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Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen EVALUATING INDIRECT ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:29:57 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 2 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:29:57 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control Edited by E. Wajnberg INRA, Antibes, France J.K. Scott CSIRO, Montpellier, France and P.C. Quimby USDA, Montpellier, France CABI Publishing 3 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:29:58 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cabi.org © CAB International 2001. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control / edited by E. Wajnberg, John K. Scott and Paul C. Quimby. p. cm. A collation of key papers presented at the first international symposium entitled ‘Indirect Ecological Effects in Biological Control’ at Montpellier, France, 17–20 October 1999. Includes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 0-85199-453-9 (alk. paper) 1. Biological pest control agents--Environmental aspects--Congresses. I. Wajnberg, E. II. Scott, John K. III. Quimby, Paul C. IV. Ecological Effects in Biological Control (1999: Montpellier, France) QH545.B55 E82 2000 577.27--dc21 00-034314 ISBN 0 85199 453 9 Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn. 4 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:29:59 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents Contents Contributors xi Preface xv 1 Indirect Ecological Effects in Biological Control: the Challenge and the Opportunity 1 J.K. Waage Introduction 1 What will happen to biological control in this century? 2 Efficacy and safety of biological control: a historical perspective 6 Recent developments in biological control 7 The role of ecology 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 2 Indirect Interactions, Community Modules and Biological Control: a Theoretical Perspective 13 R.D. Holt and M.E. Hochberg Introduction 14 Classical biological control is deliberate ‘community assembly’ 14 One approach to complexity: community modules 16 Shared predation: identifying extinction risks for non-target prey 18 Disparate impacts of shared predation 19 v 5 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:30:00 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Contents Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen vi Contents Simple messages from theory 21 Message I 21 Message II 23 Message III 24 Indirect interactions influence transient risks during agent establishment 27 Landscape-scale indirect effects: the importance of community openness 28 Transient dynamics in shifting landscapes 30 Indirect interactions and evolution 31 Conclusions 31 References 34 3 Research Needs Concerning Non-target Impacts of Biological Control Introductions 39 K.R. Hopper Introduction 39 Internet workshop on ‘Research needs for assessing and reducing non-target impacts of biological control introductions’ 40 What sorts of non-target impacts should concern us? 40 Host range evaluation 41 Predicting impacts of biological control introductions versus other management options 42 Retrospective studies to assess impacts 43 Montpellier workshop on ‘Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control’ 44 Session I: identification of major research questions 45 Session II: approaches to answering selected questions 47 Conclusions 54 References 55 4 Food Webs, Risks of Alien Enemies and Reform of Biological Control 57 D.R. Strong and R.W. Pemberton Introduction 58 Biological control in conservation 58 Food webs, direct and indirect interactions 59 Differences between natural and cultivated systems 63 Risks of biological control 63 Weed biological control 65 Insect biological control 66 Parasitoids and general predators 66 Ladybird beetles 68 The campaign against Russian wheat aphid 69 6 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:30:00 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Contents Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents vii Reform of biological control 70 References 74 5 Evaluation of Non-target Effects of Pathogens Used for Management of Arthropods 81 M.S. Goettel and A.E. Hajek Introduction 82 Types of control 83 Classical biological control 83 Inundative augmentative releases 86 Non-target effects of pest control using entomopathogens 87 Classical biological control 88 Inundative augmentative releases 91 A special case: genetically engineered pathogens 92 Methods for evaluating non-target effects 92 Conclusions 94 References 94 6 Insect Biological Control and Non-target Effects: a European Perspective 99 L.D. Lynch, H.M.T. Hokkanen, D. Babendreier, F. Bigler, G. Burgio, Z.-H. Gao, S. Kuske, A. Loomans, I. Menzler-Hokkanen, M.B. Thomas, G. Tommasini, J.K. Waage, J.C. van Lenteren and Q.