Perspectives from Philosophical Pragmatism Edited by Katariina Holma and Tiina Kontinen
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“This vital collection offers fresh insight into the nature of citizen engagement. Challenging liberal and universalist framings of democratic participation, the authors focus on people’s everyday habits, practices and experiences of coop- eration for livelihoods and survival. Citizenship is repositioned as a gradual, learned and contextual process that spans public and private life. This highly empirical and theoretically innovative work by African and European scholars is essential reading.” — Jethro Pettit, Emeritus Fellow, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK Practices of Citizenship in East Africa Practices of Citizenship in East Africa uses insights from philosophical prag- matism to explore how to strengthen citizenship within developing countries. Using a bottom-up approach, the book investigates the various everyday practices in which citizenship habits are formed and reformulated. In parti- cular, the book reflects on the challenges of implementing the ideals of transformative and critical learning in the attempts to promote active citizenship. Drawing on extensive empirical research from rural Uganda and Tanzania and bringing forward the voices of African researchers and academics, the book highlights the importance of context in defining how habits and prac- tices of citizenship are constructed and understood within communities. The book demonstrates how conceptualizations derived from philosophical prag- matism facilitate identification of the dynamics of incremental change in citi- zenship. It also provides a definition of learning as reformulation of habits, which helps to understand the difficulties in promoting change. This book will be of interest to scholars within the fields of development, governance, and educational philosophy. Practitioners and policy-makers working on inclusive citizenship and interventions to strengthen civil society will also find the concepts explored in this book useful to their work. Katariina Holma is Professor of Education at the University of Oulu, Finland. Tiina Kontinen is an Academy of Finland Research Fellow at the Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Routledge Explorations in Development Studies This Development Studies series features innovative and original research at the regional and global scale. It promotes interdisciplinary scholarly works drawing on a wide spectrum of subject areas, in particular politics, health, economics, rural and urban studies, sociology, environment, anthropology, and conflict studies. Topics of particular interest are globalization; emerging powers; children and youth; cities; education; media and communication; technology develop- ment; and climate change. In terms of theory and method, rather than basing itself on any orthodoxy, the series draws broadly on the tool kit of the social sciences in general, emphasizing comparison, the analysis of the structure and processes, and the application of qualitative and quantitative methods. Valuing Development, Environment and Conservation Creating Values that Matter Edited by Sarah Bracking, Aurora Fredriksen, Sian Sullivan and Philip Woodhouse Engendering Transformative Thinking and Practice in International Development Gillian Fletcher New Donors on the Postcolonial Crossroads Eastern Europe and Western Aid Tomáš Profant The Power of Civil Society in the Middle East and North Africa Peace-building, Change, and Development Edited by Ibrahim Natil, Chiara Pierobon, and Lilian Tauber Global Business Cycles and Developing Countries Eri Ikeda Practices of Citizenship in East Africa Perspectives from Philosophical Pragmatism Edited by Katariina Holma and Tiina Kontinen Political Financing in Developing Countries A Case from Ghana Joseph Luna Practices of Citizenship in East Africa Perspectives from Philosophical Pragmatism Edited by Katariina Holma and Tiina Kontinen First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Katariina Holma and Tiina Kontinen; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Katariina Holma and Tiina Kontinen to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Holma, Katariina, editor, author. | Kontinen, Tiina, editor, author. Title: Practices of citizenship in East Africa : perspectives from philosophical pragmatism / edited