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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev

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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev “THE SPIRIT INEXHAUSTIBLE IN ITS CONTENTS” (Dostoyеvsky) ― FYODOR IVANOVICH TYUTCHEV Author of translations into English, articles and notes – A. Pokidov «НЕИСЧЕРПАЕМЫЙ СОДЕРЖАНИЕМ ДУХ» (Достоевский) ― ФЁДОР ИВАНОВИЧ ТЮТЧЕВ Автор переводов на английский язык, статей и примечаний – А. Покидов Серия «Лирическая Россия» * «Lyric Russia» Series Moscow 2013 2 * * * LIFE AND LOVE The origin of the Tyutchevs’ clan is lost in ages. The forefather of the family is not known to us, but, according to the family legend, the ancestor of the Tyutchevs arrived from Italy, and in Florence, as it appears from the same legend and about what I. S. Aksakov writes in his “Biography of F. I. Tyutchev”, one may find the surname “Dudgi” among the merchant houses. An ancient chronicle mentions the “sagacious man” Zakhar Tutchev who lived in the second half of the XIVth century. The Russian Prince Dmitry Donskoi, not long before the famous Kulikovo battle, sent this “sagacious man” to the Tatar Khan Mamai with presents but also with a specific aim of gathering “intelligence”. The mission proved to be a success. We may count in Russia (after “Zakhar Tutchev”) about 15 generations of that family, but practically not a single representative of these generations has shown his worth in any walk of life. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on the 25th of November (5th December, old style), 1803, in the village Ovstug of the Oryol (now Bryansk) province, to the family of the gentry (mother – Yekaterina Lvovna, father – Ivan Nikolayevich Tyutchev). The future great poet was the second son (the first son Nikolai was born in 1801). The house of the Tyutchevs was situated on the outskirts of the village, upon an elevation. From there one could admire the panorama of the village, the picturesque park, the swift current of the river Ovstuzhenka which flows into the river Desna. All the early years of Tyutchev were spent in Ovstug. Here he was taking walks in fields and leafy forests with his under-tutor N. A. Khlopov. Aksakov writes that in his childhood Fedya Tyutchev “was extremely kind-hearted and had a meek and sweet temper; he showed no rude inclinations, and all the features and manifestations оf his childish nature were tinctured with a particularly subtle and refined spirituality.” Apparently, just these traits of Tyutchev’s character, prevailing throughout the whole life of this wonderful man, became the ground upon which grew his poetry, his relationships with people, and his love… Of considerable importance was also the fact that within the framework of domestic education Tyutchev had as the teacher of the Russian language, the young poet and translator Semyon Yegorovich Raich who, besides all other things, has played a serious role in preserving manuscripts of Tyutchev’s poems. In the autumn of 1819, Tyutchev entered the philological department of Moscow University. And again a rare luck: among Tyutchev’s friends we find the future historian and writer Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin, who kept a diary and wrote “Memoirs about F. I. Tyutchev.” Thanks to the personal contact with Pogodin we know the circle of interests and reading of this “beautiful young man”, his notions about the destinies of Russia, about the “free and noble spirit of thoughts”, about the historic process, about the development of Russian philology. The University course of Tyutchev lasted for only two years, and already in the spring of 1822 he was enlisted to the service at the State Board of foreign affairs and, 3 having been appointed as a supernumerary official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich, soon went abroad. After 6 years, in 1828, Tyutchev received the post of the second secretary that he filled till 1837. For those who love Tyutchev’s creative work, should they happen to visit the Museum-Estate of Tyutchev in Muranovo, it will be extremely interesting to see the appearance of Tyutchev at the age of about 17-18 years which is shown upon a beautiful portrait of an unknown painter. We also can see one more portrait of the young Tyutchev also painted by some unknown artist in 1825. Somewhere between these two portraits is “hidden” the image of that Tyutchev who will have the luck to meet the 15- year-old Munich beauty, baroness Amalia Lörchenfeld who descended from an ancient and very rich German clan. Her mother was the princess Thurn-und-Taksis, the sister of the Prussian queen Louise. And Louise, in her turn, was the mother of the future Russian empress, Alexandra Fyodorovna, the wife of Nicholas I. The young man and the girl loved each other with a kind of childish