9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 20, NO. 9 JOURNAL SEPTEMBER, 1943

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t*Z American to the core, I. W. Harper whiskey has been winning gold medals at international expositions for many generations. Unexcelled taste and quality are the reasons . . cost is never consulted in making this superb whiskey. It’s one of the best reasons why world sales of American whiskies top those of all whiskies made elsewhere. Bernheim Distilling Company, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky, U. S. A.

THERE ARE NO FINER WHISKIES THAN AMERICAN WHISKIES

This rallying cry is appearing in I.W. HARPER Schenley advertising throughout Latin America. THE GOLD MEDAL WHISKEY CONTENTS

SEPTEMBER, J94.'5 AMERICAN EASTERN Cover Picture: Seagulls over the Alaskan coast. TRADING & SHIPPING C0.,S.A.E. The Alaska Highway 449 Alexandria and Suez (Egypt) By John Randolph Branches or Agents in: Martinique—photos 453 Alexandria Jaffa By George D. Lamont Cairo Jerusalem Port Said Haifa Suez Beirut Preparedness for Peace 454 Port Sudan Iskanderon By Donald D. Edgar Khartoum Damascus Djibouti Ankara New Caledonia 456 Addis Ababa Izmir By Captain Aleck Richards Jedda Istanbul Nicosia

Codthaab. Greenland—photos 458 By John B. Ocheltree AMERICAN IRAQI SHIPPING CO., LTD. Allied Military Currency 459 (Only American-Owned Shipping Firm in Persian Gulf) Claims by the Foreign Service for War Losses —continued 560 Basrah and Baghdad (Iraq)

Editor’s Column 462 Branches or Agents in: News from the Department 463 Baghdad Bandar Abbas By Jane Wilson Basrah Teheran Khorramshahr Bahrein Bandar Shahpour Ras Tannurah News from the Field 466 Abadan Koweit Bushire Mosul Promo lions 468

Service Glimpses 469

The Bookshelf 474 Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor

Letter to the Editors 476

Association and Journal Scholarships 478

In Memoriam 485

Births 485

The Spectrum 486 By Amanda Lee

Visitors 498 New York Representatives AMERICAN EASTERN CORP. Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ Near East Division tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as 30 Rockefeller Plaza Circle 6-0333 second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879 New York 20, N. Y.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 445 No Passport Needed! ROYAL SCARLET FINE FOODS Recognized Everywhere For Fine Quality Since 1811

Don't you cgree that the reputation behind a food product offers a sound buying guide? R. C. Williams & Company (distributor of Royal Scarlet Foods) has a reputation for fine quality that goes back 131 years ... further than any other food wholesaler in New York. How was that reputation won? By making certain that every package carrying our label meets the highest standards of quality. Over a period of years, it has been our privilege to serve many Embassies, Consulates and Legations throughout the world. Our knowledge of the details incidental to this type of trade enables us to offer the most complete type of service . . . under all conditions. You are invited to investigate — no obligation whatsoever. Your inquiry or order will receive special attention when sent to:

EXPORT DEPARTMENT R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., Inc. 25th STREET and 10th AVENUE NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.

R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., INC. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. NEW YORK CITY LIC. LL No. 1 We carry a complete line of wines and liquors including the finest available domestic and imported brands. Every care is taken to provide efficient service and to assure your complete satisfaction. For further information, please do not hesitate to communicate with our Export Department.

446 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Eastern Corp... 445

American Security and Trust Company 471

American Tobacco Co. 480

Association of Pacific Fisheries 499

Bacardi, Compania Ron, S.A _ 491

Calvert School 500

Chase National Bank 498 Curtiss-Wright Corporation 479 FEDERAL STORAGE Federal Storage Company _ 447 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. .... 448 COMPANY Grace Line 486 Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Co. 472-3 and Care of Household Treasures Glide’s 499 Private Rooms for Furniture International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 497 Cold Storage for Furs Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. _ 494 Rug Cleaning and Storage Vault for Silverware Mayflower Hotel 490 Home Inspection and Insurance Service National Geographic Magazine , 482 Fumigation Chambers National City Bank ...... 496 Piano and Art Section

Pan-American Airways, Inc. 477 Local and Long Distance Moving Packing and Shipping Radio Corporation of America 485 Lift Vans for Foreign Removals

Schenley Products .... II & III COVERS (Bowling Green Steel Vang)

Security Storage Company of Washington ... 471 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 487 WASHINGTON 9, I). C. Texaco Petroleum Products 476 Officers Directors Tyner, Miss E. J. 499 E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD President CHARLES S. BAKER United Fruit Company 498 HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBER Vice-Pres. and Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 500 JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENRY P. ERWIN Vice-Pres. and Treasurer D. P. GAII.LARD Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER II. RANDOLPH BARBEE JAMES M. JOHNSTON Secretary HAROLD N. MARSH PAUL E. TOLSON A. N. MILLER Westinghouse Electric International Co. 493 Asst. Vice-Pres. CARROLL MORGAN S. WEBSTER ADAMS E. K. MORRIS Williams, R. C. & Co., Inc. .... 446 Asst. Vice-Pres. DONALD F. ROBERTS A. RUSSELL BARBEE FREDERIC N. TOWERS Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD

Please mention THE AMERICAN FORIEGN SERVICE JOURNAL when writing to advertisers.

SEPTEMBER. 1943 447 HMMff mmmmsz Tire isastrulyAmericanthestarsand and insafetyitupholdstheFirestonetradition eligible carownersasreleasedbythe synthetic rubberandAmerican-growncotton Government. Andinmileage,strength by Americanworkers.Itisnowreadyfor stripes. ItisbuiltwithAmerican-m.de BEST! ThenewFirestoneDeLuxeChampion of “BestinRubber—SyntheticorNatural.” BUILT WITHAMERICAN-MADE SYNTHETIC RUBBER Firestone CHAMPION of tomorrow! supplies ofnaturalrubberareagainavailable, used forwarmaterials.Butevenafterunlimited All oftheButaprenebeingproducedtodayis BUTAPRENE ...TheSyntheticRubber will beavitalmaterialinthewonderfulworld it hassomanymoreusesthannaturalrubber.It Butaprene willbeintremendousdemandbecause /VGAIN FirestoneisFIRSTwiththe Created ByFIRESTONE THE NEW Copyright, 1943,The Fiiestone Tire&RubberCo. Sysithetu- orNaturali IN RUBBER BEST THE

FOREIGN JOURNAL

ro PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Ui

VOL. 20. NO. 9 WASHINGTON. D. C. SEPTEMBER, 1943

Till: ALASKA HIGHWAY

By JOHN RANDOLPH, Consul General, Edmonton

THE Alaska Highway, called for a time the the highway passes, has had a colorful history ex¬ Alcan Highway, is something over 1,600 miles tending back to the gold rush davs of the Klondyke long. It runs to the city of Fairbanks, in central when many of the gold seekers, endeavoring to find Alaska, from Dawson Creek, a village in British a way through the dense forests and over the turbu¬ Columbia, near the Albertan border, where it joins lent rivers, were confronted with delays and the network of Alberta's compelled to endure win¬ highways which in turn ters of great severity. link up in many places Overcome by the difficul¬ with the trunk roads of the ties encountered and the United States. It traverses severity of the climate, the northeastern corner many failed to win of British Columbia and through to their destina¬ southwestern Yukon,cross¬ tion. Others, more suc¬ ing the boundary of Alas¬ cessful in completing the ka about 180 miles from hard journey from the the coast line. The ter¬ settlements of Alberta to rain, although rugged in Dawson City, in the places, offers no great ob¬ Yukon, were often a whole struction to road work. year on the w’ay. The roads cut through the And yet in this same Rocky Mountains where length of time, one year the Laird River has brok¬ only, the Alaska Highway, en through. It crosses the a miracle of northern en¬ intermountain plateau and gineering accomplishment, several spurs of the coast has been cut through this range, finally skirting the forbidding country by the flanks of the range and American Army, using following the Tanana bulldozers and other River to Fairbanks. equipment, the army engi¬ The part of northwest neers being followed by Canada, through which experienced personnel of

SEPTEMBER. 1943 449 the Public Roads Administration assisted by deavors rival and probably surpass the building of Canadian and American contractors to carry out the Panama Canal. Of vital importance to Alaska the construction and build the bridges. Already and its protection and use in the present world crisis the pioneering work is completed. is the speed with which these undertakings are being Associated with the highway are many other proj - completed. ects. One is the construction of twenty-six airports Between Fort Nelson and Watson Lake one of the to facilitate aeroplane transportation to Alaska and several hundred bridges which have already been to afford protection along the highway, as well as built, some decidedly sizable, carries the highway- to serve the area where petroleum has been found. over the scenic Grand Canyon of the Liard, a great Another is the discovery, production, refining and northern river, which, however, is merely one of distribution of this petroleum, which is so neces¬ several of the great tributaries of the still greater sary for all flying and motor vehicle transportation, and northerly flowing Mackenzie River, which in as well as for the road building itself. Involved turn is one of the great rivers not only of northern with the foregoing is the improvement of different Canada but of the world. navigable waters of northwest Canada for a total This vast country of northwestern and northern of 1,500 miles, together with the construction of Canada, traversed by the Alaska Highway, in the wharfage and channel demarkation. west, and by the Mackenzie River, more to the east Simply as engineering feats, these combined en¬ and north, with its mountains and plains, its for¬ ests and treeless lands, is a country of lakes and flowing rivers in the summer and of snow and ice in the winter. In its more northern part, sloping

A wide stretch along the highwav

Cutting timber lor a culvert along the highwav At work oil the highway

Widening the road between Dawson and Ft. St. John

northward to the Arctic Ocean, it is a land of iceage frost, which even in the middle of summer can be found only a few feet below the surface, and yet in the summertime, with the long days of sunshine, it is a land of flowers and rapidly Bear Lake region are just to the east of the Macken¬ growing vegetation. zie River. Other strategic minerals, important for That the permanent ice of its froeen subsoil hun¬ our war effort, are being actively investigated. dreds of feet deep dates from the ice-age is evi¬ Of immediate interest are the oilfields of the Fort denced by the fact that in different places where Norman region along the lower Mackenzie River mining and oil drilling operations have resulted in which are already producing sufficient petroleum to the “artificial ’ thawing out of this ice-age frost, make a real contribution to the fuel supply for air¬ there is afterwards no re-freezing, even during the craft, as well as for land and sea activities, there coldest winters, except to the depth of a few feet being already a pipeline nearing completion to near the surface. transport it and a refinery to refine it. This vast area of northwest Canada is not only- Of interest also for both the near and distant fu¬ rich in forests and furbearing animals but is also, ture are the rich oilsands of the Fort MacMurray at least in parts, highly mineralized. Different min¬ region of Northern Alberta, where nature has stored ing operations are already being carried on, and up a reservoir of oil estimated to be more or less others are projected. There are producing gold equal in quantity to all the other known oil reserves mines in different places in addition to the placer of the whole world. These oil sands, each ton of gold dredges of the Klondyke. The world famous which produces, after separation, one barrel of and highly important radium mines of the Great heavy crude petroleum, cover an area of some 7,000

SEPTEMBER. 1943 431 square miles to a depth of some hundreds of feet. Roads Administration, with thousands of workers Indians and Eskimos have for centuries wrung a and many road and bridge building and pipeline precarious living from this country. Since the com¬ laying specialists, have completed the highway all ing of the white-man to North America trappers and the way to Fairbanks in Alaska. Already it is in fur traders and the famous Royal Canadian Mounted regular use, supplementing in a big way the con¬ Police have penetrated the area from time to time, tinuing aerial transport overhead. but their numbers have seldom exceeded a few hun¬ Also during the past year telephone lines have dred notwithstanding the vastness of the area. been strung between different airports along the air Of recent years mining operations have attracted route from Edmonton to Alaska so that it is now a few mineral prospectors and mining engineers, possible to ascertain in advance fog conditions and and a few thousand miners especially following ceilings and landing conditions at different airports, World War I. With the coming of the airplane and which, with a “beam” installed as a flying guide the bush-pilot, the country witnessed greater de¬ are over former days vast improvements hardly even velopments in twenty years than had occurred in the dreamed by bush-pilots of only a couple of years preceding five hundred years. Experienced flyers ago. of World War I bought, borrowed or built them¬ In essentials the vast achievement, known as the selves planes, with floats in summertime and with Alaska Highway and its allied projects, has been skiis in winter, and ventured northward over this mastered. Much work remains still to be completed, land of forests, with no landing grounds and al¬ but in the main only details and improvements are most no inhabitants, alighting at will upon lakes or involved. rivers and gradually building up a transport busi¬ Although, in the Alaska Highway and its allied ness, with trappers, furbuyers and miners as their projects, one of the world’s greatest northern engi¬ principal customers. The Northern inhabitants soon neering feats has been accomplished in the short learned that they could well afford to pay transpor¬ time of roughly one year, the colossal size of the tation fares of some hundreds of dollars for them¬ undertaking is not obvious to the casual observer. selves and their supplies to carry them to their trap- Such an observer, looking down from the air above, lines or mines and back again to civilization, when might catch a glimpse of a bit of road, overshaded the air journey consumed only a few hours in con¬ on either side by forest trees, but otherwise the gen¬ trast to months of hard and dangerous travel by eral appearance of this whole area of northwest canoe and dog sled. North America remains more or less as it has been In flying this north country in their small trans¬ for thousands of years. port planes, these same bush-pilots gradually came The best description of this land of the Alaska to know its rivers, mountains and general topogra¬ Highway and the Mackenzie River, heard by the phy and also its weather, as well as its areas of writer, is that of an American colored soldier who, greater and lesser snowfall and greater and lesser upon his return to Edmonton, was asked what this fogs. All this gradually acquired knowledge sup¬ North-Country was like, his reply being: plemented by over 90,000 square miles of Govern¬ “Well, Boss, it’s nothing but miles and miles and ment aerial photography was of course invaluable miles of nothing but miles and miles.” to a pilot flying out over the wilderness “on his Notwithstanding the foregoing description, words own.” He was, however, later assisted by a net which are quite true in their way, the Alaska High¬ work of Radio Stations installed by the Royal Can¬ way and its allied projects have undoubtedly in adian Signals. Like the trappers and mushers of one year pushed this North Country forward in de¬ a generation or more ago, these bush-pilots had to velopment at least one or even two hundred years. be “good” or they soon passed on and were heard Further important economic developments in the of no more in this hard country. post-war wmrld are assured. Into this hard country little more than a year ago Conditions, facilities, transportation and com¬ came American army pilots and engineers and the munications are already such that this whole corner troops under their commands, ordinary American of northwestern North America is now vastly im¬ boys, both white and colored, newly out of their proved from the point of view of defense or offense homes in more or less all the states of the Union. against the Japs along the Aleutian Islands, just as Modern road building equipment and supplies came it is, should the Japs, after another generation and with them. A route was chosen, work was started, with great improvements in aerial warfare, fly over and pilots began to fly their light and heavy planes the top of the wmrld and attack North America from from different points in the United States via Ed¬ the Arctic and trv to build up an aerial bridgehead monton to Alaska. at the mouth of the Mackenzie River. In the past year the army, followed by the Public (Continued on page 477)

452 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Library in Fort de France Canal in Fort de France

MARTINIQUE

Photos by Consul George l). Lamont

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Fountain near the market Scene in the square in front of the Cathedral. Note the typical headgear on woman.

