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Faunal Remains As Markers of Ethnic Identity

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Faunal Remains As Markers of Ethnic Identity FAUNAL REMAINS AS MARKERS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE PHILADELPHIA HOUSE AS A CASE STUDY OF GERMAN-AMERICAN ETHNICITY ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by © Jennifer Marie Muñoz 2011 Fall 2011 FAUNAL REMAINS AS MARKERS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY: THE PHILADELPHIA HOUSE AS A CASE STUDY OF GERMAN-AMERICAN ETHNICITY A Thesis by Jennifer Marie Muñoz Fall 2011 APPROVED BY THE DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND VICE PROVOST FOR RESEARCH: _________________________________ Eun K. Park, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Guy Q. King, Ph.D. Antoinette Martinez, Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ Frank E. Bayham, Ph.D. PUBLICATION RIGHTS No portion of this thesis may be reprinted or reproduced in any manner unacceptable to the usual copyright restrictions without the written permission of the author. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to two people. For Tad, my greatest champion, my best friend, my light and my love. You taught me how to restore faith in myself when I needed it the most. You have seen me at my best and my worst, and yet you still stand beside me, supporting me with the kind of maturity and optimism that I did not known could exist in a single person. Thank you for always believing in me, and for supporting my thesis work with the patience of a saint. And to my Mookie, my sweet mom. By your example, I have learned that a mother’s love for her daughter transcends even the greatest hardships that life can present. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First I would like to thank my professors and mentors, Dr. Antoinette Martinez, Dr. Frank Bayham, and Dr. Larry Leach. Dr. Martinez, I would like to thank you for taking me under your wing since my first day at Chico State. You seemed to recognize a potential in me that I did not then see, and as both a teacher and a friend, you allowed me to develop my own interests while being supportive of my choices. You never gave up on me, even during my two-year absence from the university. I want you to know how much I will always appreciate your warmth and generosity, and your ability to make every person feel special and welcome. I am also grateful to Dr. Bayham, for providing me with many important insights into how to strengthen my work while being extraordinarily supportive. Thank you for being willing to devote so much for your time in hearing out my concerns regarding my thesis, and for helping to guide my zooarchaeological interests. For some reason, you were always able to understand me (perhaps because we are both Aries?!), without me having to go to great lengths to explain my perspectives. And to Dr. Larry Leach, my mentor from my days at San Diego State. You were like a grandfather to me. You always made me feel like I was worth listening to and befriending, and you seemed to recognize that I really needed someone to watch over me during that time. I will never forget that before you left the university, you gave me some v of your best advice: when what you are doing is no longer fun, it is time to get out. I hope that I have made you proud, and that you will see this thesis as a “bang-up job”! I would also like to thank Dr. Eric Bartelink and my fellow students, many of whom graduated long before I did, but who continued to have faith that I too would soon finish my thesis. Thank you, Dr. Bartelink, for taking the time to sit down with me and explain how best to use my data sets in a statistical analysis. I am also especially grateful to Rhea Sanchez, for always being honest, genuine, and hard working. I respect and admire you so very much, and I will be forever happy that we became friends. Thank you to Dennis Dalton, recently retired butcher and father of recently graduated Kevin Dalton. Dennis, I am thankful for the time you spent with me, helping me to identifying butchering cuts from bone fragments. When I began my identifications, I was rather intimidated by the idea of trying to assign meat-cut types to bone specimens. But your excitement over the puzzle-like challenge that such a situation presented was contagious, and it wasn’t long before I began to have fun with the whole process. Finally, I would like to thank a few people who have known me most, if not all, of my life. Special thanks to my Aunt Linda and Uncle Mike, who sacrificed their time to ensure that I would have the opportunity to explore my interests in archaeology and continue my higher education. I will never forget what you have given me, and I hope you know how much you are both loved. And thank you to Kimberly McKinney, my high school best friend, whose continued friendship has been a lifeline I know I can always depend on. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Publication Rights ...................................................................................................... iii Dedication................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... v List of Tables.............................................................................................................. x List of Figures............................................................................................................. xiii Abstract....................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I. Anthropology and Ethnicity ..................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Anthropology and Ethnicity ......................................................... 2 Archaeology and Ethnicity........................................................... 7 Zooarchaeology and Ethnicity...................................................... 10 The Philadelphia House: A Case Study........................................ 15 My Hypothesis.............................................................................. 17 Thesis Organization...................................................................... 18 II. Historical and Archaeological Context .................................................... 20 Introduction .................................................................................. 20 Germans in America..................................................................... 21 Germans in California .................................................................. 24 The Creation of Sacramento......................................................... 26 The German Element.................................................................... 28 Boarding Houses, Saloons, and Hotels......................................... 29 The Philadelphia House: Archaeological and Historical Context.................................................................................. 31 vii CHAPTER PAGE “In the Best German Style” .......................................................... 34 Summary....................................................................................... 39 III. What It Means to Be German................................................................... 42 Introduction .................................................................................. 42 Immigrants and Ethnicity: Theoretical Perspectives.................... 44 German and German-American Identity...................................... 47 German Ethnicity in Sacramento, California ............................... 51 German and German-American Cuisine, and Faunal Expectations.......................................................................... 56 Summary....................................................................................... 60 IV. Zooarchaeological Theory........................................................................ 62 Introduction .................................................................................. 62 Units of Analysis: Taxonomic and Skeletal Abundance.............. 63 Units of Analysis: Beef Meat Cuts and Value Ranking............... 74 Units of Analysis: Pork Meat Cuts and Value Ranking............... 80 Units of Analysis: Sheep/Goat Meat Cuts and Value Ranking ................................................................................. 84 Units of Analysis: Wild and Domestic Fowl and Rabbit Meat Cuts .............................................................................. 87 Problems with Meat Cut Rankings............................................... 93 Effects of Cooking and Butchering Techniques on Bone ............ 95 Application of Zooarchaeological Studies to Historic Sites: Case Studies ................................................................ 98 Summary....................................................................................... 108 V. Methodology: Sampling, Faunal and Meat-Cut Identifications, and Establishing Traditional German Cuisine.......................................... 109 Introduction .................................................................................. 109 Excavation Procedures and Sampling Decisions ......................... 110 Faunal Identification Procedures.................................................. 115 Aging Identification Procedures..................................................
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