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Hardware Architecture Hardware Architecture Components Computing Infrastructure Components Servers Clients LAN & WLAN Internet Connectivity Computation Software Storage Backup Integration is the Key ! Security Data Network Management Computer Today’s Computer Computer Model: Von Neumann Architecture Computer Model Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards Processing: CPU executes the computer program Output: monitor, printer, fax machine Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape Von Neumann architecture - Wiki Article (15 min YouTube Video) Components Computer Components Components Computer Components CPU Memory Hard Disk Mother Board CD/DVD Drives Adaptors Power Supply Display Keyboard Mouse Network Interface I/O ports CPU CPU CPU – Central Processing Unit (Microprocessor) consists of three parts: Control Unit • Execute programs/instructions: the machine language • Move data from one memory location to another • Communicate between other parts of a PC Arithmetic Logic Unit • Arithmetic operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide • Logic operations: and, or, xor • Floating point operations: real number manipulation Registers CPU Processor Architecture See How the CPU Works In One Lesson (20 min YouTube Video) CPU CPU CPU speed is influenced by several factors: Chip Manufacturing Technology: nm (2002: 130 nm, 2004: 90nm, 2006: 65 nm, 2008: 45nm, 2010:32nm, Latest is 22nm) Clock speed: Gigahertz (Typical : 2 – 3 GHz, Maximum 5.5 GHz) Front Side Bus: MHz (Typical: 1333MHz , 1666MHz) Word size : 32-bit or 64-bit word sizes Cache: Level 1 (64 KB per core), Level 2 (256 KB per core) caches on die. Now Level 3 (2 MB to 8 MB shared) cache also on die Instruction set size: X86 (CISC), RISC Microarchitecture: CPU Internal Architecture (Ivy Bridge, Haswell) Single Core/Multi Core Multi Threading Hyper Threading vs. Multicore Processor Multi Socket Heat Dissipation: Typically W for Desktop and Server CPUs is 80-140W Multi-Core CPU Multi-Core Processor Architecture Single dual and multi core processor (4 min YouTube Video) CPU Cache L1, L2 & L3 Cache DRAM used for main memory has latency, up to 120 ns. The cache is constructed from more expensive, but significantly faster, SRAM, which has latencies around 10 ns. (Disk seek 10,000,000 ns) CPU Cache L1, L2 & L3 Cache Internal (On Die) and External Cache Level 1 (L1) – Built into CPU Core – 64 KB or 128KB – Instruction and Data Cache Level 2 (L2) – Built into CPU Core – 256KB or 512 KB Level 3 (L3) – Shared by all CPU Cores – 2MB to 8MB CPU FSB Front Side Bus CPU CPU Instruction Set CISC Technology (Intel, AMD ..) – Complex Instruction Set Computing – Conventional computers/servers – Many of the instructions are not used RISC Technology (Power PC ..) – Reduced Instruction Set Computing – Small subset of instructions – Increases speed – Programs with few complex instructions § Graphics § Engineering Computation CPU Popular Processors Desktop Processor: Intel i3, i5, i7 Laptop Processor: Intel i3, i5, i7 Mobile Server Processor: Intel Ivy Bridge 8 Core Xeon, IBM Power PC Smartphone Processor: Based on ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) architecture, Apple A4, A5 and A6 in iPhone and iPad, Exynos Cortex A-9 quad-core processor in Galaxy Note 2 Atom Processor : Intel’s processor for Mobile Internet Devices QUESTIONS? References References Intel Desktop Processors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core Intel Server Processors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon Assignment 2 Assignment 2 1. Tabulate the differences between i3, i5 and i7 processors. Which processor is being used in your lab machines? Do you feel, it is a good decision? 2. Which CPU are you using in your laptop and mobile phone? What is the TFLOP and power rating of these CPUs? 3. Login to Linux partition of your laptop and find out the CPU utilization for various cores, memory utilization, load average, power consumption and CPU temperature. Note down the date and time you have taken the data. 4. What are the key differences between haswell and ivy bridge microarchitectures? 5. Using the standard power consumption of a processor, can you compute how much would be spent in the recurring cost of running a data centre with 1000 dual cpu servers per year (Take electricity cost to be Rs. 9/- per KW-Hr unit). Compare it to the cost of the servers (about Rs 3 lakh per server)..
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