Harbor of Fort de France Statue of Josephine, wile of Napoleon mm is ■

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SregftSSSS^r*** PREPAREDNESS FOR PEACE

By DONALD D. EDGAR, Department of State

A LESSON which the present war is apparently bor Organization at Geneva. Although the State driving home to all of the nations is one that Department fulfilled its responsibilities and gave now appears so obvious that one may wonder why it such advice and guidance as was required in for¬ has so long been overlooked. It is that peace is no eign policy matters, the United States Department more a natural condition than is war, and that to of Labor, through the Organization, had a contact avoid war, peace must be energetically prosecuted. with labor matters in other states which was very In the past, nations have prayed for peace and or¬ distinct from old fashioned diplomatic channels. ganized for war; they have not to date unitedly and And presently the Board of Economic Warfare wholeheartedly organized for peace. with its office in London and the Ministry of Eco¬ But the soldiers’ game of preparing for war in nomic Warfare with its office in Washington have time of peace is now being converted into a great opportunity for the exchange of ideas. and widespread business of planning for peace in But it must not be overlooked that these arrange¬ time of war. It does not have the fascination of ments, and other cases could be cited, are arrived being played in the glow of campaign stripes and at only after the controlling foreign policy is care¬ with the jingle of medals, but it has the advantage fully worked out through the State Department. of being permitted to the undecorated and un-uni- Said another way, it must first be established that the foreign policy of the government is to permit formed Foreign Service and even to the domesti¬ the direct liaison of an agency with its counterpart cated devotees of the Old Gray Lady of the Avenue. in a foreign government, and then, the development The craze is so wide-spread and the number of and continuation of that direct liaison must be kept people so occupied so great what with those revamp¬ within the broad framework of established foreign ing the world, restoring Poland, giving every man policy. As these direct liaisons between more and 10 more virile years, two chickens in every pot, and more of our various governmental agencies and a quart of milk, increasing the fish catch in the their counterparts abroad increase, the duty of the Fijis, and showing motion pictures to the Ama¬ Department of State, as the agency responsible for zonas Indians, that just what will come of it all is the nation’s foreign policy, will more and more be necessarily somewhat in doubt. But whether we principally to coordinate and develop these activi¬ all wake up one morning from our too long night¬ ties into implements of that very foreign policy. mare to a world composed of a myriad of small, The absence of any such coordinating agency would culturally independent entities in economically in¬ create a situation as disastrous as a ten horse chariot terdependent continental federations all topped off without a charioteer or as difficult as the man who by a world military police force—or to another leapt on his horse and rode off rapidly in all di¬ world of nearsighted rivalries and needless jeal¬ rections. ousies, it is probable, despite the reported opinion Foreign policy in time of war is to hate one’s of certain of our war agencies, that there will con¬ enemies, in time of peace to love one’s friends. But tinue to be a Department of State and a Foreign just as the activity of army divisions and naval Service. ships must be followed and coordinated within the With the Junior League supporting it and the framework of war by a carefully selected general British imitating it, we can forget the Foreign Serv¬ staff, so must the activities of the various peace ice for a while and concentrate on the Department. agencies be followed and coordinated within the In putting that house in order, consideration must framework of peace by a carefully selected person¬ first be given to what trends of thought are evident nel in a ministry for foreign affairs. in Washington and to what may be expected from The problem therefore appears to be to have that a Department of Peace. organization within the Department of State which A pre-war example of our adoption of the new is best adapted (1) to enunciate the foreign policy pattern is to be found in the case of labor condi¬ of the United States; I 2 ) to make recommendations tions and our membership in the International La¬ to the President, in accordance with that policy,

454 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL concerning the establishment of direct liaison be¬ ernment is already active in a special field, a small tween certain of our government agencies and their liaison office should suffice, located either in the foreign counterparts; (3) to follow and to coordi¬ Department or in the building of the other agency, nate these direct liaison activities so that they may but designed after the form of the other agency, not be daily manifestations of one single-purposed for¬ of the Department of State. Where activity in a eign policy. single subject is scattered through several existing Future international relations will be a great fab¬ agencies, a larger liaison office must be available to ric with the warp the threads of relations between correlate the foreign aspects of each agency’s activi¬ particular states, and the woof the ties of economic, ties as well as to act as a liaison between those financial, and social internationalism. A Depart¬ agencies and the country bureaux. In those cases ment to be effective in this set-up must be strongly where the full responsibility for a problem rests organized in these two directions: in its liaison with with the Department of State, a still larger office foreign governments; and in its liaison with the must exist. In this last category falls passports; other agencies, domestic or international, which in the next above, foreign commercial policy; while enter the picture. Because many have realized this in the first, narcotics control. trend in the past and have created offices within A final crystalization of this branch although less the Department accordingly, an overall arrival at easily predicted will nevertheless be by a process of any such organization will be more evolutionary evolution, and present day indications can be than revolutionary. But at the same time other pointed out in the Office of Foreign Economic Co¬ offices and bureaus have been set up as a result ordination, in the liaison activities of the Divisions of the pre-war uncertainties and the pressures of of Exports and Requirements and of Defense Mate¬ war that do not fit properly into the plan and that rials. and in certain existent inter-departmental even now cause overlappings and conflicts. committees. No organization is successful where uncertainty Perhaps the most revolutionary reorganization of authority exists nor where temporary emergency will take place in the third branch, in its transmis¬ creations are not recognized as such. In the man¬ sion and reception, filing and publication of com¬ agement of anything so complex as foreign policy munications and records. What up until recently the simplest possible organization recommends has been a servicing set-up for the Department of itself. State must henceforth be organized as a servicing Bearing in mind what apparently will be required unit of the entire Government, or at least of those of the Department and what already exists in the many agencies relying on communications with the way of organization it is probably not far wrong outside world. No agency can long countenance to predict an organization for peace composed of a system of transmission which results in needless four principal branches, one for the coordination delays. And no proper coordination of activities of representation and relations, one for the coordi¬ of an international character can permit unregulated nation of policies and for liaison, one for the co¬ foreign intercourse. While the present system may ordination of communications and records, and one be capable of handling today’s volume, tomorrow’s for administration. will in all likelihood call for great changes in or¬ The existing four divisions having charge of re¬ ganization. The communications and records lations with the nations of the world appear as the branch with its responsibility for distribution, logical nucleus of the coordination of representa¬ proper filing for ready reference, and timely publi¬ tion and relations branch. But as is already ap¬ cation, will be a main spring or nerve center of our parent in part, the country desk must be replaced conduct of foreign affairs. by a country bureau, probably under a chief with The fourth branch would have the many problems the rank of minister, and certainly having in the of administration of both the Department and the bureau such expert assistants and clerical staff as foreign offices. the relations with the particular state may justify. As in all things, others may read the cards now The branch for coordination of policies and for spread before us differently, and possibly someone liaison is harder to visualize, partly because it is a may have a private ace up his sleeve, but there are newer concept, but also because it must be more many present indications that the future will be flexible and must change with the times. Its bureaux along the lines drawn above. The truth of the must vary with the problems they are designed to prophecy and details of the forecasted plan must consider. In cases where a full agency of the gov¬ rest with the future.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 455 \<*tr ( Vi Won in

By CAPTAIN ALECK RICHARDS

NEW CALEDONIA, like its neighbor Australia, confined, it is true, in chains in the prison on the 800 miles away, used to be a convict settle¬ little island of Nou, lying in the harbor opposite ment, but no felons have been sent there since 1894. Noumea, the capital. But political prisoners and The ubiquitous Captain Cook discovered the island those guilty on lesser counts, were liberated after in 1774, and named it New Caledonia. Probably they had served their sentence, given land, farm the high bleak mountain ranges, forming the back¬ tools and animals, and afforded every encourage¬ bone of the country, and the clouds of spraylike mist ment to remain and start life over again. Many of flung up by waves dashing against the coral reef them did so, became prosperous, and their descend¬ that surrounds the island, reminded Captain Cook ants are today the backbone of the colony and ultra¬ of Scotland. Having discovered the place, the British respectable. took no further interest in it, and it was next visited New Caledonia, unlike the New Hebrides about by Frenchmen. five days’ sea voyage away, has a delightful and In 1853, a French man of war dropped anchor healthful climate. This fact has colored its whole off New Caledonia and sent officers ashore to plant existence, for we are, after all, very dependent on the tricolor, and take possession in the name of the weather. It is never very hot, except just be¬ France. It happened that a British warship was fore the rains break in December. Aside from this, there for the purpose of adding New Caledonia to the cool Trade winds blow up during the morning. the Empire, but the French forestalled them by a At night, especially in the uplands, a blanket is few hours. Great Britain was angry, and the necessary for comfort. The rainy season lasts French apologized, because they were then allies from December to May, and usually begins with a in the Crimean War fighting against Russia. How¬ violent storm or two, after that a steady drizzle ever, the French retained possession of New Cale¬ every day, with an occasional downpour. On the donia. Unaware of its great potential wealth, they west coast, the annual rainfall is estimated at 70 paid very little attention to this island at the world’s inches; on the mountainous east coast, it is some end. 40 inches. At h ome in France, there was scant inclination Malaria is unknown in New Caledonia, due, some to emigrate to New Caledonia. The fact that it was people think, to the niaouli tree, a kind of eucalyp¬ a convict settlement, and a great native uprising tus, that grows wild all over the island. In most that took place in 1878, made the conservative tropical islands, life seems to center about some Frenchman eye this colony askance. Captain Cook kind of a tree, which is indispensable to the na¬ had found the island inhabited by the Melanesian tives. In this instance, the niaouli tree is used to race, who were very friendly and extremely honest. thatch huts and for many other household purposes, But this tribe must have been conquered by an¬ as well as for medicines, in addition to its being other warlike one, for Frenchmen coming later were supposed to keep away fevers. killed and—eaten. Practically any plant from the temperate, or semi- The end of slavery in our Southern states, and temperate zone will thrive in New Caledonia, while planting of cotton in Australia brought about forests in the interior abound in precious hard¬ “blackbirding” all over the Pacific. Natives were woods. However, its chief crop is coffee, which kidnapped and taken forcibly to work on cotton ranks with the best in the world. Coffee bushes, plantations. This, combined with other grievances when first planted, are very delicate and must be against white settlers, caused the insurrection which shaded by large trees, so they make a pleasing sight almost succeeded in driving the French away from growing in irregular rows in sort of parklike alleys. New Caledonia. It was estimated, that when France Although coffee is the chief export, New Cale¬ took over the island there were 60,000-100,000 na¬ donia’s is by no means a one crop economy. Maize, tives living there. Nowadays they have greatly de¬ wheat, tobacco, sugarcane, pineapples, and, of creased, and are in fact dying out. course, coconuts are grown in great profusion. In The French Government pursued a rather liberal the dry, cool uplands with rich pastures free from policy with its convicts. The worst offenders were jungle, are large herds of cattle. In spite of this,

456 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL canned milk is imported from Australia—the rea¬ ore assayed at 55%, and 500,000 tons were exported son being that indigenous cows are mostly of the annually, by a direct freight line between Noumea beef type and give but little milk, which falls be¬ and Yokohama. After outbreak of this war, ex¬ low the butter fat content prescribed by law for port quotas were established, and control of this dairies. Here and there farsighted estate owners valuable mining field has now, probably, passed are improving their scrub herds by the importation to the United States. of blooded animals. There are too, many wild cat¬ Prospectors had to apply to the Department of tle and deer in the forests. Mines for a “searching permit” valid for one year, New Caledonia is in many respects an ideal farm¬ subject to renewal. Then a concession good for 75 ing country, but its chief wealth is after all, min¬ years might be obtained, but the concessionaire real¬ eral. As an Australian mining engineer expressed ly had to work his mine within a certain date, other¬ himself—“If they got all the minerals out of those wise, the permit would lapse. Theoretically, only mountains, the mountains would fall apart.” No Frenchmen could form mining companies. Of other country in the world is as rich in minerals in course, this law was circumvented by having a dum¬ proportion to its size, as New Caledonia. my Board of Directors and stockholders, paid hand¬ About 8% of the world’s nickel supply comes somely by foreign interests for doing nothing ex¬ from there. Right now, nickel smelters in Noumea, cept lend their names to the enterprise. the capital, are working day and night. The best Tonkinese from Indo-China, both men and wom¬ mines are controlled by the International Nickel en, labor in the mines, as well as Javanese. There Company. British, American and Australian in¬ are about 7,000-8,000 of them, mostly on five year terests control three large chrome mines, whose ore contracts, and paid at the rate of 17.50 francs daily. is so highgrade (45%) that it is sold just as it The Dutch Government in Java forbade the employ comes from the ground. Between 6% and 7% of of Javanese underground, because they were sup¬ the world’s copper originates in New Caledonia. posed to be too delicate and prone to tuberculosis, The nickel production is probably the most import¬ but no such prohibition applies in New Caledonia. ant and valuable, but there are fine cobalt mines; Noumea, capital of New Caledonia and largest lead, antimony, gold and silver are also found in town below the equator, cannot truthfully be called quantity; while Japanese interests (Mitsui) own, attractive. A rectangular park, known mendacious- or owned, the only iron field being worked. This (Continued on page 488)

SEPTEMBER, 1943 457 ■ r ■ ~

American Consulate, Godthaab, rented for the past View of Godthaab. The large building to the left 2 years from the Greenlandic Administration. The is the colony hospital. The dark-roofed building to building is heated by means of oil stoves. the right, the Governor’s residence, dates from 1720.

GODTHAAB, GREENLAND

Photos by Consul John B. Ocholtree

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The site, showing broken ground, of the new Consu¬ The Consular guest house, a prefabricated house be¬ lar guest house. longing to the State Department, built by the Army.

Celebration of putting on the roof of the Consular guest house. Governor Eske Brun is on the right in The first truck arrives in Godthaab. This army truck fur-collared coat. Also in the group appear Consul arrived in Godthaab in June. The whole town turned John B. Ocheltree (dark coat). Vice Consul Gray out to follow it through the streets. Hauling in Green¬ Bream (3rd from left) and next to him Canadian land is usually by icelandic ponies drawing sleds in Vice Consul Dunbar. The Canadian Consul took the winter and carts in the summer. this picture.

■ \4l \ 1 a ■H ALLIED MILITARY CURRENCY Joint Statement by the Treasury Department and the War Department:

ALLIED expeditionary forces, seeking to estab¬ final, revealing overprinting when the invasion ac¬ lish orderly relationships with the people of tually began. liberated Sicily, are introducing into its occupied The planning of the job goes back some four areas an “Allied Military Currency,” speaking a months, when high officials of the Treasury, the “Lira” language that will be understood by every War and Navy Departments, the Department of Sicilian trader and consumer. State, and officials of the British government laid It may now be revealed that a distinctive cur¬ the groundwork in a series of extraordinary con¬ rency, determined upon by British and American ferences held in utmost secrecy. officials was made in the Treasury’s Bureau of En¬ No inkling of the project ever was put in writing, graving and Printing. It was rushed to the scene no word of it spoken over a telephone, and no dis¬ of action by huge transport planes and is being cussions of it carried outside the conference rooms. used as the medium of exchange in that part of Designs for the notes and stamps had to be com¬ Italy that we now hold. pleted under similar conditions of secrecy, and A part of its legend reads “Issued in Italy.” stocks of distinctive paper and huge amounts of At the same time, it was revealed, a comparable inks of various colors accumulated. In none of series of postage stamps will be introduced into this preliminary work was the country for which the areas under military administration. the notes were intended ever identified. This is the first truly Allied venture into the field On the basic designs under consideration, where of military monetary expedients and an undertaking now the words “Issued in Italy” appear, the words without precedent so far as the United States is con¬ “United States” were placed fictitiously, and where cerned. The distinctive lira currency will be used the “lira” designation is printed were such unre¬ in the payment of troops of all the Allied nations vealing terms as “dollars” or “shillings.” on Italian soil, and in payment by the procurement Basic printing of the notes began early in June, services for local supplies. with the name of the country and the currency des¬ ignation still omitted. Huge stocks of the partially Government officials said the undertaking is de¬ finished notes were accumulated against the day signed to give the occupied areas a currency in de¬ when the “go” signal should be given. nominations and terms which they know. The invasion news was flashed to the world on It provides an adequate circulating medium in the night of July 9. Key employees of the Bureau sections where there may be a shortage of local of Engraving and Printing stood by their telephones currency because of confiscation or destruction by throughout Sunday, and continued at their posts retreating enemy forces, or from other causes. until the printing order was released by Army au¬ It avoids complication of the monetary system thorities actually on Tuesday, July 13. Huge presses which use of foreign currencies might cause. immediately began to roll, overprinting the par¬ Previously, the United States forces in North tially-completed notes with the identifying legends. Africa had used a regular “back home” currency By Saturday, July 17, enough had been completed with a distinctive seal, while the British had used to load a huge transport plane, but transportation a “military pound.” Now, authorities of the Allied was not available until Monday, July 19, when two Nations have worked out this cooperative use of a planes carrying seven tons of the distinctive money single medium of exchange. took off. Other shipments have followed, both of The preparation of this military currency and currency and stamps. postage in advance of the invasion of Italy is itself The currency introduced into Sicily is in eight an amazing chapter in the story of the gigantic and denominations from one to 1,000 lira. The smaller minutely-detailed planning that preceded the ex¬ denominations are half the size of United States pedition, a story that must, for the most part, re¬ currency, and the larger denominations the same main untold until after the war. From the stand¬ size. It is made by a lithograph process, since the point of the physical undertaking alone, there is no time element and the size of the undertaking did precedent for such a job. Presses of the Bureau not permit steel engraving. of Engraving and Printing worked 24 hours a day, Except for the “lira” designation, all the legend not even pausing for meal periods, for weeks, to on the bills is in English. The “Four Freedoms,” have the stocks of notes and stamps ready for the (Continued on page 484)

SEPTEMBER, 1943 459 Claims by The Foreign Service for W ar Losses

There follows as a continuation from the August issue, extracts from House Document 250, a Mes¬ sage from the President transmitting a report from the Secretary of State regarding claims by certain officers and employees of the Foreign Service ivho have sustained losses by reason of war conditions.

