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Nushreen Jeenally Albion Fisheries Research Centre Mauritius Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs Status of fish toxicity project in Mauritius Nushreen Jeenally Albion Fisheries Research Centre Mauritius Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Country profile Land Area 1,864 Sq. Km The EEZ of Mauritius has a Capital Port Louis reasonable stock of various fish, including pelagic and demersal Population 1.26 million species. Fisheries resources GDP per Capita USD 9,904.6 (2017 exploited include the island- estimate) based artisanal fisheries (lagoon Seafood industry 1.5% of national and offlagoon), Fish Aggregating GDP Devices (FADs) fishery (off- Exclusive 2.3 million Km² Economic Zone (including approx. lagoon), the offshore demersal 400,000 Km² jointly fishery of the banks of the managed with the Mascarene Plateau and the Seychelles) Chagos Archipelago, and the Coastline of 250 km Mauritius tuna fishery in the Western Coral reef 150 km Indian Ocean (industrial fisheries). Currency Mauritian Rupees 1 USD = MUR 36 Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Ministry of Ocean Economy, Marine Resources, Fisheries and Shipping VISION To be an economic pillar with due regard to sustainability of aquatic resources and social development for the benefit of all stakeholders. MISSION To provide an enabling environment for the promotion of sustainable development of the fisheries sector and to ensure continued economic growth and social development within the framework of good governance. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Albion Fisheries Research Center (AFRC) The AFRC carries out the research, development and management functions of the Ministry of Ocean Economy, Marine Resources, Fisheries and Shipping - constructed and equipped with Japanese assistance in three phases between 1981 to 1995. Projects are implemented through 5 divisions namely: Aquaculture, Marine Science, Marine Conservation, Marine Resources and Laboratories. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April AFRC Laboratories The Laboratories Division at the Albion Fisheries Research Centre (AFRC) comprises the Fish Toxicity, Marine Chemistry and Marine Microbiology laboratories. The marine chemistry and marine microbiology laboratories have been accredited to MS ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard by the Mauritius Accreditation Service (MAURITAS). Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Fish Toxicity Laboratory 1. Monitoring of Harmful Marine Microalgae 2. Testing of toxic fishes for ciguatoxins Grand Baie Trou aux Biches Albion Blue Le Bay Morne Sites around Mauritius for HAB monitoring Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Identification and enumeration of Harmful Marine Microalgae 11 species of benthic dinoflagellates belonging to genera Gambierdiscus, Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis, Coolia and Amphidinum were observed in the lagoon of Mauritius. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Harmful marine Microalgae monitoring 2015 - 2017 14000 High level of 12000 Ostreopsis Sp and prorocentrum sp. 10000 throughout the past years. 8000 Macroalgae: Padina 6000 gymnospora., Sargassum sp., 4000 Ulva sp., Halymenia Numberof cell per 100g of macroalgae durvillaei, 2000 Turbinaria sp. 0 Albion Le Grand Blue Bay Trou Aux Albion Le Grand Blue Bay Trou Aux Albion Le Grand Blue BayTrou Aux Morne Bay Biches Morne Bay Biches Morne Bay Biches 2015 2016 2017 Sites monitored / Years Amphidinum sp. Coolia sp. Gambierdiscus sp. Ostreopsis sp. Prorocentrum sp. Synophysis sp. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Fish Toxicity Project Ongoing project at the AFRC since 1991. Mongoose Bioassay :- • Mongooses trapped in the wild are acclimated to laboratory conditions and are fed on a normal diet. • After acclimation period of 10 days to 2 weeks, mongooses are fed on suspected fish specimens for 3 days. • Animals are observed for any signs of intoxication which vary depending on the severity of the intoxication. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Symptoms and toxicity score in mongoose bioassay Toxicity Score Description of visible symptoms 0 (Non Toxic) No symptoms after 3 days 1 (Mildly toxic) Slight weakness and flexion of fore limbs 2 (Mildly toxic) Slight motor ataxia 3 (Moderately toxic) Moderate motor ataxia and partial paralysis of limbs 4 (Highly toxic) Acute ataxia with limited movement 5 (Very toxic) Death Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Mouse Bioassay • Mongoose bioassay was replaced by mouse bioassay in1996. • Ciguatoxin is extracted from 100g tissue sample with acetone, followed by diethyl ether and finally with hexane and assayed by intraperitoneal injection into 2 (20 ± 2g) test mice. • Control mice would receive tween-60/1% sterile. • Weight, time of injection, quantity of extract injected, signs of intoxication and time of death are recorded. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Mouse toxicity (symptoms) assay scoring Toxicity Score Description of visible symptoms 0 (Non Toxic) No ill effect 1 (Very low toxicity) 15-60 min; muscle contraction in lower back area (flexion), increased respiration, immobile (inactive), recovery. 