purity. One of the letters of the under-tutor N. A. Khlopov (he went to Germany together with Fyodor Ivanovich) to Fyоdor’s mother Yekaterina Lvoyna has kept to us a charming fact that her son Fyodor exchanged the neck watch chains with his female friend and for his golden chain received only a silken one… The golden time in Tyutchev’s life, full of love for Amalia, revived in his famous poem “That golden time I keep recalling…” (see № 16) as a remembrance of those days when he and Amalia made long walks, travelled in the environs of Munich and to the beautiful blue Danube... The “happy day” which was immortalized in the poem did not, however, become the beginning of a happy life. In the autumn of 1824 F. I. Tyutchev dared to seek Amalia’s hand in marriage from her parents. He was probably inspired by the fact that Amalia agreed to become his wife. But the parents were inspired by another thing: they wanted to find a more reliable and advantageous match for their daughter and found it in the face of the secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission, baron Alexander Sergeyevich Krüdener who was 24 years old. The feelings of the saddened poet found their reflection in the poem dated 23rd November, 1824 – “Your dearest glance, full of innocent passion...” The image of Amalia will revive at the very end of Tyutchev’s life, in the poem “I met you, and now all the by-gone...” – see № 77 and the note to it. After a year's leave in Russia (beginning of 1825 – beginning of 1826) and return to Munich, Tyutchev, already in several days upon arrival, at the beginning of February, got into contact with the woman who became his genuine heart’s affection. She was Eleanor Peterson, the widow of a Russian diplomat, the former chargé d’affaires in Weimar – Alexander Peterson. Tyutchev was obliged, as part of his official duties, to help her in her inheritance matters. The affection very quickly grew into ardent love, and already on the 5th of March, 1826, they got married. 4 Eleanor (she was 27 years old and was older than Tyutchev by three years) belonged to the ancient clan of Bothmers, and having married this “extremely charming” (according to Heine) woman, Tyutchev acquired a great number of aristocratic relatives. Eleanor had four sons from her first marriage. Tyutchev, who during all his youth was craving and waiting for genuine love, got it at last. Eleanor, a phenomenal example of delicacy, femininity and beauty, idolized Tyutchev and gave him that fullness of love he might only dream of. After more than ten years of living with her, Tyutchev wrote to his parents: “I want you to know that never any man was loved so much by another person as I am loved by her. I may say, having been convinced almost in practice, that during eleven years there was not a day in her life when, to strengthen my happiness, she would not agree, without a minute's hesitation, to die for me. It is something rather lofty and fairly rare when it is not a mere phrase”. Eleanor possessed everything to make Tyutchev an unreservedly happy man. Their union seemed indissoluble and evoked most positive feelings among their friends and acquaintances. Suffice it to say that in 1828, two years after their wedding, Heinrich Heine wrote in one of his letters about Tyutchev’s home as a “beautiful oasis” and called Tyutchev himself as his best friend. It should be added that this “oasis” was enriched by the appearance of three “young ladies”: Anna (1829), who in 1866 became the wife of the well-known Russian writer I. S. Aksakov, Darya (1834) and Yekaterina (1835). All the three “young ladies” became maids of honour, and as for the youngest of them (Yekaterina), we must mention that at one time L. N. Tolstoy was enamoured of her until he got convinced that she was “too hot-house a plant” for him. However, neither Darya nor Yekaterina ever got married. It is difficult for us to utter any opinion about Tyutchev’s poetical reaction to his union with Eleanor during her life because we possess no direct dedications to her (two poems connected with her will appear after her death). But, to make up for it, we have a testimony to the love of Tyutchev and Eleanor from the poet himself (see note to № 33). But, for all the love that Tyutchev and his wife felt for each other, Eleanor could not pass by the “extravagant behaviour” of her husband as she called his “small love affairs in high society”. As a matter of fact, we may speak here not about “small love affaires”, but about the acquaintance of Tyutchev in 1833 with his future (second) wife Ernestine Doernberg. Ernestine’s brother – K. Pfeffel informed his sister on the 23rd of May, 1834: “Mr. Tyutchev comes to me almost every two or three days to inquire about you...” On the 3rd of May, 1836, Tyutchev, in very cautious terms, informed I.
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