HANOI Japan. Because of his duties he and his wife had Claim of Charles S. Reed II, Foreign Service officer, been living at the Legation during the night of class VII. December 8-9, 1941. On December 9, on his way back from the telegraph office, he returned to his Mr. Reed had been stationed at the consulate at home and got some clothing. That was the last time Hanoi but left there on December 5, 1941, for Hong he was able to go to his house. During the occupa¬ Kong on his way to the United States on home tion of the city by the Japanese, looting of the resi¬ leave, which had been authorized by the Depart¬ dences of enemy aliens by the Japanese was carried ment. He left certain personal property at Hanoi out on a large scale and he has no reason to believe in the hands of Consul Clubb. He arrived in Hong his house escaped. All requests to return to his Kong just at the time hostilities between the United house were refused or ignored. Claimed, $1,309.50; States and Japan broke out and, following the sur¬ approved, $1,309.50. render of Hong Kong, he was interned by the Japa¬ nese. Certain personal property which he was bring¬ Claim of Harlan B. Clark, Foreign Service officer, ing home with him was taken from him by the unclassified A. Japanese, who refused to allow him to bring it out on the exchange boat. Mr. Reed’s property left at Mr. Clark was vice consul at Bangkok when hos¬ Hanoi as well as that at Hong Kong must be con¬ tilities between the United States and Japan broke sidered lost. Claimed, $403.45; disallowed, $3.45; out. approved, $400. He was occupying a rented house in Bangkok. During the period of December 8-9. 1941, he was engaged on urgent official duties and was not able THAILAND to attend to any personal affairs or to arrange to BANGKOK have his effects brought into the Legation com¬ pound. Following his internment he made re¬ Claim of Edward M. Ingle, vice consul. peated efforts to obtain his property but to no avail. Mr. Ingle was stationed at Bangkok at the out¬ Claimed, $1,626; disallowed, $76; approved, $1,550. break of hostilities between the United States and Japan. On the morning of December 8, 1941, he left his residence at 7:30 a.m. and went to the Legation. He was never allowed to return to his BURMA house after that. He was interned in the Legation RANGOON under guard until December 23, 1941. at which time he was taken by the Thai police from the Legation Claim of Martin ]. Hillenbrand, Foreign Service to a civilian prison camp. All requests to be allowed officer, unclassified A. to visit his residence were ignored. A number of Mr. Hillenbrand was stationed at Rangoon. Upon requests sent from his prison camp to the Swiss the outbreak of hostilities between Japan and the consul were never answered nor did he receive any United States, Mr. Hillenbrand sent some of his of his property. Later he learned, unofficially, that effects to the LTnited States. Later he sent some to the Japanese had occupied his residence about the Calcutta for storage. As the Japanese advanced third week in December, had taken whatever they toward Rangoon, it became necessary to close the wanted and had destroyed the remainder. Claimed, consulate. Mr. Hillenbrand was obliged to leave $768.50; disallowed, $38.50; approved, $730. the remainder of his household and personal effects in the residence he had occupied. His departure Claim of Thomas S. Estes, vice consul. from Rangoon was by private car to North Burma Mr. Estes was vice consul at Bangkok at the out¬ and permitted him to carry only a minimum amount break of hostilities between the United States and of luggage. Claimed, $862.50; approved, $862.50.

460 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL SINGAPORE JAVA Claim of Kenneth S. Patton, Foreign Service officer, BATAVIA class I. Claim of V. Lansing Collins, Foreign Service officer, Mr. Patton was consul general at Singapore at unclassified B. the outbreak of hostilities between the United States Mr. Collins was assigned as vice consul at Batavia and Japan. from September 4, 1940, to February 21, 1942. On On the night of February 8-9, 1942, the Japanese the latter date he was forced to leave Batavia very forces landed on Singapore Island. At noon on hurriedly because of the approach of the Japanese February 10 it became necessary for the staff of the forces. He was compelled to abandon certain of his consulate general to depart. The consul general personal and household effects. Claimed, $1,449.40; was able to take with him only three small bags: disallowed, $494.00; approved. $955. One containing clothing, one containing food for the voyage, and one containing official papers. He Claim of Paul Paddock, Foreign Service officer, un¬ was forced to abandon his household and other per¬ classified A. sonal effects. Claimed, $6,975; disallowed, $1,315; Mr. Paddock was assigned as vice consul at the approved, $5,660. consulate general at Batavia from June 1939 until the office was closed on February 28, 1942, due to Claim of Perry Ellis, Foreign Service officer, un¬ the imminent approach of the Japanese forces. Mr. classified A. Paddock was forced to abandon his personal and Mr. Ellis was stationed at Singapore at the out¬ household effects. Claimed, $2,585.72; disallowed, break of hostilities between the United States and $1,522.72; approved, $1,063. Japan. On January 30, 1942, under orders of the SURABAYA Department, he left Singapore for Batavia, leaving most of his household effects in Singapore. He took Claim of Courtland E. Christiani, vice consul, with him two bags of clothing, which he used while Mr. Christiani was vice consul stationed at the in Java. He later received official orders to proceed consulate general at Surabaya at the outbreak of to Darwin, Australia, and found it necessary to go hostilities between the United States and Japan. by plane. He therefore left his trunks at the Ameri¬ As a result of the invasion of the island of Java by can consulate general in Batavia to be forwarded the Japanese it was necessary to abandon the con¬ to the United States at the first opportunity. There sulate and leave the island. Mr. Christiani was un¬ was no opportunity to forward these trunks prior able to take out with him any of his household ef¬ to the capture of Batavia by the Japanese, and when fects. Claimed, $2,039; disallowed. $836; approved. the staff of the consulate general departed it was $1,203. not possible to take the trunks along and they were Subsequent to the outbreak of war between the abandoned. Claimed, $935; disallowed, $139; ap¬ United States and Germany, Germany embarked on proved, $796. an intensive submarine warfare on “enemy” ship¬ Claim of Robert L. Buell, Foreign Service officer, ping. Not only were “enemy” vessels torpedoed, class VI. and sunk, but neutral vessels also were included in this campaign. Mr. Buell was stationed at Singapore during the period of November 11 to December 26, 1941, at Claim of George Alexander Armstrong, Foreign which place he rented a partly furnished bungalow. Service officer, class VI. It was, however, necessary for him to purchase addi¬ Mr. Armstrong, who had been stationed at Ma¬ tional furniture for his residence. On December 26 laga, Spain, was transferred to Manchester, En¬ he was ordered to proceed to Rangoon and it was gland. On September 15, 1941, he left Lisbon and necessary to leave his furniture since shipping space proceeded to Bristol, England, by air. He arranged was not available. He sublet his house and furni¬ to have his two steamer trunks and six bags follow^ ture to an employee of the Standard Vacuum Oil him by steamer. This baggage was shipped on the Co. As the result of the occupation of Singapore by steamship Ruckinge. On January 21, 1942, Mr. the Japanese, the furniture must be considered lost. Armstrong was notified that the vessel had been Mr. Buell took with him to Rangoon his 1941 lost through enemy action. Mr. Armstrong’s effects Chevrolet sedan, which he was not able to take with were partially covered by insurance and he recov¬ him upon his enforced departure. This claim in¬ ered $1,000 from the insurance company. Claimed, cludes both the property lost at Singapore and the $2,035; disallowed, $441; approved, $1,594.00, less automobile abandoned at Rangoon. Claimed, $1,- insurance received $1,059.40, $534.60. 620.90; disallowed, $1,000.90; approved, $620. (Continued on page 488)

SEPTEMBER, 1943 461 THE raise at least a doubt in the minds of our critics as to the supposed predilection for protocol, pink tea, and white spats. Tentatively pursuing this thought we have glanced FOREIGN JOURNAL at the recent changes in the list of posts, and have noted just a few: Sao Vicente, Loanda, Manaos, rU>2» SEPTEMBER, 1 <>43 d£? Chungking, Tabriz, Horta, Addis Ababa, Asmara, PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Suva, Tananarive, Melilla, Ceuta, Beira, Oran, Ra¬ bat, Kuibyshev, Aruba, Brazzaville, Foynes, Isken- SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. derun, Marmagao, Tapachula, Accra, Cochabamba, The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or Jidda, Bucaramanga. 25 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Sao Vicente had been closed in 1926, but was re¬ Copyright, 1943, by the American Foreign Service Association opened in 1941. Loanda, opened in 1919 and closed The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this in 1929, was reopened in 1942. Manaos, closed in publication is strictly forbidden withoct permission from the editors. 1931, was reopened in 1941. Chungking, opened in 1899 and closed in 1931, as an obscure consular JOURNAL STAFF post, is today the seat of a great Embassy. Addis Ababa was closed when Italy invaded Ethiopia. A HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman post was created at Asmara in 1942 and closed in CHARLES W. YOST LEO D. STURGEON Editorial 1943, upon the reopening of a Legation in Addis HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR— Board Ababa. All of these posts, with the exception of W, PERRY GEORGE Asmara, are now active, and some have had a far JANE WILSON, Managing Editor - longer history than is indicated by these recent data. GEORGE V. ALLEN ...... Business Manager All have been of considerable importance to the WILLIAM E. DECOURCEY Treasurer United States at various times and for various rea¬ sons. All those now active are important today. The American Foreign Service Association The strategic position of the Cape Verde Islands The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and may explain the reopening of Sao Vicente, for ex¬ voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of ample. Loanda is the principal port of the colony the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign S'rvre and of Angola, rich in strategic materials. Manaos sug¬ to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvements of the Service. gests rubber, and the opening and closing and re¬ opening of our post there will mark the history of EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE the rubber market. The reasons for reopening Ta¬ HOWARD K. TRAVERS, Chairman briz are obvious. Melilla and Ceuta are two of the CECIL WAYNE GRAY, Vice-Chairman three Spanish presidios in Morocco. Beira is one of W, PERRY GEORGE, HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR., ANDREW B. FOSTER our outposts in East Africa, looking into the Indian Ocean. Oran, Rabat, and Kuibyshev have been in Alternates the news too often to require comment. Aruba sug¬ JAMES H. WRIGHT, FOY D. KOHLER gests oil, and all that oil stands for today. Brazza¬ ville, in Equatorial Africa, identified with the EDITORS’ COLUMN French reconquest of France, is well known today. A few writers, unacquainted with the Foreign Our interest in Foynes is in connection with air Service, have intimated from time to time that the transport, of course. Iskenderun is the port through Service is outmoded and lacking in the dynamic which lend lease supplies flow into Turkey and qualities necessary for keeping abreast of the times; Turkish chrome is moved into our supply line. that in a dim past, debilitated by the seductions of Marmagao, in Portuguese Goa, is of special im¬ protocol and pink tea, it surrendered to a decorous portance right now in connection with diplomatic inertia from which it has never recovered. exchanges being worked out through the protecting We wonder if it would modify this impression to powers with Japan. reveal that in our establishment abroad the list of A fascinating story could be told about each of posts has been ever changing, that posts have been these posts, and the role they play in the prosecu¬ created and closed and reopened over and over tion of the war as well as in the protection and again, bv a Department of State vigilant for the oc¬ furtherance of other national interests. currence of opportunity, anywhere on the face of Very little pink tea, we should say, and very many the earth, to further American interests. We wonder inoculations against typhus, cholera, typhoid, tetan¬ if a list of our posts at any given time would not us, and yellow fever.

462 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department

By JANE WILSON

John Davies Stranded in Burma Jungle “Information Please” In the hills of the steaming north Burma jungle Many and varied are the questions asked of the a little group of nineteen men await rescue—rescue Association representatives in the Foreign Service which, according to American authorities in Assam, Room by incoming members of the Foreign Service. cannot be effected through the dense undergrowth We will admit that some of them stump even us! before two or three months. Routine questions relating to the Department can On August 9 a transport plane flying over wild generally be answered, but those regarding vari¬ head hunting territory in Burma had engine trou¬ ous Government bureaus don’t always find a ready ble. The passengers bailed out and landed near a reply, with the changes that occur every day in tiny village 100 miles from the nearest Allied Base, agencies in the Nation’s Capital. Foreign Service an American outpost. Among the group was JOHN Officers who have been out of the country for sev¬ DAVIES, Second Secretary at Chungking, en route eral years necessarily require having a good many from India to his post, also William L. Stanton of things cleared up. the Office of Economic Warfare and Eric Sevaried How are their needs fulfilled? By a call to “U.S. of the Columbia Broadcasting System. Information” of the National War agencies, who American army authorities made contact with has never failed us yet, and we have posed many in¬ the marooned party only a few hours after receiv¬ quiries. This office receives as many as 4,000 ques¬ ing a message from the crippled ship reporting its tions daily, 1,500 of which come by telephone. They position and saying it was unable to remain in the help us out regularly when we ask “Mr. FSO lives air. A plane flying to the rescue saw a message on at Street, where is his ration board?” because the side of a cleared hill spelled out with para¬ upon arrival the first thing Mr. FSO wants is his chute cloth: '‘Send medical man with rescue par¬ ration ticket, if not for food, then for shoes. In ty.” A surgeon was dropped to their aid, as well our desperation they have even helped out with as medicines, food supplies, tents, and trinkets for suggestions on where to live, the major problem in the natives. Planes have since been making daily Washington these days. supply trips with guns, ammunition and hundreds One F.S.O. wanted to make a trip down into Vir¬ of pounds of salt. The pilots report that the tents ginia to see about buying a farm, how about a let¬ have been erected and a camp established and that ter permitting him to make the trip by car? A clear the group is apparently resting comfortably while clipped voice answered the problem straight away. awaiting the ground rescue party. There is no level We simply can’t stump them. area within fifty miles of the party who landed in Even the day when a member of the Service some of the wildest country in Burma. wanted to get married, we obtained all the data A radio dropped to the party was broken in the about the marriage license, minister, etc., and the fall. Written messages passing through the hands smiling voice even mentioned flowers. The JOURNAL of native runners and other secret means have al¬ shortly thereafter ran the marriage notice. ready arrived at the base saying in part “All com¬ We consider this one of their $64 questions (you fortable, awaiting rescue party, natives friendly.” see, other government agencies bank on this service too): “Hello, U.S. Information? Say, I’m in the A British Journal? Pentagon Building on the fifth floor. I have an ap¬ pointment in an office on the third floor. War De¬ Writes a British Consul in the Near East: “. . . I partment Information has transferred my call to found the articles extremely interesting. I wish we you. How do I get to the third floor?” had a Journal like this!” Writes a British diplomat We can appreciate that the life of U.S. Informa¬ in South America, “I wish we had something like tion workers is not easy. Perseverence, resourceful¬ the JOURNAL.” ness, courage, ability and initiative are only a few

