Being In-Between: Middle Income Groups in Uganda and Their Forms

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Being In-Between: Middle Income Groups in Uganda and Their Forms Being In-between : Middle Income Groups in Uganda and Their Forms (and Absences) of Political and Social Mobilization Anna Fichtmüller To cite this version: Anna Fichtmüller. Being In-between : Middle Income Groups in Uganda and Their Forms (and Absences) of Political and Social Mobilization. Political science. Université de Bordeaux, 2018. English. NNT : 2018BORD0085. tel-02879894 HAL Id: tel-02879894 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02879894 Submitted on 24 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX École Doctorale SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SCIENCES PO BORDEAUX Laboratoire d’accueil : Les Afriques dans le monde Being In-between: Middle Income Groups in Uganda and Their Forms (and Absences) of Political and Social Mobilization Thèse pour le Doctorat en Science politique Sous la direction de Dominique DARBON et Dieter NEUBERT présentée et soutenue publiquement le 15 juin 2018 par Anna FICHTMÜLLER Composition du jury : M. Dominique DARBON, Professeur, Sciences Po Bordeaux ; directeur de thèse M. Dieter NEUBERT, Professeur, Université de Bayreuth ; co-directeur de thèse M. Henning MELBER, Professeur, Nordic Africa Institute ; rapporteur M. Klaus SCHLICHTE, Professeur, Université de Bremen ; rapporteur Mme Annie CHENEAU-LOQUAY, Professeur emeritée, Université de Bordeaux ; présidente de jury RESUME en français Cette thèse vise à une double de-construction : celle de la notion « classe moyenne » dans un contexte africain et l’espoir énoncé qu’une telle classe serait un moteur de la démocratisation. Choisissant avec l’Ouganda une économie so- lide, mais pas non plus avancée, nous pouvons examiner la question de « Africa rising » loin de la médiatisation des grandes économies du continent. À l’aide d’une enquête qualitative nous étudions la vie, les conditions de vie et les trajec- toires des individus qui appartient à ce que la banque africaine du développement décrit comme « classe moyenne ». Nous essayons de voir s’il est possible de dé- celer des traits caractéristiques « classe moyenne » qui pourront nous permettre de mieux comprendre ces groupes, et de parler des classes plutôt que des strates économiques. Dans une deuxième étape nous procéderons à analyser leurs atti- tudes politiques, leur comportement électoral, leur participation politique et leurs point de vue sur les protestations qui ont eu lieu dans le pays. Voyant qu’ils s’abs- tiennent politiquement alors qu’ils ont des attitudes très critiques envers le régime politique nous tournons vers leurs activités de loisir. La littérature sur les mobilisa- tions sociales a montré que ces derniers sont des lieux importants pour créer des environnements de ce qui pourra déboucher sur des mobilisations politiques. Nous analysons les activités, les valeurs négociées, les attitudes exprimées et les préférences révélées pour tenter de trouver des preuves qui pourront suggérer que ces groupes s’investiront pour plus de démocratie, grâce à leur statut de « classe moyenne ». RESUME en anglais This thesis aims at a double deconstruction: of the applicability of the notion of middle class in the African context and the hopes for it to be a motor of democrati- zation, that are sometimes attached. Choosing a good, but average economic performer like Uganda, allows us to examine the hype of “Africa rising” beyond the continent’s economic giants. Through a qualitative study of the lives, livelihoods and life trajectories of Ugandans who would economically belong to the middle class, according to the African Development Bank, we try to see whether we can single out specific middle class characteristics, that would allow us to better un- derstand this stratum and determine whether we can speak of a class or mere in- come groups. We then proceed to analyze their political attitudes, voting behavior, participation and their point of view on protest in Uganda. Finding that they are rather critical of the current regime, but abstaining from political participation, we eventually turn to their leisure activities – an important vector that can feed into social mobilization once it takes place – to analyze the values negotiated, the atti- tudes expressed and the preferences manifested, in order to find any evidence that will suggest that these groups will contribute positively to democratization, due to their middle class status. MOTS-CLES en français Classes Moyennes, Mobilisations Sociales, Démocratisation, Ouganda, Pauvrété