by Katariina Holma and Tiina Kontinen. Identifiers: LCCN 2019031767 (print) | LCCN 2019031768 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367232962 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429279171 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Citizenship--Tanzania. | Citizenship--Uganda. | Democracy--Tanzania. | Democracy--Uganda. Classification: LCC JQ3519.A2 P73 2020 (print) | LCC JQ3519.A2 (ebook) | DDC 323.609678--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031767 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031768 ISBN: 978-0-367-23296-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-27917-1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Taylor & Francis Books Contents List of illustrations ix Acknowledgements x List of contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 TIINA KONTINEN AND KATARIINA HOLMA PART I Concepts anchored in philosophical pragmatism 13 2 Practices and habits of citizenship and learning 15 KATARIINA HOLMA AND TIINA KONTINEN 3 Pragmatism, social inquiry and the method of democracy 29 HENRIK RYDENFELT 4 John Dewey’s notion of social intelligence 44 VELI-MIKKO KAUPPI, KATARIINA HOLMA AND TIINA KONTINEN PART II Localized practices and habits of citizenship 55 5 Contextualizing citizenship in Uganda 57 HENNI ALAVA, TWINE H. BANANUKA, KAREMBE F. AHIMBISIBWE AND TIINA KONTINEN 6 Contextualizing citizenship in Tanzania 73 AJALI M. NGUYAHAMBI, HAJI H. CHANG’A, BENTA N. MATUNGA, REHEMA G. KILONZO AND TIINA KONTINEN viii Contents 7 The everyday and spectacle of subdued citizenship in northern Uganda 90 HENNI ALAVA 8 Gendered citizenship in rural Uganda: localized, exclusive and active 105 ALICE N. NDIDDE, KAREMBE F. AHIMBISIBWE AND TIINA KONTINEN 9 “A good believer is a good citizen”: connecting Islamic morals with civic virtues in rural Tanzania 121 AJALI M. NGUYAHAMBI AND TIINA KONTINEN 10 Habits of contributing citizenship: self-help groups in rural Tanzania 139 REHEMA G. KILONZO, BENTA N. MATUNGA, HAJI H. CHANG’A AND TIINA KONTINEN PART III Transformative ideals and incremental change 157 11 Participatory methodology in exploring citizenship: a critical learning process 159 KAREMBE F. AHIMBISIBWE, ALICE N. NDIDDE AND TIINA KONTINEN 12 Learning in a Ugandan gender advocacy NGO: organizational growth and institutional wrestling 176 TIINA KONTINEN AND ALICE N. NDIDDE 13 The crafting of “critical education”: experiences of a Ugandan NGO 194 TWINE H. BANANUKA AND VAUGHN M. JOHN 14 Social accountability monitoring as an approach to promoting active citizenship in Tanzania 209 AJALI M. NGUYAHAMBI AND HAJI H. CHANG’A 15 Conclusions 227 TIINA KONTINEN AND KATARIINA HOLMA Index 238 Illustrations Figures 11.1 A Venn diagram drawn using distance to show groups of non/ importance in Namunyuka Village, Kiboga District. 167 11.2 A Venn diagram drawn using size (and distance) to show groups of non/importance in Kajjere Village, Kiboga District. 167 11.3 A Venn diagram of a female teacher and councillor in Kiboga District. She encircles everything with her teaching profession, arguing that her job at a local primary school was the main reason for her involvement in all the other activities and groups. 169 11.4 A Venn diagram of a male participant emphasizing the significance of religion. He drew a bigger Venn for his local church, Bubago Church of Uganda. “It’s because of God that am still alive and talking to you now”, he said. 169 11.5 A participant guiding the researcher in drawing her Venn diagram in Kiboga district. She argued that she could not write on the ground as if she was a child. 172 Table 1.1 The empirical research material collected in the GROW research project. 8 Boxes 5.1 Facts about Uganda 68 6.1 Facts about Tanzania 86 Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the funding received from the Development Research Programme of the Academy of Finland for the project Growth into Citizenship in Civil Society Encounters (GROW) for 2015–2019 (decision numbers 285812 and 285815), without which this collaborative endeavour would not have been possible. We thank Kone Foundation, Finland, for some financial resources. Moreover, we are grateful for the Department of Devel- opment Studies at the University of Dodoma and the Department of Adult and Community Education at Makerere University, which contributed sig- nificant amount of their staff-time and other resources for