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60 Years of the Transistor: 1947 – 2007

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60 Years of the Transistor: 1947 – 2007 60 YEARS OF THE TRANSISTOR: 1947 – 2007 2005 – Dual-core technology 1947 – When it comes to 2000 – The 42-million transistor debuts. If was introduced. helping jumpstart innovation 1976 – An operator in an early automobile speed increased similarly over 1960 – Sony introduces the rst 1982 – Within six years of its release, an and technology, no invention is bunnysuit shows how a 4-inch that same period, you could drive from New portable, transistorized TV, the estimated 15 million 286-based The Revolution Begins more important than the wafer is prepared for a positive York City to San Francisco in 13 seconds. transistor created 60 years ago TV8-301. It has a modest 5-inch acid spin. personal computers were installed at Bell Labs. screen and uses 23 silicon and around the world. germanium transistors. 1981 – The Intel® 8088 microprocessor was selected to Invented 60 years ago, the transistor is a key power the IBM PC. 1983 – Mobile communication building block of today’s digital world. changes forever when Motorola introduces the rst 2006 – The dual core Intel® Itanium® 2 1965 – Moore’s Law, which states that the Perhaps the most important invention of the commercial mobile phone – processor launches with the world’s most The Revolution Continues number of transistors on a chip doubles about the DynaTAC 800X – powered intricate product design to date, utilizing every two years, is born when Intel’s Gordon by transistors and costing a more than 1.72 billion transistors. 20th century, transistors are found in many Moore made a prediction about the 1972 – Intel’s rst microprocessor, mere $3,995. Intel continues to deliver on the promise semiconductor business that still holds true powered the Busicom calculator 1981 – IBM introduces the rst devices and are the building blocks of today. 1953 – The rst commercial device and paved the way for the personal computer with an Intel personal computer. of Moore’s Law with the introduction to make use of the transistor is put 8088 processor serving as the 2000 – Silicon Valley based company develops computer chips. Intel, the largest manufac- on the market – the Sonotone 1010 “brains” behind the computer. TiVo - a device that records TV programs on an 2007 – 45nm Intel debuts the Penryn chip – the biggest hearing aid. internal hard drive. change to transistors (all 820 million of them in our of powerful multi-core technologies, quad-core processors) in 40 years based on the company’s turer of computer chips, continues to innovate 45 nanometer transistor technology. More than 2,000 1993 – With the creation of the World 45nm transistors t across the width of a human hair. transforming the way we live, work and to help PCs and laptops become smaller, 1971 – Intel launches its rst Wide Web in 1990, the need for transistor microprocessor, the 4004, containing speed becomes greater than ever. faster, sleeker and more energy-ecient. just over 2,000 transistors. play once again. 2003 – Intel® Centrino® mobile Many new applications and inventions technology brought high performance, enhanced battery life, and integrated WLAN capability to thinner, lighter PCs. powered by transistors have impacted all of 1975 – The Altair 8800 1982 – Intel launches their new high microcomputer, based on the Intel® performance, 16-bit 80286 1993 – The World Wide Web our lives over the past 60 years. 1954 – The rst transistor radio, the Regency 8080 microprocessor, was the rst microprocessor featuring 134,000 debuts and Intel responds with TR-1, goes on the market for just $49.99. The 1971 – Busicom introduces the successful home or personal transistors. its Pentium® processor, boasting 2007 – In the second half of 2007, Intel began production of the next generation Intel® Core™2 and radio contains just four transistors. rst single-chip, pocket-size computer. speeds of 66 and 60 MHz 3.1 calculator, the LE-120A "HANDY," million transistors. Xeon processor families based on 45-nanometer which uses a MOSTEK MK6010 (nm) Hi-k metal gate silicon technology. integrated circuit. 1947 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 Moore’s Law In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would double about every two years. Since then, Moore’s Law has fueled a technology revolution as Intel has exponentially increased the number of transistors integrated into its processors for greater performance and energy eciency. Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® processor (Penryn) Intel® 4004 processor Intel® 8008 processor Intel® 8080 processor Intel® 8086 processor Intel® 8088 processor Intel® 286 processor Intel386™ processor Intel486™ processor Intel® Pentium® processor Intel® Pentium® Pro processor Intel® Pentium® II processor Intel® Pentium® III processor Intel® Pentium® 4 processor Intel® Pentium® M processor Intel® Itanium® 2 processor Intel® Pentium® D processor Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processor Dual-Core Intel® Itanium® 2 processor 9000 series Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® processor Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor (Penryn) Introduced 1971 Introduced 1972 Introduced 1974 Introduced 1978 Introduced 1979 Introduced 1982 Introduced 1985 Introduced 1989 Introduced 1993 Introduced 1995 Intel® Pentium II Xeon® processor Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® processor Introduced 2000 Introduced - 2002 Introduced 2002 Introduced 2005 Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor Introduced 2006 Quad-Core Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor Note: Number of transistors is an approximate number. Quad-Core Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor (Penryn) Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Introduced 1997 Introduced 1999 Intel® Xeon® processor Initial Clock Speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® processor Initial clock speed Introduced 2006 Introduced 2007 Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Introduced 2001 Introduced 2006 Intel® Core™2 Quad processors Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Initial clock speed Introduced 2007 108 KHz 500-800 KHz 2 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 6 MHz 16 MHz 25 MHz 66 MHz 200 MHz 1.7 GHz 1 GHz 3.2 GHz 1.66 GHz Initial clock speed Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors 300 MHz 500 MHz Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors GHz 1.5 GHz 2.93 GHz >Number 3 of transistors Number of transistors Number of transistors 2.66 GHz 2,300 3,500 4,500 29,000 29,000 134,000 275,000 1,200,000 3,100,000 5,500,000 55,000,000 220,000,000 291,000,000 1,720,000,000 Number of transistors Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology 7,500,000 9,500,000 Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing Technology Manufacturing technology Manufacturing technology 42,000,000 291,000,000 820,000,000 Manufacturing technology 582,000,000 Manufacturing technology 10μ 10μ 6μ 3μ 3μ 1.5μ 1.5μ 1μ 0.8μ 0.6μ Manufacturing technology 90nm 0.13μ 65nm 90nm 0.25μ 0.18μ Manufacturing technology 45nm 0.18μ 65nm 65nm 45nm The groundbreaking Intel® 4004 The Intel® 8008 processor was The Intel® 8080 processor made The Intel® 8086 processor was the A pivotal sale to IBM's new personal The Intel® 286 was the rst The Intel386™ processor could run multiple The Intel486™ introduced the integrated The Intel® Pentium® processor, executing The Pentium® Pro processor delivered The Intel® Pentium® II processor’s signicant The Intel® Pentium® III processor executed The Intel® Pentium® 4 processor The Intel® Pentium® M processor, the Intel® The Intel® Itanium® 2 processor is the successor The Intel® Pentium® D processor features the Intel® Core™2 Duo processor optimizes Dual-Core Intel® Itanium® 2 processor 9000 series The unprecedented performance of the Intel® Intel’s next generation Intel® Core™2 processor processor was introduced with twice as powerful as the Intel® video games and home rst 16 bit processor and delivered computer division made the Intel® Intel processor that could software programs at once and featured oating point unit. This generation of 112 million commands per second, allowed more performance than previous performance improvement over previous Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions, ushers in the advent of the 855 chipset family, and the Intel® of the rst Itanium processor. rst desktop duel-core design with two mobile microarchitecture of the Intel® outperforms the earlier, single-core version of the Core™2 Quad processor is made possible by each family, codenamed "Penryn", contains the same computing power 4004 processor. computers possible. about ten times the performance 8088 processor the brains of IBM's run all the software written 275,000 transistors—more than 100 times computers really allowed users to go from a computers to more easily incorporate "real generation processors through an Intel-Architecture processors was based on the extended the concept of processor nanotechnology age. PRO/Wireless 2100 network connection are The architecture is based on Explicitly Parallel complete processor cores, that each run at Pentium® M processor and enhanced it Itanium 2 processors. With more than 1.7 billion of the four complete execution cores delivering industry-leading microarchitecture as ENIAC. of its predecessors. new hit product--the IBM PC. for its predecessor. as many as the original Intel® 4004. command level computer into point and world" data such as speech, sound, innovation called Dynamic Execution. seamless combination of the P6 identication and utilized multiple the three components of Intel® Centrino® Instruction Computing (EPIC). It is theoretically the same speed, in one physical package. with many microarchitecture innovations.
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