MOTS-CLES en anglais Middle Classes in Africa, Social Mobilization, Democratization, Uganda, Poverty 2 RESUME OPERATIONNEL À la fin de la première décennie du millénium, un nouveau paradigme émerge, mené par les consultants économiques et les médias : l’« Africa rising » et la classe moyenne en Afrique (Deloitte, 2012; Jacobs, 2012; McKinsey Global Insti- tute, 2010; The Economist, 2011). Basé sur des taux de croissances élevés des produits intérieurs bruts (PIB) de certains pays Africains pendant plusieurs années et en lien avec des discours sur les classes moyennes globales (World Bank, 2006) ou en développement (Ravallion, 2009) la banque africaine de développe- ment (BAD) a constaté l’émergence et la forte croissance des classes moyennes africaines (Ncube, Lufumpa, & Vencatachellum, 2011). De plus, un lien, qui trouve ces origines dans les théories de modernisation, est souvent établi, entre dévelop- pement économique, émergence des classes moyennes, stabilité politique et consolidation démocratique, au travers des pratiques de bonne gouvernance. Or, les définitions données par la BAD incluaient les personnes n’étant pas « pauvres », c’est-à-dire ayant un revenu de plus de $2 par jour. Ce groupe était le plus grand des classes moyennes. Par conséquent, les attentes évoquées concer- nant ces classes moyennes par rapport à leur capacité de consommation, mais aussi de transformation démocratique ne se sont pas réalisées, ce qui a mené à une remise en cause de cet « Afro-optimisme » (Rosen, 2015; Shorrocks, Davies, & Lluberas, 2015). Avec cette thèse nous proposons un débat sur la pertinence de la notion « classe moyenne en Afrique ». Nous examinons comment elle est char- gée politiquement et nous essayons de proposer une vision plus réaliste . Nous vi- sons donc à une double de-construction : de-construction de la pertinence des théories de classes, et notamment de la classe moyenne en Afrique et de- construction de l’idée que leur potentiel politique pourrait engendrer une transfor- mation démocratique. L’Ouganda nous semble un bon pays d’étude pour sa posi- tion intermédiaire : la nation ne fait pas partie des grandes économies du conti- nent, comme l’Afrique du Sud, le Kenya ou le Nigeria – économies souvent citées dans le contexte des classes moyennes, mais loin d’être représentative de l’en- semble du continent, mais elle ne fait pas non plus partie des pays en crise conti- nue. Au contraire, sortie de presque deux décennies de gouvernance arbitraire et guerre civile, le pays a connu une relative stabilité qui s’est avérée positive pour la croissance économique. Or, des scandales de corruptions, des taux de chômage élevés, qui touchent notamment les jeunes, l’insuffisance des services publique et un régime de plus en plus autoritaire ont augmenté le mécontentement a l’égard du gouvernement. Un tel environnement – croissance économique (et donc émer- gence d’une « classe moyennes » ?) et système autoritaire au pouvoir – semble être un bon terrain pour une étude de cas analysant l’existence des classes moyennes et leurs formes de mobilisation politique, qui mèneraient donc à la dé- mocratisation du pays. Dans un premier temps nous examinons le débat académique, et notamment so- ciologique, de la question de classe. En travaillant sur la généalogie du concept de classe, ses racines marxiste et wéberienne, nous voyons que primo, il n’y a pas de définition globalement acceptée de classe, et encore moins de classe moyenne, et que secundo, le terme classe moyenne est devenu populaire en Eu- rope dans des circonstances historique très spécifique, liées à l’opposition du pro- létariat à l’aristocratie et à la révolution industrielle. Aujourd’hui en Afrique le 3 contexte est fortement différent. Donc, les discussions des classes moyennes glo- bales ou développant étaient principalement menées par les économistes et étaient axées sur les strates de revenu intermédiaires. Une telle approche macro- économique pose plusieurs problèmes, de la viabilité des donnés utilisés aux in- terprétations tirées (voir par exemple Devarajan, 2011; Jerven, 2013; Melber, 2016c). Il apparaît en tous les cas impossible d’en tirer des conclusions sur le comportement politique de ces classes moyennes. Dans un deuxième temps nous observons qu’il n’existe aucun accord scientifique ni sur la définition des classes moyennes ni sur leurs effets politique. Les auteurs qui établissent des liens positives entre classes moyennes et démocratie se basent sur des études quantitatives et déduisent leurs conclusions des corréla- tions observées. De plus, elles sont
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