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Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations

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Driver Distraction in Commercial Vehicle Operations DRIVER DISTRACTION IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS September 2009 FOREWORD The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration awarded a contract to investigate driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle drivers. The purpose of this study was to characterize driver inattention in safety-critical and baseline events and to determine the relative risk of driving while distracted. The purpose of this report was to document the method, results, and conclusions from this study. NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page—Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FMCSA-RRR-09-042 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date September 2009 DRIVER DISTRACTION IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Rebecca L. Olson, Richard J. Hanowski, Jeffrey S. Hickman, and Joseph Bocanegra 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Truck and Bus Safety Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 11. Contract or Grant No. 3500 Transportation Research Plaza (0536) DTMC75-07-D-00006 Blacksburg, VA 24061 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration July 2007–July 2009 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code FMCSA 15. Supplementary Notes This program was sponsored by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Martin Walker, PhD, and Theresa Hallquist served as Task Order Managers. 16. Abstract This study investigated the impact of driver distraction in commercial motor vehicle (CMV) operations. Data from two earlier naturalistic studies were combined to create a data set of 203 CMV drivers and 55 trucks from seven trucking fleets operating at 16 locations. A total of 4,452 safety-critical events (i.e., crashes, near-crashes, crash- relevant conflicts, and unintentional lane deviations) were identified in the data set, along with 19,888 baseline (uneventful, routine driving) epochs. Data analyses included odds ratio calculations and population attributable risk estimates. Key findings were that drivers were engaged in non-driving related tasks in 71 percent of crashes, 46 percent of near-crashes, and 60 percent of all safety-critical events. Also, performing highly complex tasks while driving lead to a significant increase in risk. Eye glance analyses examined driver eye location while performing tasks while operating a CMV. Tasks associated with high odds ratios (increased risk) were also associated with high eyes off forward road times. This suggests that tasks that draw the driver’s visual attention away from the forward roadway should be minimized or avoided. Based on the results of the analyses, a number of recommendations are presented that may help address the issue of driver distraction in CMV operations. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement CMV, commercial motor vehicle, distraction, No restrictions. naturalistic data, safety-critical events 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 285 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS Table of APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in² square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm² ft² square feet 0.093 square meters m² yd² square yards 0.836 square meters m² ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi² square miles 2.59 square kilometers km² Note: Volumes greater than VOLUME 1000 L shall be shown in m³ fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft³ cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m³ yd³ cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m³ MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or “metric ton”) Mg (or “t”) TEMPERATURE Temperature is in exact degrees °F Fahrenheit 5 × (F-32) ÷ 9 Celsius °C or (F-32) ÷ 1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m² cd/m² Force and Pressure or Stress lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in² poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa Table of APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm² square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in² m² square meters 10.764 square feet ft² m² square meters 1.195 square yards yd² ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km² square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi² VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m³ cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft³ m³ cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd³ MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or “t”) megagrams (or “metric ton”) 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE Temperature is in exact degrees °C Celsius 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit °F ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m² candela/m² 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl Force & Pressure or Stress N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in² * SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003, Section 508-accessible version September 2009) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................XV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................XVII 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1 1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Overview of Commercial Motor Vehicle Crash Statistics ............................... 1 1.2 DRIVER ERROR ..........................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Driver Distraction as a Contributing Factor in Critical Events......................... 2 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....................................................................................5 2.1 DEFINING DRIVER DISTRACTION .........................................................................5 2.2 KEY DISTRACTION STUDIES ..................................................................................8 2.3 NATURALISTIC DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................10 2.4 DISTRACTION-RELA TED STUDIES USING NATURALISTIC DATA COLLECTION IN HEAVY VEHICLES....................................................................12 2.5 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................15 3. OVERVIEW OF DDWS FOT AND NTDS......................................................................17 3.1 DROWSY DRIVER WARNING SYSTEM FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST ...........17 3.1.1 Project Overview ............................................................................................ 17 3.1.2 Experim ental Design....................................................................................... 17 3.1.3 Participants and Setting................................................................................... 17 3.1.4 Data Collection Process .................................................................................. 18 3.1.5 Data Reduction................................................................................................ 20 3.2 NATURALISTIC TRUCK DRIVING STUDY..........................................................21 3.2.1 Project Overview ............................................................................................ 21 3.2.2 Experim ental Design....................................................................................... 21 3.2.3 Participants and Setting................................................................................... 21 3.2.4 Data Collection Process .................................................................................. 21 3.2.5 Data Reduction................................................................................................ 22 4. DATA REDUCTION..........................................................................................................25 4.1 CHARACTERIZE SAFETY-CRITICAL EVENTS...................................................25 4.1.1 Running the Event Trigger Program............................................................... 25 4.1.2 Checking the Validity of the Additional Triggered Events ............................ 27 4.1.3 Applying the Data Directory to the Validated Events .................................... 28 iii 4.2 CHARACTERIZE 20,000 BASELINE EPOCHS ......................................................28
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