-Q. Zeng Introduction: the ERBIC project 100 A retrospective analysis of published and unpublished data 102 Methods 102 Results 104 Database conclusions 112 Case studies in European biological control 113 Case 1: exotic specialist parasitoids 114 Case 2: exotic generalist parasitoids 116 Case 3: generalist exotic predators 118 Case 4: fungi and nematodes as bioinsecticides 120 Mathematical modelling and ecological theory 121 Overview 122 References 123 7 Biological Control in Africa and its Possible Effects on Biodiversity 127 P. Neuenschwander and R. Markham Introduction 128 Case studies 131 Cassava mealybug 131 7 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:30:00 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Contents Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen viii Contents Mango mealybug 133 Spiralling whitefly 134 Cassava green mite 135 Lepidopterous stemborers 136 Cowpea thrips 137 Larger grainborer 138 Water hyacinth 140 Fungal pathogens against grasshoppers 140 Discussion 141 References 144 8 Rhinocyllus conicus: Initial Evaluation and Subsequent Ecological Impacts in North America 147 A. Gassmann and S.M. Louda Introduction 148 Natural history of Rhinocyllus 150 Pre-release studies in Europe (1961–1968) 151 Early field studies 152 Early laboratory studies of host acceptance, preference and performance 153 Early post-release studies (1969–1985) 156 Field studies in Europe 156 Laboratory and greenhouse studies of preference and performance in North America 158 Garden plot and field studies in North America 158 Recent studies of Rhinocyllus (1986–1999) 161 Variation in phenology 161 Phenotypic and genetic variation in host use 161 Non-target feeding on Cirsium species in North America 163 Thistle–insect interactions in prairies of the upper Great Plains 164 Altered ecological interactions in the new environment? 167 Discussion 169 Host specificity: feeding acceptance, oviposition and larval performance 170 Host specificity: larval survival and performance 172 Prediction of quantitative ecological effects 173 Conclusions 174 References 176 9 Risk Analysis and Weed Biological Control 185 W.M. Lonsdale, D.T. Briese and J.M. Cullen Introduction 186 Risk analysis and biological control: some definitions 187 8 Z:\Customer\CABI\A3873 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect\A3935 - Wajnberg - Evaluating Indirect #G.vp 30 October 2000 16:30:01 A3935: AMA: Wajnberg: First Revise:30-Oct-00 Contents Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents ix Comparative risk analysis (CRA) 188 Risk assessment 188 The NAS model 188 Ecological models of risk assessment 189 Difficulties of prediction 190 Prediction tools 193 Risk scenarios 196 Risk management 200 Risk communication 201 Background 201 Release application procedures in different countries 201 Precautionary principle 202 Good and bad risk communication 203 Monitoring 203 Synthesis 204 References 205 10 Incorporating Biological Control into Ecologically Based Weed Management 211 R.L. Sheley and M.J. Rinella Introduction 211 Management objectives 212 Need for predictive capability 212 Mechanisms and processes directing plant community dynamics 213 Incorporating biological control into ecologically based weed management 215 Modelling and predicting weed management’s influence on community dynamics 215 Successional weed management 215 Designed disturbance 216 Controlled
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  • Host Location by Hyperparasitoids: an Ecogenomic Approach

    Host Location by Hyperparasitoids: an Ecogenomic Approach

    Host location by hyperparasitoids: an ecogenomic approach Feng Zhu Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr Marcel Dicke Professor of Entomology Wageningen University Co-promoter Dr Erik H. Poelman Assistant professor, Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr Niels P. R. Anten, Wageningen University Prof. Dr Monique M. van Oers, Wageningen University Dr T. Martijn Bezemer, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen Dr Klaas Vrieling, Leiden University This research was conducted under the auspices of the graduate school Experimental Plant Sciences. Host location by hyperparasitoids: an ecogenomic approach Feng Zhu Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. A.P.J. Mol in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 2 October 2015 at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula Feng Zhu Host location by hyperparasitoids: an ecogenomic approach, 192 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2015) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6257-444-1 To my beloved parents 谨以此书，献给我最亲爱的父母 Abstract It is fascinating that our ecological systems are structured by both direct and indirect spe- cies interactions. In terrestrial ecosystems, plants interact with many species of insects that include both harmful herbivores and beneficial natural enemies of herbivores. During the last 30 years, substantial progress has been made in different plant-insect systems regarding plant trait-mediated species interactions in a tritrophic context. However, plant- based food webs generally consist of more than three trophic levels.