from were as follows: 1. ChargePoint America – PEV Charging Infrastructure Demonstration 2. Chrysler Ram PEV Pickup – PEV Demonstration 3. General Motors Chevrolet Volt – PEV Demonstration 4. The EV Project – PEV and PEV Charging Infrastructure Demonstration 5. South Coast Air Quality Management District/Electric Power Research Institute/Via Motors – PEV Demonstration. This document serves to benchmark the performance science involved in execution, analysis, and reporting for the five projects and share lessons learned based on drivers’ use of vehicles and recharging decisions made by the drivers. Results are reported describing the use of more than 25,000 vehicles and charging units across the United States. iii CONTENT ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. iii ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................ xxxvii 1. HOW TO READ THIS REPORT ................................................................................................... 1-1 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 2-1 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Featured Highlight: How Americans Charge Their Plug-In Electric Vehicles ..................... 3-1 3.1.1 What Have We Learned? ......................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.2 What Have We Learned About PEV Driving Patterns and Charging Preferences? ............................................................................................................. 3-3 3.1.3 Preference for Charging Frequency and Location ................................................... 3-4 3.1.4 Preference for Charging Equipment ......................................................................... 3-5 3.1.5 What Have We Learned About Away-From-Home Charging for Range Extension? ................................................................................................................ 3-6 3.1.6 What Have We Learned About Workplace Charging? ............................................ 3-7 3.1.7 What Have We Learned About Public Charging Station Use? ................................ 3-8 3.1.8 What Have We Learned About Charging at Home? ................................................ 3-9 3.1.9 What Have We Learned About Charging Station Installation Costs? ................... 3-10 3.1.10 How Have the Findings of These Projects Helped Organizations Promote or Prepare for PEV Adoption? ................................................................................... 3-11 3.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3-13 3.3 EV Project and ChargePoint America ................................................................................. 3-13 3.3.1 Building the “Laboratory” ..................................................................................... 3-13 3.3.2 EV Project and ChargePoint America Demonstration Objectives ......................... 3-14 3.3.3 Project Outcomes ................................................................................................... 3-16 3.3.4 Impact of Who Has Benefitted from Information Generated by U.S. Department of Energy Investments? ...................................................................... 3-20 3.3.5 Recommendations for Supporting Market Growth ................................................ 3-22 3.4 U.S. Department of Energy/General Motors Chevrolet Volt Vehicle Demonstration ........ 3-22 3.4.1 U.S. Department of Energy/ General Motors Chevrolet Volt Vehicle Demonstration Results ........................................................................................... 3-23 3.5 Chrysler Ram Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Demonstration .......................................... 3-24 3.6 SCAQMD/EPRI/Via Motors Demonstration ...................................................................... 3-24 4. SUMMARY OF KEY LESSONS LEARNED FINDINGS ............................................................ 4-1 4.1 Summary EV Project Lessons Learned ................................................................................. 4-1 iv 4.1.1 EV Project Direct Current Fast Chargers ................................................................. 4-1 4.1.2 EV Project Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment ...................................................... 4-3 4.1.3 EV Project Public Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment ........................................... 4-6 4.1.4 EV Project Gasoline and CO2 Savings, Carbon Credits, and Greenhouse Gases ........................................................................................................................ 4-8 4.1.5 EV Project Participants .......................................................................................... 4-10 4.1.6 EV Project Vehicle Use ......................................................................................... 4-11 4.1.7 EV Project Workplace Charging ............................................................................ 4-13 4.2 Lessons Learned from Combined Projects ......................................................................... 4-15 4.2.1 Categorizing Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Venues: Describing Publicly Accessible Charging Station Locations ................................................... 4-15 4.2.2 Analyzing Public Charging Venues: Where are Publicly Accessible Charging Stations Located and How Have They Been Used ................................. 4-15 4.2.3 Workplace Charging Case Study: Charging Station Utilization at a Work Site with Alternating Current Level 1, Alternating Current Level 2, and Direct Current Fast Charger Units ......................................................................... 4-16 4.2.4 Direct Current Fast Charger Usage in the Pacific Northwest ...............................
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