SEPTEMBER, 1943 463 of the requisites for employees of this office. And Heard in the Corridors without a keen sense of humor and human under¬ . . . MRS. CHARLES B. HOSMER is now in the re¬ standing, it couldn’t exist. ception room of the Passport office of the Depart¬ Viva U.S. Information! ment. Because of her permanent Civil Service rat¬ ing, she has been reinstated in the Department of Paricutin State. . . . Molten lava is reported still advancing from Mex¬ . . . MR. HENRY CHARLES SPRUKS has been des¬ ico’s newest volcano, Paricutin, at the rate of 70 ignated to succeed MR. WILLIAM C. BURDETT, in feet an hour. Inhabitants of several surrounding charge of the office in Miami operated by the De¬ villages have fled from their homes. partment of State with the Office of the Coordinator On February 22 an Indian, ploughing his field, of Inter-American Affairs, for the purpose of ex¬ heard the first rumblings of the new volcano, and pediting the arrivals and departures of foreign gov¬ smoke came through the furrows. The details of ernment officials who have come to the United States this story are given by Mr. James A. Green in his on business connected with the prosecution of the article entitled “A Volvano Is Born,” which ap¬ war. Mr. Burdett planned to proceed to Welling¬ peared in the June 1943 issue. ton the end of July where he will assume his duties The story of this amazing phenomena is now as Minister. . . . being carried in other magazines and newspapers. . . . RAYMOND D. MUIR has been designated Act¬ The National Geographic Magazine has requested ing Ceremonial Officer of the Department. . . . permission from tbe JOURNAL to have Mr. Green . . . CHARLES E. BOHLEN has been designated an write a similar story for that magazine. The Bul¬ Assistant Chief of the Division of European Af¬ letin of the Pan American Union has used one of the fairs. . . . JOURNAL’S photographs, by Dr. Simonpietri, to il¬ . . . AUGUST DRIPPINGS: That an assignment to lustrate a story on the same subject in their Sep¬ Washington should be counted time and a half. . . . tember issue. ... It has been remarked that lately the Foreign Also, the JOURNAL had a telegram from the Walt Service Room has resembled the Union Station in Disney Studios in Los Angeles, ordering, quick Washington. In and out of the office on the morn¬ like a mouse, a copy of the story to be sent to them ing of August 3 came the following members of the by airmail. Are we going to see Mickey and his Foreign Service: plough being blown into the skies, or Donald play¬ ing fireman? It sounds interesting. RICHARD H. DAVIS—Chungking. JULE B. SMITH—Barcelona. Airplane Accident in Peru WILLIAM P. WRIGHT—Johannesburg. AUBREY LEE WELCH, JR.—San Jose. On June 23 a passenger airplane took off from the PAUL PADDOCK—Casablanca. Talara, Peru, airport. It had hardly gained altitude HOOKER A. DOOLITTLE—Tunis. before it caught fire. The pilot, realizing his ina¬ AUBREY HARWOOD, JR.—Port-au-Prince. bility to attempt to land among the oil tanks of W. PAUL O’NEILL, JR.—Tunis. Talara, nosed up into the sky. The climbing was CHARLES O’NEALL—Madrid. abruptly cut short by the loss of an engine which JAMES ORR DENBY—Pretoria. dropped from the burning airplane and whizzed to . . . CONSTANCE ALLING, daughter of Mr. and earth. Mrs. Paul Ailing, has had a job for the summer at MRS. CHARLES PAGE was on board, flying to the the information desk of the National Gallery of States to join her husband who has been assigned Art. She will enter Wellesley in the fall. . . . to the Division of Cultural Relations in the Depart¬ . . . JERREE LEE TALBOT SMITH, daughter of E. ment. Diplomatic courier LOWELL N. FRANCIS was also a passenger, bringing pouches to the Depart¬ TALBOT SMITH, Consul at Durban, is working in ment. the Office of Censorship in Washington. . . . The Talara airport had sighted the predicament . . . Retired Foreign Service Officer and Mrs. up above and cars were rushed out to attend the JOHN W. DYE are now living at No. 11 La Vereda passengers of the doomed airplane. Road, Montecito, Santa Barbara, California. “The The ingenious handling of the ship by the pilot mountains are two miles north of the front of the effected the crash landing in such a way that not house and the sea a quarter of a mile south. ’ . . . a passenger was hurt. . . . BILL LOREN, son of Consul ODIN G. LOREN This freak accident will go down in aviation an¬ at Nuevo Laredo, resigned from his sophomore class nals as one of the most fantastic and miraculous at Texas A. & M. and proceeded to Lake City, Flor¬ escapes ever experienced in passenger travel. ida, on August 10 to enter Naval Aviation. August

464 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 26 was his eighteenth birthday. He was the recipi¬ ent of one of the Association Scholarships for the year 1942-43. . . . New Education Committee At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the American Foreign Service Association on July 28 the following were appointed to constitute the new Education Committee: FRANK P. LOCKHART, Chairman, Foreign Service Officer, Class I, and Chief, Office of Philippine Af¬ fairs. BENJAMIN M. HULLEY, Member of previous com¬ mittee, Foreign Service Officer, Class V, now in the Visa Division. J. GRAHAM PARSONS, Foreign Service Officer, Class VII, now assigned to the Division of European Affairs. MRS. SELDEN CHAPIN, whose husband is a For¬ eign Service Officer of Class III, assigned to the Division of American Republics. MRS. BEPPO R. JOHANSEN, whose husband is a Foreign Service Officer of Class VII, assigned to the Division of Far Eastern Affairs.

Paid Up WALDO E. BAILEY left the Department in a rush, having obtained last minute transportation to his new post at Merida. He didn’t have time to pay off his bet, by personal delivery, to PERRY JESTER and so left the bottle of champagne in the Foreign Service Room to be delivered. Anti-climax: It was delivered intact. Charles F. Pratt, C.E.M., Destroyer Escort, U.S.N., son The bet: made in 1941 was whether WEB would of Mr. and Mrs. Carol Foster. With him is his wife in be on the promotion list at that time. PNJ bet he the Ninth Service Command Uniform for Civil Service would and WEB bet he wouldn’t. WEB was. He Employees at the Ft. MacArthur Chemical Laboratory, said that for the first time in his life he didn’t mind San Pedro, California. paying a debt, however slow he had been getting around to it! By the time this appears in print we imagine there will be no use in JOURNAL readers calling on List of Foreign Service Sons in the Armed Forces PNJ. Son of CONSUL GENERAL and MRS. RALPH C. BUS- She Didn’t Get the Job SER, Retired: . . . Her application read: “I am not among those Lt. John H. Busser, U.S.A., Signal Corps. who believe the coat-of-arms for a democracy should Son of CONSUL GENERAL and MRS. FRANK P. be ‘Two snails on a field of red tape.’ I should LOCKHART: appreciate it if this application could be rushed Lt. (j.g.) Frank P. Lockhart. Jr., U.S.N.R. through as other plans hinge upon it.” Son of CONSUL GENERAL and MRS. CAROL H. FOS¬ Journal Reprint TER: Charles Franklin Pratt, C.E.M., Destroyer Escort The TIMES OF CEYLON on June 23. reprinted Service, U.S.N. in its entirety, the article, “The Problem of Relief Abroad” by Herbert H. Lehman, which appeared Son of CONSUL and MRS. ODIN G. LOREN: in the May issue of the JOURNAL. William 0. Loren, Naval Aviation.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 465 Xew§ I rom the liehi 1 'y.v.v.v.v. ." I ■ ■ B ■ I V.V.V.VV.V%W.V.V.V|

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union oj South Africa FORD, RICHARD—Iran BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR —Honduras BERRY, BURTON Y.—Turkey. LICHTNER, E. ALLEN, JR.—Sweden BINGHAM, HIRAM, JR.—Argentina LORD, JOHN H.—Jamaica BREUER, CARL—Venezuela LYON, SCOTT—Portugal BUELL, ROBERT L.—India MCGREGOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru MEMMINGER, ROBERT B.—Uruguay CHILDS, J. RIVES—North Africa MILBOURNE, H. L.—St. Lucia CLARK, DUWAYNE G.—Paraguay MINTER, JOHN R.—Southern Australia Dow, EDWARD, JR.—Egypt MITCHELL, RECINALD P.— DREW, GERALD A.—Guatemala Haiti FISHER, DORSEY G.—Great Britain OCHELTRLE, JOHN B.—Greenland FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada PAGE, EDWARD, JR.—U.S.S.R. GATEWOOD, RICHARD D.—Trinidad PALMER, JOSEPH, 2ND—British East Africa GILCHRIST, JAMES M.—Nicaragua TAYLOR, LAURENCE W.—French Equatorial Africa, The GROTH, EDWARD M.—Union of South Africa Cameroons and Belgium Congo. HUDDLESTON, J. F.—Curacao and Aruba TRIOLO, JAMES S.—Colombia HURST, CARLTON—British Guiana TURNER, MASON—Western Australia KELSEY, EASTON T.—Eastern Canada WILLIAMS, ARTHUR R.—Panama

^WAW.V.V.V.’.W.V.V.V.V.V.’.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V,

SAN JOSE

EMBASSY STAFF AT SAN JOSE First row: (1, 3, 5 and 7) Colonel Andino, Ambassador Des Portes, First Secretary Reed and Colonel Smith. Back row: (Showing) Messrs. Desvernine, Cuffe, Tyler, Gooden, Hannah, Luedtke and Minnigerode (Hidden) Messrs. Watrous, Heck, MacLean and Gerberich.

466 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CALCUTTA SAUDI ARABIA July 9, 1943. On May 29 Mrs. Kenneth S. Patton, wife of the Consul General at Calcutta, arrived by air from Khartoum, after a fascinating but arduous trip from Buenos Aires to Capetown to Khartoum by steamer, rail and motor car. None the worse for the trip, she took up the difficult task of dealing with Cal¬ cutta servants, who have a hard time understanding what is legitimate squeeze, with runaway bazaar- prices and with the manifold problems presented by wartime in Bengal. During the first week in June the American colony held another of a series of charity baseball games, the most successful endeavors of their kind yet or¬ ganized at Calcutta. An American Negro team played a team composed of other Army players and the remnants of the civilian Calcutta Yankees, and won without much difficulty. The local inhabitants showed themselves interested and amused by this strange Yankee pastime, and especially by the negro umpire, a combination of Bill Robinson and Amos n’ Andy. Enough pice-ah were collected to net Rs.20,000/—for the Indian Red Cross. Consul Mac¬ donald, with characteristic altruism, missed the game because he was busy running the bar. During June news was received that Consul Rob¬ ert L. Buell will remain as Consul at Colombo, and that Kenneth Krentz will leave his post at Bombay and return to the United States. The appointment Photo Gary Owen of three officers to Calcutta was also announced. Minister Resident Janies S. Moose, Jr., at Jidda, pre¬ Vice Consul Alden M. Haupt, Philip H. Bagby and sents his credentials to H.R.H. The Emir Faisal, Vice¬ roy of the Hedjaz and Foreign Minister of Saudi Samuel J. Fletcher are all assigned for duty at the Arabia. Consulate General. Fulton Freeman passed through Calcutta en route to Chungking, where he will serve as 3rd Secretary. Vice Consul Duff took advantage of a month’s of Calcutta for members and their guests, many of local leave in June to visit Afghanistan and Kash¬ whom were from the Armed Forces. Speeches were mir, and returned recounting weird tales of treks made by the President of the Club, Mr. Raymond in Afghan busses with secret policemen, linguistic Farrell, by Mr. Patton and by the Chinese Consul forays into farsi and pushtu and the veiled mysteries General, Dr. C. J. Pao, who seems equally at home of the lands in the shadow of the Hindu Kush. with Americans or Indian Buddhists. The meeting was then turned over to Van Mitchell, former KDKA The American colony demonstrated its versatility announcer, now with the Army, who put on an ex¬ when two of its members addressed the Royal Asi¬ cellent show starring Teddy Weatherford, colored atic Society of Bengal on very specialized and eru¬ American pianist, from Bluefield, W. Va., who dite subjects. During June Lt. Rolfe Haatvedt, capped the climax with the Rhapsody in Blue. As U.S.N.R., U.S. Naval Liaison Officer, Calcutta, spoke the guests prepared to leave a local American was on The Excavations of the University of Michigan engaged in a little individual and impromptu rag¬ in Graeco-Roman Egypt, and Major C. S. Cutting, cutting and another was reciting over the mike The U.S. Military Observer, New Delhi, spoke on Tibet, Shooting of Dan McGrew ... a real old-fashioned a subject on which he is one of the world’s leading- Fourth of July! authorities. WILLIAM DUFF. Independence Day was the occasion for a large and spirited luncheon given by the American Club (Continued on page 481)

SEPTEMBER, 1943 467 PROMOTIONS

August 6, 1943 Fayette J. Flexer, of Illinois. The following recess advancements in class in Raleigh A. Gibson, of Illinois. the Foreign Service effective July 16, 1943, were Julian F. Harrington, of Massachusetts. approved by the President today: Frank A. Henry, of Delaware. Karl de G. MacVitty, of Tennessee. FROM FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS II Thomas McEnelly, of New York. TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS I: John R. Minter, of South Carolina. Maynard B. Barnes, of Iowa. John J. Muccio, of Rhode Island. William P. Blocker, of Texas. Earl L. Packer, of Utah. Richard P. Butrick, of New York. Austin R. Preston, of New York. Felix Cole, of the District of Columbia. Benjamin R. Riggs, of Pennsylvania. Frederick P. Hibbard, of Texas. Joseph C. Satterthwaite, of Michigan. Robert F. Kelley, of Massachusetts. James T. Scott, of Georgia. Joseph F. McGurk, of New Jersey. Samuel Sokobin, of New Jersey. Edward L. Reed, of Pennsylvania. George Tait, of Virginia. H. Earle Russell, of Michigan. Marshall M. Vance, of Ohio. Rudolf E. Schoenfeld, of the District of Columbia. Jesse F. Van Wickel, of New York. Harold H. Tittman, Jr., of Missouri. FROM FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS V Orme Wilson, of New York. TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS IV: FROM FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS III Charles E. Bohlen, of Massachusetts. TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS II: Russell M. Brooks, of Oregon. Ellis 0. Briggs, of Maine. John H. Bruins, of New York. Parker W. Buhrman, of Virginia. John M. Cabot, of Massachusetts. Herbert S. Bursley, of the District of Columbia. A. Bland Calder, of New York. William E. De Courcy, of Texas. Leo J. Callahan, of Massachusetts. Dudley G. Dwyre, of Colorado. Archie W. Childs, of Ohio. Walter A. Foote, of Texas. Walton C. Ferris, of Wisconsin. Waldemar J. Gallman, of New York. George Gregg Fuller, of California. George D. Hopper, of Kentucky. William P. George, of Alabama. Charles A. Livengood, of Washington. Franklin C. Gowen, of Pennsylvania. Sydney B. Redecker, of New York. Robert Y. Jarvis, of California. Laurence E. Salisbury, of Illinois. Edward B. Lawson, of the District of Columbia. Harold Shantz, of New York. Edward P. Lawton, of Georgia. Ashley B. Sowell, of Tennessee. John J. Meily, of Pennsylvania. Edwin F. Stanton, of California. Harold M. Randall, of Iowa. Christian T. Steger, of Virginia. James W. Riddleberger, of Virginia. Howard K. Travers, of New York. William W. Schott, of Kansas. Fletcher Warren, of Texas. Edward J. Sparks, of New York. Maurice L. Stafford, of California. FROM FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICE OF CLASS IV Alan N. Steyne, of New York. TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS III: Harry L. Troutman, of Georgia. Wainwright Abbott, of Pennsylvania. Frederick van den Arend, of North Carolina. Charles A. Bay, of Minnesota. James R. Wilkinson, of Wisconsin. Hiram A. Boucher, of Minnesota. Frances E. Willis, of California. Clarence C. Brooks, of NewT Jersey. George H. Butler, of Illinois. FROM FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS VI Harry E. Carlson, of Illinois. TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER OF CLASS V: Owen L. Dawson, of Illinois. Ware Adams, of Georgia. Samuel H. Day, of California. Burton Y. Berry, of Indiana. Hooker A. Doolittle, of New York. (Continued on page 470)

468 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Clernence Jandrey snapped this picture on the Jandrey s balcony in Melbourne. Left to right: Lansing Collins, Paul Paddock, Fred Jandrey, and Chuck Hutchinson.

Group of officials at the Saluting Base on the oc¬ casion of a Military Parade held June 2, 1943, at Georgetoivn, British Guinia, to celebrate the Kings Birthday. From left to right: Captain D. G. Montgomery, Veterans Guard of Canada: Lieut. Commander W . E. Gaillard, U.S.N.; Lieut. John A. Mongan, V. S. Naval Observer; Vice Consul Robert C. Bates: Consul Carlton Murst; the Hon. the Colonial Treasurer, E. F. McDavid; the Hon. the Attorney General, E. 0. Prehtroe; the Hon. H. C. Hum¬ phreys, K.C.; the Hon. the Colonial Secretary, G. D. Owen; His Honor the Chief Justice, Sir John Verity; Mr. E. A. Boyce, Director of Public Works.

The Washington Diplomats' softball team from the Rio Embassy which met and defeated the Rio Colonials, representing the American Colony of Rio de Janeiro, on the 3rd of July at the annual Fourth of July celebration of the Rio-American Colony held at the Gavea Country Club. Final score: 11-1. Kneeling (left to right): Fred Wag¬ ner, cf; Frank Shull, sf; Jack Simmons, ss: Har¬ vey Wellman, p; Al LaFreniere, 3b; standing (left to right) Jack O'Connor, If; Ed Coleman, 2b; Ivan White, rf; Al Henney, lb; Dick Suth¬ erland, c. Substitutes not in picture: Bill Ger- mon, sf; Tony Cardozo, 2b: Bud Hall, If; and Ted Weber, cf.