2 (Mildly toxic) Muscle contraction in lower back area, piloerection, recovery after 2-3 hours. 3 (Moderately toxic) Muscle contraction in lower back area, paralysis in extremities, rapid and irregular breathing, immobile, close eyes, piloerection, recovery 12-24 hours 4 (Highly toxic) Muscle contraction in lower back area, paralysis in extremities, rapid and irregular breathing, immobile, close eyes, piloerection, death within 24hours 5 (Very toxic) Muscle contraction in lower back area, paralysis in extremities, rapid and irregular breathing, immobile, close eyes, piloerection, death within 6hours Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Name of fish 2014 2015 2016 2017 Lutjanus sebae (Bourgeois) 12 2 0 0 Species of fish (1 not toxic) tested for Lutjanus bohar (vara vara) 1 6 0 0 (1 not toxic) toxicity Plectropomus sp. Headless and 5 0 0 0 gutted unidentified (sliced, frozen/cooked) 3 4 2 5 (1 sample not toxic) Plectropomus laevis 6 0 0 0 Variola Louti (Croissant Queue Jaune) 9 5 1 0 Plectropomus punctatus (Merou 5 2 0 0 Pointille) Aethaloperra rogaa 2 0 0 0 (Not toxic) Carangoides fuluoguttatus 0 1 0 Lutjanus gibbus 0 0 1 0 Sphyraena barracuda 0 0 2 0 Filleted of dried fish, sample 0 0 5 2 unidentifiable TOTAL 43 20 11 7 Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Types Seafood poisoning in Mauritius Other types of seafood poisoning which are most likely encountered in Mauritius (Halstead and Cox, 1973): • Clupeoid fish poisoning (Harengula ovalis - patchy distribution , rare occasions) • Scombroid fish poisoning (tuna, tuna-like species) • Pufferfish poisoning (tetrodotoxins in ovary, skin, liver, intestine of porcupine fish and pufferfish) • Hallucinogenic fish poisoning (Siganus sp.) • Crab carpillus maculatus, the echinoderm Echinotrix sp., turtle eretmochelys imbricata. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Types of seafood Symptoms poisoning Clupeoid fish poisoning Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nervousness, numbness, tingling, muscular cramps, respiratory distress. Scombroid fish poisoning Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, skin allergy (intense itching), headache, dizziness, cardiac palpitation, burning of throat, respiratory distress. Puffer fish poisoning Extreme weakness, skin disorders, muscular paralysis, respiratory distress, loss of motor coordination, hyper salivation, tingling, numbness. Hallucinogenic fish Muscular weakness, dizziness, loss of equilibrium, poisoning constriction of chest, burning of throat, nightmares. Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th April Incidences of fish toxicity in Mauritius Year Cases 1601 As sailors of the fleet led by Dutch Admiral Harmansen took ill after consuming fish caught off Le Morne (Poison Cape) (Halstead and Cox, 1973) 1967 Crab poisoning – Carpillus maculatus – fatal case in Mahebourg 1748 Worst outbreaks of ciguatera recoded took place near Rodrigues (1500 fatal cases due to consumption of serranidae) Between April 2 incidences of ciguatera: 1999 and March (a) Unidentified serranid caught in lagoon of Mauritius (6-7 people) 2000 (b) Variola Louti from Rodrigues (8 people – 1 death, other showed acute symptoms of ciguatera) Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs/ MOW Musée océanographique - Monaco, 9th to 12th
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    Index INDEX Note: page numbers in italics refer to fi gures, those in bold refer to tables and boxes. abducens nerve 55 activity cycles 499–522 inhibition 485 absorption effi ciency 72 annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 interactions 485–6 abyssal zone 393 circadian rhythms 505 prey 445 Acanthaster planci (Crown-of-Thorns Starfi sh) diel patterns 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, reduction 484 579 504–7 aggressive mimicry 428, 432–3 Acanthocybium (Wahoo) 15 light-induced 499, 500, 501–2, 503–4, aggressive resemblance 425–6 Acanthodii 178, 179 505 aglomerular 52 Acanthomorpha 284–8, 289 lunar patterns 507–9 agnathans Acanthopterygii 291–325 seasonal 509–15 gills 59, 60 Atherinomorpha 293–6 semilunar patterns 507–9 osmoregulation 101, 102 characteristics 291–2 supra-annual patterns 515, 516, 517–22 phylogeny 202 distribution 349, 350 tidal patterns 506–7 ventilation 59, 60 jaws 291 see also migration see also hagfi shes; lampreys Mugilomorpha 292–3, 294 adaptive response 106 agnathous fi shes see jawless fi shes pelagic 405 adaptive zones 534 agonistic interactions 83–4, 485–8 Percomorpha 296–325 adenohypophysis 91, 92 chemically mediated 484 pharyngeal jaws 291 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 57 sound production 461–2 phylogeny 292, 293, 294 adipose fi n 35 visual 479 spines 449, 450 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 92 agricultural chemicals 605 Acanthothoraciformes 177 adrianichthyids 295 air breathing 60, 61–2, 62–4 acanthurids 318–19 adult fi shes 153, 154, 155–7 ammonia production 64, 100–1 Acanthuroidei 12, 318–19 death 156–7 amphibious 60 Acanthurus bahianus
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