John H. E. Ale Andrews, Vice Consul at Nassau, entertained 200 guests at a chicken roast for the American officers and troops, at which His Royal Highness, the Duke and Duchess of W indsor, were present. In the center of the picture may be seen-, left to right, the Duchess of Windsor and Mr. McAndrews, the Duke of Windsor and Miss McAndrews, who acted as hostess for her brother. Lee R. Blohm, of Arizona. J. Graham Parson, of New York. Daniel M. Braddock, of Michigan. Marselis C. Parson, Jr., of New York. James C. H. Bonbright, of New York. John C. Pool, of Delaware. James E. Brown, Jr., of Pennsylvania. George F. Scherer, of New York. Homer M. Byington, Jr., of Connecticut. William P. Snow, of Maine. Everett F. Drumright, of Oklahoma. Carl W. Strom, of Iowa. Elbridge Durbrow, of California. Earle C. Taylor, of Pennsylvania. Peter H. A. Flood, of New Hampshire. T. Eliot Weil, of New York. Richard B. Haven, of Illinois. Ivan B. White, of Oregon. Charles H. Heisler, of Delaware. Arthur R. Williams, of Colorado. Herve J. L’Heureux, of New Hampshire. FROM UNCLASSIFIED (A) TO CLASS VIII: John H. Madonne, of Texas. Eric W. Magnuson, of Illinois. William Belton, of Oregon. Horatio T. Mooers, of Maine. Lampton Berry, of Mississippi. James K. Penfield, of California. William 0. Boswell, of Pennsylvania. Edwin Schoenrich, of Maryland. Charles R. Burrows, of Ohio. Horace H. Smith, of Ohio. Robert T. Cowan, of Texas. Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., of Colorado. Leon L. Cowles, of Utah. Edward T. Wailes, of New York. H. Francis Cunningham, Jr., of Nebraska. Carlos J. Warner, of Ohio. Philip M. Davenport, of Maryland. Thomas C. Wasson, of New Jersey. Richard H. Davis, of New York. Arthur Emmons, 3d, of Massachusetts. FROM CLASS VII TO CLASS VI: Vernon L. Fluharty, of Ohio. Theodore C. Achilles, of District of Columbia. Fulton Freeman, of California. Garrett G. Ackerson, Jr., of New Jersey. A. David Fritzlan, of Kentucky. Roy E. B. Bower, of California. Ralph C. Getsinger, of Michigan. Montgomery H. Colladay, of Connecticut. John Goodyear, of New York. John Davies, Jr., of Ohio. Robert Grinnell. of New York. William S. Farrell, of New York. Theodore J. Hadraba, of Nebraska. Heyward G. Hill, of Louisiana. Robert F. Hale, of Oregon. J. Winsor Ives, of Illinois. Parker T. Hart, of Massachusetts. Robert G. McGregor, of New York. Franklin Hawley, of Michigan. Edward Page, Jr., of Massachusetts. Martin J. Hillenbrand, of Illinois. John E. Horner, of Colorado. George W. Renchard, of Michigan. Henry E. Stebbins, of Massachusetts. Outerbridge Horsey, of New York. Francis B. Steveps, of New York. Hungerford B. Howard, of California. Laurence W. Taylor, of California. Randolph A. Kidder, of Massachusetts. Robert F. Woodward, of Minnesota. William L. Krieg, of Ohio. James H. Wright, of Missouri. Carl F. Norden, of New York. Lloyd D. Yates, of District of Columbia, R. Kenneth OaklejL of Arkansas; Robert W. Rinden, of Iowa. FROM CLASS VIII to CLASS VII: G. Lybrook West, Jr., of California. Hector C. Adams, Jr., of New York. Advancements in the unclassified grades: William K. Ailshie, of Idaho. FROM UNCLASSIFIED (BI TO UNCLASSIFIED (A): E. Tomlin Bailey, of New Jersey. Russell W. Benton, of New York. Charles W. Adair, Jr., of Ohio. Roswell C. Beverstock, of California. H. Gardner Ainsworth, of Louisiana. Glen W. Bruner, of Colorado. Stewart G. Anderson, of Illinois. Richard W. Byrd, of Virginia. Donald B. Calder, of New York. Glion Curtis, Jr., of Missouri. Leonard J. Cromie, of Connecticut. Andrew B. Foster, of Pennsylvania. W. William Duff, of Pennsylvania. Irven M. Eitreim, of South Dakota. !*. Owen W. Gaines, of Georgia. Norris S. Haselton, of New Jersey. C. Vaughan Ferguson, Jr., of New York. Douglas MacArthur, 2d, of District of Columbia: Lewis E. Gleeck, Jr., of Iillinois. Elbert G. Mathews, of California. Richard E. Gnade, of Pennsylvania. Donal F. McGonigal. of New York. (Continued on page 498) X. 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■ W.' . A\ EXPRESSION OF FAITH

RECENTLY Goodyear dedicated a new momentum with the peace to come. home for its bold and manifold research activities, now concentrated on war products. For Goodyear’s growth has stemmed not from the accumulation of properties or from Gathered here, in vast array, are the most finance — but from fertility of the mind and the serviceability of the products which this modern instruments of scientific discovery — fertility brought forth. not only in the fields of natural rubber, syn¬ From the beginning Goodyear has stead¬ thetic rubber and its fastly stressed research to advance the use¬ kindred plastics — but fulness and value of its products. in fields also ranging even to aerodynamics It was this con¬ and metallurgy. stant quest for im¬ provement which, More than a million in the early days, dollars went into this building and its equip¬ originated the ment. It is, we believe, the finest laboratory first straight-side for its purpose in the world. lire.

But it is not the completion of the structure It brought forth the first pneumatic tire for which we emphasize here. trucks and farm tractors — the first low pres¬ sure tire for airplanes. It is rather the beginning of a new advance — an advance already launched by the limit¬ It brought cotton, rayon and nylon cord tires less demands of war, which will surelv gain to their high perfection.

472 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL We cannot predict what this laboratory will bring forth in future.

But in the realm of possibilities — front the developments spurred by war — is such a range of products as nailable glass, wafer- thin insulating materials, hundred-mile con¬ veyor belt systems, non-freezable plastic water pipes, metal-wood laminations for car and airplane bod¬ ies, mildewproof , If&r tents and awnings, static-free radio, m all-welded airplane fabrication, crash¬ proof airplane fuel tanks, and many AMERICA like wonders on which we are now at work.

Induced Pliofilm and Airfoam, twin ad- These will dictate in significant measure “the |es in packaging and cushioning. shape of things to come,” forecasting the full¬ Jveloped the never-equaled Compass ness of life which is ours to conceive and lion belt. realize when peace returns. srfected bullet-puncture-sealing fuel So what we have dedicated is not a building, t for airplanes. but the talents which this building is built bought America’s first all-synthetic tire, to serve. luced by Goodyear in 1937. It is our aim to make it forever true of Goodyear, as of life in America, for 28 years now, it has won that “the best is yet to come.” liar tribute, expressed in the that, the world over, more "GOOD NEIGHBORS"—ALL! le ride on Goodyear tires than All the Americas need to conserve rubber and other vital materials now. Careful pv other make. O f V drivers make “Good Neighbors.” IOOD/YEAR IHE GREATEST NAME IN RUBBER

SEPTEMBER. 1943 473 The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

U. S. FOREIGN POLICY: Shield oj the Republic, being impressed by his thesis that the nation’s for¬ by Walter Lippmann. Little, Brown & Com¬ eign commitments and the nation’s power must pany, 1943. 177 pp. $1.50. be brought into balance, with a comfortable sur¬ In a foreword to his sharp critique of American plus of power in reserve. He describes the pro¬ foreign policy, Walter Lippmann heaps ashes upon gressive extension of those commitments within our his head and publicly confesses shame for having continental limits, in South America, China, Alaska, ever been associated with the opponents of mili¬ the Philippines, and the islands of the Pacific. In tarism or those who thought that Europe was no concise and compelling language he proves that concern of ours. He berates himself for being too having entered upon such commitments, having “weakminded” to take a stand against the “exor¬ asserted our rights and proclaimed our ideals, we bitant folly” of the Washington Disarmament Con¬ have nevertheless refused to entertain the realities ference, and he calls upon all to witness how great of defending them by armaments, strategy and mili¬ has been the gap between his own insight and his tary alliances. Up to the war with Spain, Monroe’s own hindsight. He takes himself to task for hav¬ doctrine and his informal concert of power with ing no interest in foregn affairs until August 2, Great Britain had made it unnecessary for the 1914, and then only learning their importance with American people to have much of a foreign policy; “misgiving and reluctance.” but our emergence as an imperialist nation and the While one may applaud the courage and the can¬ challenge of a German navy after 1900 resulted in dor of these twinges of conscience, Mr. Lippmann that division of opinion and consequent bankruptcy should take comfort from the fact that millions of in American foreign relations which threatens the other Americans were just as dense about the sig¬ very foundations of the country today. nificance of Germany’s march to power and the Mr. Lippmann minces no words in accusing his relation of events abroad to the American way of countrymen of failure to develop a foreign policy life. Not all of them, as Mr. Lippmann points out during the last 40 years. The State Department, in his own case, had no excuse for not knowing miraculously, escapes censure. The fault for our better. But there is no doubt that in the era pre¬ “unbelievably reckless conduct” in disarming our¬ ceding the present World War, thinking Americans selves in the Pacific while opposing the expansion in general gave their wholehearted approval to of Japan lies in the “monstruous imprudence” of those “mirages” which Mr. Lippmann labels re¬ the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. “A more spectively “peace,” “disarmament,” “no entangling perfect example of total incompetence in guiding alliances” and “collective security.” the foreign relations of a people,” he charges, It will not take the reader long to gather that Mr. “would be hard to find.” Lippmann has been thoroughly converted from such No one can refute Mr. Lippmann’s affirmation heresies, and that he is looking at the problem of that what the U. S. needs is a good, workable, fool¬ our foreign policy from the standpoint of the mili¬ proof foreign policy, on which the American peo¬ tarist, the strategist, the professional student of the ple can fully and enthusiastically agree. Few will “power of politics” I as distinguished from the ugly- dispute the fact that the spectacle of a nation di¬ sounding power politics ). “The elementary means vided against itself on this vital subject is both by which all foreign policy must be conducted,” he humiliating and dangerous. But how to bring about asserts, “are the armed forces of the nation, the ar¬ this desirable unanimity in a country as diverse in rangement of its strategic position, and the choice its views and as fervently committed to the “mir¬ of its alliances.” These are the words of a Clause- age” of “peace” as the United States of America witz, not of the Woodrow Wilson for whom Mr. is not disclosed in Mr. Lippmann’s short volume. Lippmann worked on the terms of peace after Mr. Lippmann calls for more leadership in the World War I. Even to think that peace is the su¬ formulation of a sound American foreign policy. preme national ideal is, according to Mr. Lipp- He implies that a Gallup poll is not enough on mann’s logic, a grave error. American idealogv is which this democracy can base the conduct of its debunked by “the fact . . . that the principal powers foreign relations, that if the proper constructive form a system in which they must all be at peace or policies are evolved by our statesmen they can be all at war.” It is therefore nothing but an illusion sold in due course to the nation. Perhaps this in that the United States ever has been or ever will be turn can only be brought about by removing for¬ able to stay out of any great war involving the order eign affairs from the realm of domestic politics and of power in the oceans surrounding the Americas. changes of administration, a point on which Mr. Mr. Lippmann writes so smoothly and lucidly and Lippmann has neglected to touch. arrays his facts so plausibly that one cannot help Mr. Lippmann’s handbook should do much to

474 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL educate the public in the intricacies of world poli¬ easy to go forward with her into further adventures tics. But so controversial is the subject that instead —to the wilds of northern Luzon where live the of unifying the nation it may even add fuel to the mountain tribes and head hunters; and then more flames of dissension between the so-called isolation¬ intimately into the social and official life of that ists and the internationalists. We as a people have cosmopolitan whirlpool—Manila. never argued so much as we have in the last few This is not a book of facts and figures; neverthe¬ years about foreign policy. While we are agreed less there is a convincing portrayal of events and that such a war as this must “never happen again,” actors who played their parts on the eve of blitz¬ we are still far from agreeing on the extent of our krieg in the Far East. One sees clearly through the responsibility in preventing it. discerning eyes of the author, the Japs explaining For anyone remotely interested in the matter, the the China incident,” the Filipinos putting child¬ arguments set forth by Mr. Lippmann are provoca¬ like trust in Uncle Sam’s protection, the increasing tive and required reading. For instance, he believes tension as rapid events cast ominous shadows ahead that out of the present struggle there must come a and finally the numbing climax—bombs falling on “nuclear alliance” of the powerful military states— the Philippines four hours after Pearl Harbor° the United States, Great Britain, Russia and eventu¬ The greater portion of the book deals with the ally China—around which a wider association of tragic events which befell the Philippines after De¬ nations can group itself. More no doubt will be cember 7th. Watching all from that focal point. heard of this theory. But one looks in vain for any Manila, upon which the Japs rapidly converged, suggestion that peace can be preserved by means and seeing the enemy gain complete control of the other than might, that skillful diplomacy can still air within less than three days and bomb the islands play a part in averting wars. There is no thought at will, the author tells of the withdrawal of our whatever of the social changes in the world which forces into the peninsula of Bataan. Seeing the might prevent the rise of another Hitler, no prob¬ doom of Manila and so declaring it an open city'. ing of the psychological causes which create aggres¬ General MacArthur made the decision to evacuate sor nations, no reference to the Four Freedoms or his headquarters to the island fortress in Manila to the lifting of the standard of living of the com¬ Bay, and the heads of the American and Common¬ mon man as steps toward the goal of ultimate wealth Governments accompanied him, taking along peace. Those are dangerous omissions unless we a nucleus of their staff. Here on Christmas Eve are to resign ourselves to a destiny' of unadulterated were gathered together in the tunnels of Corregi¬ militarism. dor, a strange assortment of people, thrown into To those who, despite the body blow of Pearl intimate proximity and facing prolonged siege with Harbor, still adhere to the concept that the nations an almost hopeless end. Here there were no gaudy of the world must learn to live not by the sword trapping for the actors who played the lead; they hut through mutual understanding, it will seem that took their parts and played them with whatever while Mr. Lippmann has succeeded in demonstrat¬ they had at hand of character and spirit. From ing the need of a foreign policy which would safe¬ doughboy to general, nurse to President’s wife, the guard our future, he has made a disappointingly reader learns to evaluate them through the keen eye small contribution to the art of statesmanship. and never-failing humor of the author. There is a dramatic account of the salvaging of HENRY S. VILLARD. over five tons of American gold and the final escape from Corregidor by submarine. The story reaches / WAS ON CORREGIDOR. by Amea Willoughby. a climax in the under sea passage to Australia, a Harper and Brothers, 1943. 249 pages. $2.50. torturous two weeks travelling below the surface, “I Was On Corregidor,” by Amea Willoughby, dodging ships locked in the tough battle of the is a vivid and personal account of the life of an Java Sea. American woman, who accompanied her husband The book ends with the joy of war weary travel¬ to the Philippines in the peaceful days of 1939. lers returned to an America they had not expected As the wife of an official on the executive staff of to see again. There is a poignant epilogue—the the U. S. High Commissioner she remained to see words of a young American written April 11th, two that peace shattered by' Japanese invasion. davs after the fall of Bataan. The early chapters of the book serve as the in¬ If one wants to feel the heart throb of those tragic teresting backdrop for the tragedy to be enacted davs, to sense the dogged determination hidden later. With fresh humor and kindly wit the author under the soldier’s joking mask, the resolute spirit relates her experiences in pre-war Manila finding behind the nurse’s tired smile, read this very human a house and servants and keeping them on an even tale of the Epic of the Philippines. It is a very keel in spite of typhoons, Tagalog and tribulations. promising first book and one looks forward to One is absorbingly amused, and so completely won further achievement from the same pen. by the author’s personality that it is delightfully ELIZABETH SAYRE.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 475 LETTER TO THE EDITORS Virginia House. Richmond, Va., July 23, 1943. To the Editors of The American Foreign Service Journal, Washington, D. C. SIRS: The news of the passing of Arthur Carrels will provoke a feeling of regret among all who knew him, while to those admitted to the intimacy of his friendship the loss is a very real one. My friendship with him extended over more than thirty years, arising in a correspondence begun when I succeed¬ ed him as Consul at that remote, exotic, opera bouffe, city and isle, Zanzibar,—and was further cemented when 1 again took over from him at Ca¬ tania in Sicily. Entering the Service in 1908 his career thereafter was steadily upward, each new post representing an increase in importance and responsibility. In addition to serving as an inspector he held the key posts of Alexandria, Athens, Melbourne, and Tokyo. From the latter Consulate General he retired in 1938 This trade-mark under the age-limit law. His love for the Service was a primary passion of his life. I think nothing is a symbol of came ahead of it. And to this was linked a loyalty to the Department of State which was the logical outpouring of a nature rich in fidelity, friendship quality petroleum and affection. Arthur was 35 years old when he entered the products. There is Service, and so these remarks would be incomplete without passing reference to his earlier years. He was born in St. Louis in 1875 of English and Ger¬ a Texaco Product man stock, the latter element flowing from those freedom-hungry folk who came to the United States for every purpose. during and following the upheavals in Central Eu¬ rope in 1848, and who have given so liberally to our country in culture and blood and treasure. From this heritage doubtless came Arthur’s passion for order, his sense of discipline for himself and The Texas Company others, his feeling for the dramatic, his tendency to throw' a mantle of romance over simple happen¬ ings. The Garrels household was a bi-lingual and Manufacturers of a cultured one, so that Arthur’s knowledge of Eng¬ lish went hand in hand with his studies of the tongue TEXACO of Goethe. As a story teller Arthur had few equals, while Petroleum Products his gift of mimicry, his wonderful memory, and lively imagination,—qualities manifest in his school days at the old Smith Academy in St. Louis (where, by the way, our American Winston Churchill was a classmate), made it almost inevitable that he should feel the lure of that make-believe land, The Stage. And so,—but preceded and followed by various

476 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL types of employment, demonstrating capacity in all. allied to an entire indifference to mere material suc¬ cess,—he became an actor and experienced “the thrill that comes once in a lifetime,” of returning to his native city as le jeune premier in a melodrama and “stealing the show.” An added gift of Arthur’s which he took into his happy married life was a knowledge of cooking. He was of the Tribe of Brillat-Savarin. How he learnt all he knew of this esoteric art I could never divine; and it was a privilege to see him under his own roof busy in the preparation of some favorite dish. So much for the outer Arthur that the world saw. Those honored by his friendship knew that this amity once given would remain; that he also pos¬ sessed qualities of tenacious loyalty, fidelity, and spontaneous kindness, that nothing could weaken. Clippers have His generosity was proverbial, and his imprudent open-handedness was something for which I often brought Air Travel reproached him. Following his death his remains were cremated on a Global Scale and the ashes laid away to await the close of hostil¬ ities, when, in accordance with his last wishes, they THE PART which air transport will play in will be consigned to the sea. the vast post-war adjustments and devel- A gallant gentleman! R.I.P. npments is, of course, obvious to everyone. Inexpensive, fast passenger and freight ALEXANDER W. WEDDELL. carrying—with air travel on a global scale available to all—will be one of the most im¬ portant single factors of the future. Pan American has an experience record based on over 165 million miles of overseas flight. Nothing like the fund of scientific fact THE ALASKA HIGHWAY built up by this pioneering exists anywhere else in the world today. All of it—and also our (Continued from page 452) carrying services and trained personnel—have been placed at the disposal of the state and In connection with the Alaska Highway and allied military services of the United States Govern¬ projects, it is important that such rapid progress ment, for the duration. has been made and that after only one year this vast Pan American World Airways System achievement is already of real and great value for the defense of Alaska and for what must soon be¬ come our great offensive campaign against Japan. Another thing of very great importance is the fact that, in pushing forward this great work, American soldiers, officials, contractors and workmen have “invaded” this part of Canada by some tens of thousands and have lived and worked here for a year in the midst of thousands of local Canadians and that this very important year has ended not only with the great engineering accomplishments already described but also with local Canadians and Americans not only still the best of friends but also actually better friends than ever before, because they have got really to know and to like each other, a matter of vital importance in our future Canadian- American relations and in the post-war world. PAN AMERICAN CUPPERS

SEPTEMBER. 1943 477 Sarah Hitchcock, David R. Thompson, Meredith Elizabeth Mofiitt, Association Scholarship winner. also an Association scholarship Foreign Service Journal scholar¬ winner. ship winner.

Association and Journal Scholarships

The Executive Committee of the Foreign Service The other Association scholarship has been Association and the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL awarded David R. Thomson, son of the late Alfred have awarded the annual scholarships for the scho¬ R. Thomson, Foreign Service Officer, retired. He lastic year 1943-44. The Association Scholarships, graduated as valedictorian of his class of 1942 at of $200 each, are awarded each year to children of The Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. active members of the Association, or who at the During the past year he has taken a post-graduate time of their deaths were active members, to be used course at the same school. During this past year for expenses in connection with a regular undergrad¬ at The Peddie School his lowest grade was 96. uate course of a college or university in the United David Thomson was the winner of the FOREIGN States. The JOURNAL Scholarship of $300 is intend¬ SERVICE JOURNAL Scholarship for the scholastic ed primarily for students attending the regular year 1941-42. In the tw'o previous years he aver¬ course in preparatory schools in the United States, aged 97 and 96 per cent, having in 1939-40 estab¬ preference being given those entering the final year lished the highest average in the history of the of such schools, and the scholarship is open to the Peddie school. He is attending Princeton Univer¬ children of members of the American Foreign Serv¬ sity and will study for the Foreign Service. ice who are also members of the Foreign Service Association or subscribers to the FOREIGN SERVICE The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL scholarship has JOURNAL, or to children of persons who at the time been awarded to Meredith Elizabeth Mofiitt, daugh¬ of their death came within the above categories. ter of James P. Mofiitt, Consul at Caracas. She One of the Association scholarships for 1943-44 attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Torres- has been awarded to Sarah Hitchcock, daughter of dale, Philadelphia, during the past year, which w'as the late Foreign Service Officer Henry Booth Hitch¬ her first year of schooling in the United States, cock. She graduated with excellent grades from having been in schools abroad. She showed an the Boonton, New Jersey, High School and plans exceptional adjustment to American methods of edu¬ to enter Smith College in the fall. Her extra¬ cation and, according to the Mistress General of curricular activities at high school included art the Sacred Heart, “for a girl sixteen years of age, editorship of the school paper, the art staff of the has a remarkable understanding of and sympathy Tear Book, Secretary of her Junior and Senior for foreign peoples. This is, in itself, an educa¬ classes, member of the Service, Art and French tion.” She plans to take her final year of high-school Clubs, and a member of the National Honor Society. work at the Academy of the Sacred Heart.

478 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL F.O.B. okYo

Cargoes of destruction for Tojo, delivered by Brewster dive bombers with Curtiss Electric Propellers, “will make the strong arm of the Navy felt at new long ranges. Thus will our two-ocean fleet extend its strength far beyond its doubled tonnage.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 479 With men who know tobacco best

480 THE AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL NEWS FROM THE FIELD Secretaries of the Embassy to the Allied Govern¬ ments in London. Another guest was Mr. Hugh (Continued from page 467) Cumming, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Division of LONDON European Affairs, who has been a welcome visitor to London on official business. July, 1943. Ambassador Winant was host at a dinner, held As the “Daily Telegraph” stated, the day after at the Dorchester Hotel, in honor of Mr. Neal the dinner: Borum, Attache of the Embassy, upon his comple¬ “Mr. Winant, in congratulating Mr. Borum on tion of twenty-five years of service in this office. his jubilee and presenting him on behalf of his This means that Mr. Borum has devoted half his colleagues with a Georgian silver tray, remarked life to date to the London Embassy, since he first that 25 years’ residence in London had left his joined the staff at the age of 25, when Mr. Walter Southern accent unimpaired. Small and well Hines Page was Ambassador to the Court of St. groomed, Mr. Borum knows the answers to all James’s. He received messages of congratulation the questions of diplomatic procedure and eti¬ from many of the officers, now at posts in all parts quette. The knottiest he will probably be able of the world, who have served with him here—in¬ to solve in the time it takes him to smoke two cluding a cablegram from Mr. Ray Atherton, who cigars. And these, as he says, he smokes all day spent ten years as Counselor in London. Ambassa¬ anyhow.” dor Winant’s dinner was probably attended by as The American and British staffs of the Embassy many Foreign Service officers as have ever been and its numerous wartime missions—the Lend- gathered together at one post, other than in the Lease (“Harriman”) Mission, the London branches Department or at regional consular and diplomatic of the Office of War Information, the Office of Stra¬ conferences. They included the Minister-Counselor, tegic Services, the Office of Scientific Research and the two First Secretaries, fifteen of the Second Sec¬ Development, the Federal Communications Com¬ retaries, the six Third Secretaries, and the Commer¬ mission, the War Shipping Administration and the cial and Assistant Agricultural Attaches of the Em¬ Bureau of the Budget—gave a dance in June for the bassy to Great Britain, and the First and Third benefit of funds for work among Allied prisoners

CANADA

The arrival of the Honorable Ray Ath¬ erton recently ap¬ pointed Minister to Canada, and Mrs. Atherton, at Montre¬ al where they were greeted by Lewis Clark, Charge d’Af- faires at Ottawa, and Homer M. Byington, Consul General at Montreal. Left to right: Mr. Byington, Mrs. Ath¬ erton, Mr. Atherton and Mr. Clark. Pho¬ to Canadian National Railways.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 481 of war. The dance was also attended by many offi¬ cers and men from American Army and Navy head¬ quarters and our bomber and fighter commands. The music was furnished by a U. S. Army band, and the jitterbugging showed the rapidity with which English girls have mastered the latest steps imported from New York, Chicago or Los Angeles. The “Manchester Guardian” describes as follows the American Week held in the town of Salford, a suburb of Manchester: “The program of the Salford schools’ American Week, the first event of its kind to be organized in this country, will have the cooperation of many Americans, including U.S.A. forces per¬ sonnel, who will be visiting all the schools to give informal talks, helping in special displays, enter¬ tainments, and sports, and—through the medium of letters which have been passing between Sal¬ ford and American Schools—American children will play their part in the proceedings. For these features of the week the city owes a debt of gratitude to the American Consul in Manches¬ ter. Mr. G. A. Armstrong, which has already been expressed to him by the Salford Head Teach¬ ers’ Association and the director of education.” DORSEY G. FISHER.

Portrait of a Martinique Belle. Photographed for the National Geographic by Edwin L. Wisherd. TRINIDAD July 23, 1943. Sympathizing with the frustration induced in YOU ARE EQUIPPED those JOURNAL correspondents stationed in “strictly censored” areas such as this and Asmara, I hasten to portray geography to take up the challenge offered by my colleague in inarticulacy, E. Talbot Smith. In the July issue of the JOURNAL, he wonders if any office can match "0 you have in mind a travel article you his record of having “worked so hard for so little'’ would like to write, especially about places in the to show for it in fees collected during six months. world news? Millions of readers of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE are interested in the Well, this office recorded 1,254 services in its sched¬ timely geographic facts of today’s tremendous ule of fees for the month of January 1943 alone: developments. Personal accounts of travel ob¬ 1,034 of these were “no fee.” servations, accompanied by human-interest photo¬ I am sure many another office in British territory graphs are used by The Magazine in its vital these days can beat that score for a one-month pe¬ educational work. With your exnerience as a riod. Obviously, this condition of concentrated ef¬ Foreign Service Officer, you could render im- porlant help in this endeavor. Liberal povment fort for no return is not usual (bargain passports is made for all manuscripts and photographs ac¬ at $9.99 draw the crowds easily, whenever offered I, cepted. Before preparing an article, send us a but the month of May came rather close to the above brief outline for editorial consideration. record and July is not too far behind even now. Visitors—august, plenipotentiary, and just plain The National Geographic Magazine personal—are fewer than during the beginning of Gilbert Grosrenor, Litt.D., LL.DEditor the year, but the coming of autumn up north will

WASHINGTON 6. D. C. probably change that again. As to who they have been, much less who they are: Sh-h-h R. D. GATEWOOD.

482 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MANAGUA LIMA July 8, 1943. July 13, 1943. Several members of the Embassy staff in Lima The Fourth of July was celebrated with particular have appeared in public performances on behalf of enthusiasm in Managua this year. Nicaragua’s un¬ patriotic or cultural activities during the past year. usually close association with the United States is John K. Emmerson has given excellent piano re¬ exemplified by the fact that our National Holiday citals on several occasions and has also given his is also a legal holiday in Nicaragua and is celebrated inimitable musical interpretations w'hich many offi¬ with firecrackers and general festivities by Nicara¬ cers formerly in the Far East have enjoyed. guans as well as by the Americans living in these Mr. C. J. Claw'son directed two successful Amer- parts. ican-British war benefit cabaret floor shows, - in The first event of the day was a parade and drill which other members of the Embassy staff took held in the street, in front of the Chancery in honor a major part. of Ambassador Stewart by the Volunteer Fire De¬ RICHARD F. BOYCE. partment. After appropriate speeches by the Chief of the Fire Department and the Ambassador and an inspection of the Department’s personnel and equip¬ IN MEMORIAM ment by the Ambassador, the Chief blew his whistle FISH. Minister Bert Fish died at his post in Lis¬ and things began to happen. Hoses were coupled bon on July 21. up, ladders were raised, and water spurted in all The Secretary of State has sent the following directions. The members of the Embassy staff had telegram to Mr. Ben Fish in connection wdth the a grandstand view' of the show from the second story death of his brother the Honorable Bert Fish, Amer¬ balcony of the Chancery, and they alone, of all the ican Minister at Lisbon: on-lookers and firemen, were the only ones present who were not drenched when the show was over. “July 21, 1943. At noon the Ambassador held a formal reception "Mr. Ben Fish. at the Embassy residence at Las Piedrecitas, w’hich “Deland. Florida. W'as attended by President Somoza and his Cabinet “The sad news of the death of your brother at his and the members of the Diplomatic Corps. An in¬ post of duty in Lisbon has just been conveyed to novation of the reception was that whites were the me and I hasten to extend to you my heartfelt sym¬ prescribed uniform of the day, rather than the cus¬ pathy in this great loss. Your brother has been an tomary morning coat and top hat. Members of the outstanding lawyer in the State of Florida and a Embassy fervently hope that a lasting precedent has leader in public life and civic affairs. He had de¬ been established. voted the last years of his life to a career of dis¬ tinction in the diplomatic service of his country'. In the afternoon, the Ambassador was at home to the American colony and his Nicaraguan friends. We are sensible to the loss of a charitable and loyal friend and of a strong and public-spirited citizen Instead of the usual tea and cakes and highballs, of rare qualities whose place in the very important the Ambassador served a real old-fashioned barbe¬ diplomatic post of Lisbon w'e shall find it hard to cue, and how they went for it! Terry Sanders, hav¬ fill.” ing been advised that two steers had been over the • - a a fire for the past twenty-four hours, was more than BEVERSTOCK. Charles Beverstock died on March a little perturbed upon arriving at the Embassy not 11 at Newberry, California. Mr. Beverstock is the to find the only two oxen listed on Foreign Service inventory cards at the gate to greet him. His fears, father of Vice Consul Rosell C. Beverstock, Vice Consul at Caracas. however, proved to be unfounded. Unfortunately noses were not counted as the ar¬ CAMERON. Mrs. Maude Cameron, wife of retired riving guests passed the receiving line, but a con¬ f oreign Service Officer Charles R. Cameron, died on July 27 in Carson City, Nevada. servative estimate of the number present, judged by the amount of barbecue and beer consumed, is 800. Needless to say, the party w'as a grand suc¬ cess. To establish this I need only say that when BIRTHS the band struck up the Star Spangled Banner Presi¬ BENTLEY. A daughter, Helen Arvilla, was born dent Somoza w'as caught standing in the line getting on June 27. 1943, at Los Angeles, California, to Mr. ready for a “repeat.” and Mrs. Alvin M. Bentley. Mr. Bentley is Vice DOUGLAS JENKINS, JR. Consul at Mexico City.

SEPTEMBER. 1943 483 RIO DE JANEIRO ALLIED MILITARY CURRENCY July 26, 1943. (Continued from page 459) The annual Fourth of July celebration of the Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom American Colony in Rio, held at the Gavea Coun¬ from Want, and Freedom from Fear, appear promi¬ try Club on Saturday afternoon, July 3rd, was en¬ nently on the reverse sides of all the notes. Ornate livened this year by an exhibition softball game be¬ designs in pantograph, of a neutral nature, are used tween the Washington Diplomats, representing the in the series, so that it might be adapted to the Embassy, and the Rio Colonials, representing the needs of troops in further assaults upon Hitler’s American Colony. At the invitation of the Amer¬ European Fortress merely by overprinting the prop¬ ican Society of Rio de Janeiro, a team was selected er currency designations and name of country on from the Chancery, Proclaimed List Section and the basic stock. Requirements Section teams of the regular Embassy Smaller notes, of one, two, five and ten lira bear softball league to face a team representing various a wheat field scene in brown on the face, with the American business firms in Rio. denomination in the center. Blue, lavender, green With Ambassador Caffery looking on from the and black borders also identify the respective de¬ sidelines, the Diplomats played an air-tight game nominations. The words “Allied Military Cur¬ behind the stellar pitching of Captain Harvey Well¬ rency'’ appear on the upper margin of the face and man, who, ably assisted by his teammates, allowed in an ornate oval on the reverse side. The face also the Colonials to score only one run while the Diplo¬ carries the legends, “Series 1943,” “Issued in mats were scoring eleven. Shortstop Jack Simmons Italy,” and a serial number. The Four Freedoms of the Diplomats contributed the most spectacular appear in the four corners of the note on the re¬ play of the day when he slid into second base head verse side. first, safe but slightly shaken. This did not deter For notes of 50, 100. 500. and 1,000 lira, borders him from hitting and fielding with his usual aplomb and ornate design of the front are in blue, lavender, during the remainder of the game, however. green and black, respectively, with the background From the opening moment of the game when on all four notes a pale blue. The denomination third baseman A1 LaFreniere, captain of the regular appears in each of the four corners on the face, Chancery team in the Embassy league, hit a line and in an ornate shield in the center. The words drive past third base, the Diplomats were always in “Issued in Italy” appear in ovals at each end, and the lead. Others who figured in the decisive victory the words “Allied Military Currency” at the bottom were Bill Germon, captain of the regular Require¬ of the note. The face also carries the designation ments Section team, Ivan White, Fred Wagner, A1 “Series 1943,” and serial numbers. Hennev, Jack O’Connor, Dick Sutherland, Ed Cole¬ The reverse side of these larger notes is a sub¬ man, Frank Shull, Bud Hall. Tony Cardozo and dued brown, with “Allied Military Currency” ap¬ Ted Weber. pearing in a center shield, and the Four Freedoms Captain and catcher of the Colonials was Walt in ovals at either side. Parken of Ingersoll-Rand and the pitchers were A. The Allied Military Postage stamps are in de¬ G. Gray of Panair and Dan Frey, independent. nominations of 15, 25, 30, 50, and 60 centesimi, Other firms represented were Singer, General Elec¬ and in 1, 2, 5 and 10 lira. They are all of the same tric, Texas, U. S. Steel Export Co., and Lojas Amer- design, distinguished by colors of the usual United icanas, S.A. States postage series. They bear a pantograph An official announcer for the game was provided background, with white lettering, and the denomina¬ by the Coordinator’s Office, who with the aid of a tion in the center of the stamp, are perforated, and loudspeaker was able to keep the spectators up with on gummed paper. Both the stamp design and the the play-by-play action of tbe game. Many Brazil¬ overprint are put on in one operation on a two- ians present were interested and pleased at the op¬ color press. portunity of seeing the great American pastime «• * tt “beisebol” at first-hand. It goes without saying Linder international law, the Hague Conventions that the large crowd of Americans assembled for and the decisions of the Supreme Court of the their annual Fourth of July outing were delighted United States, the Military Commander in areas oc¬ and it is hoped that the game will become a perma¬ cupied by the Forces under his command has all nent feature of the occasion in the future. the powers necessary for the carrying out of gov¬ THEODORE C. WEBER. ernmental functions. These powers include the right to provide for the See photo on page 469. currency needs of the area occupied.

484 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL RCA PRESENTS

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SEPTEMBER, 1943 485 By AMANDA LEE

T HE old man held Akon in a close embrace while the tears dripped from the point of his long silver beard and made shriveled spots in the dust at his sandaled feet. His heart was laded with the leave-taking. But Akon’s spirit was high and he did not see the tears. Foretaste of the world’s beauties whetted his artistic soul and he was anxious to be off, to be swallowed up in a limitless scope for his fervid brush. Gathering up his easel and paint box he set out early in the golden morning and barely remembered to turn and wave a last farewell to his venerable father straining his eyes in the glare of the early sun. As he walked along the road he sang. The tune was of his own making and the sense of the improvised words would have been obscure to a lis¬ tener. But there was no one, and Akon was living in prospect. He journeyed along thus all the day and not until thickening shadows rose did he rest himself in a moss-like clover field edging the weary road. Then he wished for the old man and bethought kindly of his oft un¬ heeded words of counsel spoken in a patient voice. He should paint a picture of him and then whenever he wished to commune with his father, lo, he would take it out of the packet. So in the gathering dusk he set up his frame and worked away, racing with the approaching black, that he should not pass the night alone. As the globe slipped behind the horizon, Akon scrutinized his work and replaced his brushes. He had completed his unfinishable task. With his father’s portrait propped against a willow tree he supped on bread and cheese and rolled himself in his blanket. Hardly had he closed his eyes before it was morning. He set out early upon his way and at the first crossroad met Kiile. Akon believed him heaven-sent and rejoiced in this fellow-artist’s boisterous good nature and coarse company. They were wont to travel the morning together and to pass the rest of the light at their work. Many days were spent thus before Akon decided to show Kiile the picture of his father. With trepida¬ tion he untied it from his pack and reverently fixed it to the frame. “My father,” he simply stated and awaited his fellow’s approbation. Raucous laughter emitted from the knave’s throat and he blurted: “That’s a good one! A picture you call that and before my eyes is nothing but lavender—a soft, even color, I concede. ’ Akon quietly replaced the canvas and referred to it no more. The next day they neared a village and pitched their easels on a neigh¬ boring slope. Material for their work they would find aplenty here and their natural workshop most conducive to their utmost capabilities. Akon painted the green realities of the meadows, the yellow of factual mid-day, and the light blue mystic perfection of the skies. Kiile spent more and more time in the village until his work was neglected altogether. Once Akon painted a picture of Kiile during his absence. He plied his art labourously during the whole day. The painting done, he gazed long

486 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and troubled at his handiwork. There before him the canvas was brown with here and there a splash of grey on the outer edge. He furtively placed the work where Kiile would catch no glimpse of it on his return, and he felt sore ashamed at his perceptional powers.

It was because of the buxom Lala that Kiile spent most of his time in the village. Akon, upon his return from an infrequent visit to the town seeking out the company of the jovial villagers, encountered Lala in a flower field. He returned disconsolate to his workshop and painted her furiously the rest of the day. The next morning he showed the canvas to Kiile w'hose mouth became stubborn when his eyes fell on the brilliant thick orange daubings.

Akon then slowly tied up his bundle and proceeded alone.

One evening at dusk he wras set upon by a highwayman who, finding that Akon’s few coppers had not been worth his bluster, proceeded to warm himself at the blinking fire, entertaining right royally the young man with his bloody experiences.

After his departure Akon untied his brushes and in the flickering light threw fiery red paint onto the hemp cloth, completing it with an inky axle and radiating black blemishes throughout the whole.

Thereafter time passed gently. He continued on his way. One early morning he saw coming over a distant hill, silhouetted by the light of the rising sun, the figure of a shepherd girl. He awaited the approach of the bleating flock and was awed by the beauty of their guardianess. Akon stayed in the vicinity and accompanied the girl, Marta, on her daily trips, standing his easel where she wratched her herd. He talked end¬ lessly to her of color appreciation of beauty, steeped her with his ideas until she could see with his mind, and their world w'as full to overflowing.

He painted her in the bright glory of a cloudless day and she smiled happily when she perceived herself as a transparent blue with soft green translucent border. Entire clear blue, he had taught her, can be found in nothing mortal, but opaque color trimmings can be whirled off as with meteors, leaving tails of light in their wake. The village people celebrated with much fanfare the wedding of the artist and the shep¬ herdess, and helped them build a house on the crest of a hill that they might see the rising and setting colors of the day. All over the walls of the house were hung portraits that Akon had painted, the shades of the personalities he had known. The rays of their influence colored his life, emanating to the heavens in shafts of multi-colored beams.

The village folk marveled that day to see rise a rainbow’s vault directly over the hillock. And it did not disperse with the dying lad¬ dered vapors.

SEPTEMBER, 1943 487 NEW CALEDONIA (Continued from page 4571 ENLISTED ly as the Place des Cocotiers (there are no coconut trees) runs right through the town. Here are band concerts, kiosks where children play watched by FOR THE DURATION.. mothers and nurses, while on the benches doze old men, who in their faroff youth were desperate crim¬ THE inals exiled out there to serve long prison sentences. They look harmless enough now! AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE The G overnor’s residence, used as United States Army Headquarters where American staff officers work out the problems of defending this cigarshaped island, is a handsome building, whose furnishings, wallpaper and tiled floors, were imported from Paris. And there are a few fine houses, but in gen¬ eral the place looks as if it had been hastily and carelessly thrown together by small boys out of ma¬ terials salvaged from a junk pile. Fragrant paw¬ paws, frangipani, and other tropical trees and shrubs redeem some of the bald ugliness and serve with their perfume to disguise undesirable smells. Recently, Noumea has had electricity installed. Be¬ fore that, for many years the town was lit by gas, which was always extinguished on bright moonlight nights! This was better than it sounds, for the tropical moon was certainly much brighter than the dim gaspoints. If the town of Noumea is ugly, its surroundings are ideally beautiful. They look like a welltended park on a large estate. The landscape is very much We are often asked what American steam¬ like the Riviera, with the same type of vegetation, ship companies are doing now that the views out to sea, and gorgeously colored flowers Government has taken over, for use dur¬ and shrubs. Convict labor built marvellous roads, ing the war, all merchant ships, and the and a good motorbus service connects Noumea with Maritime Commission is building thou¬ Bourail, the next largest town. This trip, in spite sands more. . . . Well, except for those of the fact that the bus leaves Noumea at 5:30 A.M., is a real pleasure on account of the great beauty of operated by the Army and Navy, all mer¬ the surrounding country. Surprisingly enough, chant ships, old and new, are being man¬ there are many villages and small towns, which look aged and operated by American steamship exactly like their counterparts in France. There are companies under the direction, and for the characteristic rows of poplar trees, and little the account of, the War Shipping Admin¬ stone farmhouses with paved courtyards. Another very agreeable feature of Caledonia life istration. To all theaters of war and in is the French cuisine. Inns along the road, or back serving the United Nations and friendly in the “bush” of most unprepossessing exterior, can countries, the companies of the American nearly always be depended upon to set an excellent Merchant Marine and their personnel table. There is such an abundance of food in New afloat and ashore are doing the greatest Caledonia that many dishes considered luxuries ocean transportation job in history. here, are daily commonplaces there, such for in¬ stance, as venison, lobster, and truly delicious oysters. Until September 1940, New Caledonia was ruled GRACE LINE by a Governor appointed by the French Colonial Ministry, and assisted by a Town Council. At that date, howrever, occurred a minor revolution, and

488 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the pro-Vichy administration was expelled. It looked for a while as if there might be serious bloodshed, but the Governor after vacillating for a time, decided to leave, ft is now “Fighting French. Emblems of M ore and more the importance of New Caledonia is coming to be realized, both now and in postwar days. It is so rich, that it should be fully exploited, and for this it needs better shipping facilities, par¬ Quality Petroleum ticularly between Noumea and Australia, for Nou¬ mea has splendid harbor and docking facilities. A lucrative tourist trade could also be developed in the future, with a possible exchange of students. Products Right now, Newr Caledonia is vital to the defense of Australia. It is only three hours flight from Bris¬ bane by bomber, and four hours from Sydney. The former convict island of Nou in Noumea’s harbor, is a base for Pan-American Airways. It is an ideal seaplane base, and large fleets can shelter in its har¬ bors. The passes in the surrounding coral reef are easy to defend by mines. Possession of New Cale¬ donia is necessary to an enemy attacking Australia. When the island became a l nited States base, a sigh of relief wrent up from Australians, for with America on guard at this outpost, what could they fear? CLAIMS BY THE FOREIGN SERVICE FOR WAR LOSSES

SEPTEMBER. 1943 489 Claim of Temple Wanamaker, Jr., Foreign Service officer, unclassified C. Mr. Wanamaker was stationed at Barcelona, Spain, as American vice consul and had authorized the shipment, to him at that place, of a Frigidaire. It was shipped from New York on the Spanish vessel Navemar. Since the Navemar was a neutral vessel, Mr. Wanamaker thought it unnecessary to obtain war-risk insurance and consequently carried only ordinary marine insurance. Claimed, $177.57; disallowed, $40.39; approved, $130.33. Claim of James E. Brown, Jr., Foreign Service offi¬ cer, class VI. Under authorization contained in the Depart¬ ment’s telegram No. 2375 of July 24, 1941. inform¬ ing him that he was to be transferred from London to a post in South America, Mr. Brown’s household effects were packed in two lift vans and shipped by steamer from England to New York. Ihe shipment was made by the Pall Mall Deposit & Forwarding Co., of London, on the steamship Antiope of the Furness Withy & Co.. Ltd. The vessel left England in October and was sunk by enemy action about October 30, 1941. The entire cargo was lost. Claimed, $7,543.88; disallowed, $1,750; approved, $5,214.49. Claim of Cavendish W. Cannon, Foreign Service officer, class VII. Under orders of the Department dated March 15. 1941, Mr. and Mrs. Cannon left Athens, Greece, en Washington's route to Washington, D. C. Their effects were packed and shipped through as ‘"baggage accom¬ panying passengers” from Athens to Vienna. Upon Finest Hotel their arrival at Belgrade, it was discovered that the baggage car had been detached from the train but that the baggage was being forwarded by a train ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ from Nisch, which was due to arrive at Belgrade eign Service men in the Nation’s that day. Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ On the morning of April 6, the railway station partment of State. Convenient to and yards at Belgrade were severely bombed by all points of interest in Washing¬ Germans. All buildings, trains, and detached cars in or near the station were completely destroyed. ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous During the next week hostilities continued, and it food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail was not possible to make any investigation. Later Lounge. Air Conditioned in the a search was made through the Legations at Bel¬ summer. grade, Sofia, and Budapest, and the American con¬ sulate general at Vienna. All efforts to ascertain what had become of their baggage failed, and Mr. Cannon feels that it must be considered lost or de¬ stroyed. Claimed, $24,894: disallowed, $21,690; approved, $3,204. rriflVFLOUJER Claim of Homer S. Fox, Foreign Service officer, WASHINGTON, D. C. class III. C. J. MACK, General Manager Linder authorization from the Department dated August 25. 1941, Mr. Fox had his household and personal effects shipped from London, England, to

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SEPTEMBER, 1943 491 Washington. D. C. They were sent forward on the arrangements for the shipment of his furniture. steamship Antiope of the Furness Withy Co. The Later, on instructions from the Department, arrange¬ vessel was sunk by enemy action and both vessel ments were made to ship his furniture to Birming¬ and cargo were a total loss. Claimed, $6,006.60; ham, England, to which place he had been trans¬ disallowed, $939.85; approved, $4,560.08. ferred. That assignment, however, was canceled Claim oj Thomas McKnelly, Foreign Service officer, and he was assigned to Basel, Switzerland. Orders class IV. were given to send his household effects, still en Mr. McKnelly was serving as American consul at route through Germany, to Basel. His effects reached Palermo, Italy, from September 2, 1938, until the there on April 8, 1940. They were badly damaged office was closed in March 1941. He was trans¬ by exposure to the winter weather, and various ar¬ ferred to Istanbul and, while en route to his new ticles were missing. Claimed, $207.37; approved. post, the train on which he was traveling was $207.37. stopped at Trieste because of the invasion of Yugo¬ Claim of Nathaniel Lancaster, Foreign Service offi¬ slavia by the German Army. A trunk containing cer, class VII. certain personal effects had been sent by the Italian Mr. Lancaster was proceeding from Lourenco railway authorities by another route and had en¬ Marques, Portuguese East Africa, to the United tered Yugoslavia the previous day. This was veri¬ States under official orders. He was traveling on fied by Mr. McKnelly from the records of the rail¬ the motor vessel City of New York, of the South road station at Belgrade. All attempts to find the Africa Line. When the vessel was about 75 miles trunk through the American Legations at Belgrade off Cape Hatteras it was torpedoed and sunk by an and Sofia were without success. Claimed, $463; dis¬ enemy submarine. The vessel sank within 10 min¬ allowed, $132; approved, $331. utes after being hit and there was no opportunity to Claim of Mrs. Anne Gault Antoniades, Foreign Ser¬ save anything but the clothes he had on. Claimed. vice clerk. $1,849.50; disallowed. $121.55; approved. $1,- Mrs. Antoniades was clerk in the American Lega¬ 555.16. tion at Athens, Greece. As all of the personnel of Claim of Norris B. Chipman, Foreign Service offi¬ the Legation was required to leave Greece by air. cer, class VII. arrangements were made to permit the shipment of Mr. Chipman had been stationed at the Legation baggage and trunks by boat to Italy. Mrs. Antoni¬ in Cairo, Egypt, and was transferred to the De¬ ades had two trunks which were to be shipped. She partment of State. He and his wife were authorized left Athens between July 11 and 15, 1941, and it to travel by air. His effects were shipped from Egypt was not until October 17, 1941. when she again saw by the Isthmian Steamship Co. from Suez on the her trunks which had been forwarded to her new Steamship Chickasaw City early in September 1942. post at Quebec, Canada. One trunk and its contents Mr. Chipman did not carry war-risk insurance since were entirely in order but the smaller trunk had the rate, 25 per cent, was prohibitive. The Chicka¬ been tampered with, opened, and everything which saw City was sunk by enemy action. Claimed, $14,- had been in the top tray was missing, including a 247.19; disallowed, $5,647.19; approved, $7,740. silver-fox fur. Claimed, $120; disallowed, $20: ap¬ Claim of Harold Pease, vice consul. proved, $100. Mr. Pease was vice consul at the American con¬ Claim of Gladys Wells, Foreign Service clerk. sulate general at Shanghai at the outbreak of hos¬ Miss Wells, a clerk in the Foreign Service, was tilities between the United States and Japan. Just on temporary duty in the Department of State at prior to that time he had shipped three cases of Washington when she was transferred as clerk to the personal and household effects to Manila on the American Embassy at Habana. Cuba. She arranged steamship Marechal ]off re, to be transshipped to the with the Security Storage Co., in Washington, to Lnited States on a ship of the American Presidents send her effects to the United States despatch agent Line. The Marechal Joffre was commandeered when in New York, who in turn forwarded them to Ha¬ it arrived at Manila and was routed to Sydney, bana on the steamship Nicolas Cuneo. The ship was Australia. It is believed that some of its cargo may sunk by enemy action. Miss Wells had taken out have been left at Manila. In any event, no trace of war-risk insurance up to a value of $300. Claimed, the three cases belonging to Mr. Pease has been $1,536.25; approved $1,112.63. found. Claimed, $838.75; disallowed, $189.88; ap¬ Claim of M. Williams Blake, Foreign Service officer, proved. $583.99. unclassified A. Claim of John M. McSweeney, Foreign Service offi¬ Mr. Blake was assigned to Warsaw and, after the cer. unclassified B. invasion of that country by Germany in 1939, left Mr. McSweeney was assigned to Lagos, West Warsaw September 21, 1939. Because of his hur¬ Africa, and arranged for the shipment of his effects ried departure it was not possible for him to make from New York to Lagos. Expecting that all of his

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494 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL effects would go forward on the same vessel he took Claim of Ann Hillery, Foreign Service clerk. out one insurance policy covering the shipment, in Miss Hillery was a clerk in the Embassy at War¬ the amount of $1,500. Actually, his trunk was put saw and after the invasion of Poland by Germany on board the steamship West Irmo. It was sunk, as she wras transferred to Turkey. Her departure from the result of enemy action, off the Liberian coast Warsaw' was very hurried, and she was not able to on April 3, 1942. The remainder of his effects went supervise the packing of her effects. Later her for¬ forward on the steamship Cathlamet. The insur¬ mer maid had her effects packed and shipped to her ance company agreed to prorate the insurance and in Turkey. When Miss Hillery received her effects allowed Mr. McSweeney $200 for the loss of the there were many articles missing and others badly trunk. Claimed, $660.45; disallowed, $140.45; ap¬ damaged because of the poor packing and exposure proved, $268. during the long journey from Poland to Turkey. Claim of IF. Garland Richardson, Foreign Service Claimed, $943; disallowed, $98.70; approved, officer, class VII. $759.87.’ Mr. Richardson was transferred from Washing¬ Claim of Joseph IF. Ballantine, Foreign Service ton, D. C., to Sao Paulo, Brazil. Under authoriza¬ officer, class I. tion from the Department he shipped his household Mr. Ballantine was transferred from Washington and personal effects from the United States to Sao to Peiping, China, in March 1941, and under au¬ Paulo on the steamship Etna in November 1942. thorization from the Department shipped three The vessel was torpedoed and sunk by enemy ac¬ crates of furniture and personal effects from Wash¬ tion. ington to Peiping. His assignment was later can¬ In addition, Mr. Richardson shipped a radio- celed and the Embassy at Peiping was instructed to phonograph from the United States to Sao Paulo on return his effects to Washington. They were turned the steamship Birmingham. This vessel was also over to the United States Marine detachment at lost at sea by enemy action about the same time as Peiping to be shipped on the first available naval the Etna. Claimed, $5,239.10; disallowed, $540.19; transport. Because of the war conditions no naval approved. $4,229.02. transport called at Peiping subsequent to that date Claim of James IF. Riddleberger, Foreign Service and it is believed that Mr. Ballantine’s effects were officer, class V. seized by the Japanese at the outbreak of hostilities Mr. Riddleberger was assigned to the American along with other property of the United States Ma¬ Embassy in London, and arranged to have his ef¬ rine detachment. Claimed, $440; disallowed, $15; fects shipped from the United States to England on approved, $425. the steamship Hatimura. The vessel was lost by Claim oj Augustus Chase, Foreign Service officer, enemy action on November 4, 1942. Claimed, $1,- class VI. 288; disallowed, $110.20; approved, $1,060.02. Mr. Chase wras stationed at Dairen, Manchuria, in Claim of Carl E. Christopher son, Foreign Service 1941. Early in November be shipped 17 cases of officer, class VI. personal and household effects from Dairen to Wa- Mr. Christopherson was stationed at Calcutta, terbury. Conn. Because of the chaotic conditions India. After the outbreak of hostilities between the then existing, only 5 of the 17 cases reached Mr. United States and Japan he sent his more valuable Chase in the United States. All efforts to trace the personal effects to the United States. In March 1942, remaining 12 cases have failed and it is believed under authorization of the Department, his wife left that they must have been left on the docks of either Calcutta for a place of safety and he shipped the Shanghai or Manila. In any event, they must be remainder of his household effects to the United considered lost. Claimed, $645.30; approved, States. The shipment went forward on the steamship $580.77. Express of the Export Line in June 1942. The ves¬ sel was sunk by enemy action. Claimed, $1,662; Claim of Alfred G. Richter, Jr., Foreign Service disallowed. $340.55; approved. $1,189.31. clerk. Claim of Albert \V. Chapman, Foreign Service aux¬ Mr. Richter was transferred from London, En¬ iliary officer. gland, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, via the United Mr. Chapman w'as appointed as an auxiliarv offi¬ States. He brought his personal effects on the same cer in the consulate general at Sao Paulo, Brazil. vessel with him. The vessel was torpedoed and he He was authorized to ship his effects from the was not able to save any of his effects. Claimed, United States to Rio de Janeiro by steamer and $652; disallowed. $46.80; approved. $544.68. they were sent forward on the steamship Birming¬ Claim of Wallace W. Stuart, Foreign Service officer, ham City. The ship was torpedoed in December unclassified B. 1942 or January 1943 and was sunk. Claimed, $3,- Mr. Stuart w'as stationed at Calcutta and in Feb¬ 739.75: disallowed, $2,162; approved. $1,419.98. ruary 1942. under authorization of the Department,

SEPTEMBER, 1943 495 he shipped nine cases of personal and household effects to the United States despatch agent at New York for safety. The shipment was sent forward on the steamship Express of the Export Line about April 25, 1942. The vessel was lost by enemy action. Claimed. $1,326; disallowed. $33.40; approved. $L- 163.34. Claim oj Jefferson Patterson, Foreign Service offi cer, class III. Mr. Patterson was transferred from the American Embassy at Berlin, Germany, to the Embassy at Lima, Peru. He was authorized to ship his personal and household effects to his new post at Lima. They went forward on the steamship Lehigh, which was torpedoed and sunk by enemy action off the coast of Africa. Claimed. $8,906; disallowed, $2,931; approved, $5,377.50. Claim of Frederick A. Kuhn, Foreign Service aux¬ iliary officer. Mr. Kuhn was appointed to the Embassy at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and proceeded to his post on the steamship Birmingham City. He took his effects with him on the vessel. The vessel was sunk bv enemy action and Mr. Kuhn was unable to save any of his effects. Claimed. $1,570.68; disallowed, $17.95; approved, $1,397.46. Claim oj Ida Mae Orr, Foreign Service clerk. Miss Orr was appointed a clerk at the Embassy at Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, and proceeded to her post 35 Trade "Embassies" bv air. She was authorized to ship her personal effects to Rio de Janeiro and they were sent for¬ ward on the steamship Staghound. The vessel was sunk by enemy action. Claimed, $767.30; approved, $690.57. C/NATIONAL CITY established its first Latin- Claim of Lucille C. Strong, Foreign Service clerk. American branch in Buenos Aires — in Mrs. Strong was appointed a clerk in the Em¬ 1914. Other branches followed quickly. bassy at Rio de Janeiro and proceeded to her post In close cooperation with Head Office, by air. Her effects were shipped on the steamship these doorways are always open to busi¬ Staghound. It was torpedoed and sunk by enemy ness for the furtherance of trade relation¬ action. Mrs. Strong carried insurance of $200 for ships between the Americas. which she has filed a claim with the insurance com¬ Today throughout Latin America, there pany'. Claimed, $835; approved, $571.50. are 2,120 National City employees The amounts recommended to be appropriated waiting to serve you. They speak the lan¬ for reimbursement represent what is believed to be guage; knowthe local business technique; a fair valuation of lost, destroyed, or damaged ar¬ and they work hand in hand with the ticles, reasonable, useful, necessary, and proper for people of the country. the officers and employees, respectively, to have in their possession while in the public service, in the THE NATIONAL CITY BANK line of duty in foreign countries. OF NEW YORK It is therefore recommended that this report be submitted to the Congress with the request that Head Office: 55 Wall Street, New York $141,037.61 be appropriated for the relief of the

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SEPTEMBER, 1943 497 PROMOTIONS (Continued from page 470) Bartley P. Gordon, of Massachusetts. Clark E. Elusted, Jr., of Ohio. Richard A. Johnson, of Illinois. M. Gordon Knox, of Maryland. Alfred H. Lovell. Jr., of Michigan. Scott Lyon, of Ohio. John M. McSweeney, of Massachusetts. Lee D. Randall, of Illinois. Claude G. Ross, of California. Robert Rossow, Jr., Indiana. W. Horton Schoellkopf, Jr., of Florida. Harry H. Schwartz, of California. among the peoples of the Americas, Bromley K. Smith, of California. the Chase National Bank today is in the Henry T. Smith, of Georgia. vanguard of those institutions which are Byron B. Snyder, of California. Wallace W. Stuart, of Tennessee. fostering Pan-American relations by the John L. Topping, of New York. promotion of trade and travel. John W. Tuthill, of Massachusetts. Joseph J. Wagner, of New York. THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK Fred E. Waller, of Michigan. OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Andrew B. Wardlaw, of South Carolina. Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Livingston D. Watrous, of New York. Fraser Wilkins, of Nebraska.

FROM UNCLASIFIED (C) TO UNCLASSIFIED (B i Clifton P. English, of Tennessee. Joseph W. Greene, Jr., of Massachusetts. Henry Hanson, Jr., of Connecticut. Douglas Henderson, of Massachusetts. Sidney K. Lafoon, of Virginia. Armistead H. Lee, of Virginia. Larue Lutkins, of New York. James L. O’Sullivan, of Connecticut. Albert E. Pappano, of Missouri. Henry L. Pitts, Jr., of New York. Leslie Albion Squires, of California. Walter J. Stoessel, Jr., of California. Richard E. Usher, of Wisconsin.

VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: TODAY, as always, the Great White Fleet July is proud to be serving the Americas . . . proud Charles V. Friedmann, London 12 to be wearing wartime grey as it carries out Jeannette Pohlman, Habana 12 government orders necessary for Victory and the protection of the entire Western Hemi¬ Byron White, Nuevo Laredo 13 sphere. Tomorrow, it will be ready to resume George M. Graves, Colombo 13 its place in the trade and travel between the Harry A. Woodruff, Algiers 13 United States and Middle America. H. Bucknell, Jr., London 14 Henry M. Wolcott, Tenerife 14 UNITED FRUIT COMPANY Mary Jane Porter, Tangier 14 Arthur Bliss Lane, Bogota 15

498 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL John L. Keenan, Chungking 15 Ernest L. Ives, retired 15 WHEN YOUR HEART Richard M. Bownass, Tangier 15 SAYS “REMEMBER” . . . Waldo E. Bailey, London 15 Bruce Lee Melvin, Algiers 16 Mary Elizabeth Hurd, Lima 17 Wire FLOWERS Ann Moore Glassburn, Cairo 17 • No other remem¬ Ruth A. Bertog, Quito 19 brance expresses Alvin L. Goodhart, Tehran 19 your sentiments so Anita V. H. Robertson, Ciudad Trujillo 19 perfectly Franklin H. Murrell, Department 19 NAtl. 4276 Laurence Laird Davis 19 1212 F Street N. W. Mary Jane Porter, Tangier 19 Maurice M. Bernbaum, Caracas 19 authorized F.T.D. Member Washington, D. C. Margaret Ann Reilly, La Paz 19 Charles A. Livengood, Bogota 19 Dorothy E. Soderland, Algiers 19 Guy L. Bush, Rio de Janeiro 19 Canned Salmon ? Ruth E. Stockbridge, Rabat 19 An Appetizing, Nu- George W. Caldwell, Jr., Bogota 20 Charles Van Lehman, La Paz 20 tritious, Easily Kept I| Mack Hawkins, Jr., Guayaquil 20 and Transported George H. Grim, Chungking 21 Sea Food J. Brock Havron, St. John’s 21 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC James C. Quick, Port-au-Prince 21 FISHERIES Archer Woodford, Luanda 22 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Bernice T. Jones, San Jose 22 Cleveland B. McKnight, London 22 Aubrey Hughes Harwood, Jr., Port-au-Prince 23 Mary L. Hornbeck, Lima 23 A. Beach Reading, Moscow 23 H. Freeman Matthews, London 23 Arthur Cohen 24 Ruth Allston West, London 24 Reginald P. Mitchell, Port-au-Prince 26 Anne Ludlow, Madrid 26 Delano McKelvy, Vigo 26 George H. Anderson, Chungking 26 Floyd Taylor, Chungking 26 Frank T. Buchurk, Chungking 26 William Douglas Reed, Department of State 27 Virginia W. Thompson, London 27 John Light, Aruba 27 Jacqueline E. Colburn, Cairo 27 Richard Id. Davis, Chungking 28 Harry F. Hemmerich 29 Raymond E. Kolb, London 29 Henry M. Wolcott, Tenerife 29 Alvin L. Goodhart, Tehran 29 Kenneth Pendar, Algiers 29 Jule B. Smith, Managua 29 J. 0. Denby, Capetown 29 E. A. Tunnicliff, Chungking 29 Aubrey Lee Welch. Suez 30 W. Mackenzie Stevens 30

SEPTEMBER. 1943 499 Charles F. O’Neall, Madrid 30 To the Jo reign Service Officers Priscilla E. Cordova, Lima 31 A ugust of the United States Audrey E. Kennedy, Lima 2 Dorothy M. Gish ...... 2 ♦ Mary Anne Braswell, London _2 William P. Wright, Johannesburg . ... 2 THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ Corabelle Tolin, Dakar _ 2 ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ Donald V. Shubart, Chungking .... . 2 ice in writing your bond. Special attention Henry P. Leverieh, Lisbon 2 is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ Fred K. Hoehler, London 2 ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes Hooker A. Doolittle, Tunis 3 in this service. W. Paul O’Neill, Jr., Tunis 3 Harold Shantz, Lagos 3 John F. Morgan, Moscow 4 Maurice Fogler, Madrid 4 UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND Emerson Milton Brown 4 GUARANTY COMPANY Lois J. Elliot, London 4 Chris A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager Marjorie A. Van Auken 5 14 J 5 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. William C. Burdett, Wellington 5 J. R. Ocheltree, Godthaab 5 Telephone—National 0913 William Douglas Reed, Department of State 5 Alexander S. Lockwood 5 Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” Margaret Josephine Strahley ... 6 Gertrude Welch, Caracas 6 Perry J. Hyde, London 6 C. E. Gauss, Chungking 6 Mark G. Santi. La Paz ...... 6 Mary Parker Ragatz, London 6 Clara Collino, Guatemala City 7 Rita Lechner, Managua .... 7 A. Gasso, Managua 7 THIS FAMOUS SCHOOL Henry L. Taylor, Bogota 7 Marcella T. Berkley, Madrid 9 COMES TO YOUR CHILD Wilma Gygax, Tunis .... 9 Wherever you live, Calvert School will Julian H. De Gray, Stockholm 9 give your child sound schooling. The Courses of study provided are developed Edward J. Thomas, Cairo 9 in the 46-year-old Calvert Day School in Baltimore, famous for pioneering ad¬ Cecil B. Lyon, Santiago de Chile 9 vancements in child education. Your child may transfer to the best schools Martha McG. Price, Ankara 9 in the States. E. L. Damron, Reykjavik 9 60,000 Children Educated Dudley Singer, La Paz 10 by “School-at-Home” Harriet C. Thurgood, Panama 10 From Kindergarten through First Year High, children of Embassy officials, Donald L. Wright, London 11 Army and Navy officers and others are Clarence E. Meyer, London 11 educated by Calvert Courses. Daily lessons, books, materials provided. Ben Vargas, Mexico, D.F. 12 Send for Catalog John Pearson 12 Write for complete Catalog today, giv¬ Bertil E. Kuniholm, Tehran . __ 12 ing ages of children and present grades. Address: Calvert School, 139 Tuscany Robert W. Caldwell 13 Road, Baltimore-10, Maryland, U.S.A. Donald P. Downs. Madrid _ 13 CALVERT £ SCHOOL Agnes M. Denecore .... 13 Donald E. Webster, Ankara 14 Baltimore-10, Maryland, U. S. A. John A. Bennett, Caracas 14 Glen Bruner 14 Vincent Hallester, Madrid 14 William M. Gwynn, Beirut 14

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