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Abd Perspektifinden Henry Kissinger Etkisinde Türk -Amerikan Ilişkileri 1969-1977

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Abd Perspektifinden Henry Kissinger Etkisinde Türk -Amerikan Ilişkileri 1969-1977 T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ABD PERSPEKTİFİNDEN HENRY KİSSİNGER ETKİSİNDE TÜRK -AMERİKAN İLİŞKİLERİ 1969-1977 DOKTORA TEZİ Murat TOMAN Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Safiye KIRANLAR TEMMUZ – 2019 ÖNSÖZ Tez çalışmam sürecinde değerli katkılarını esirgemeyen, yapıcı, denetleyici, yönlendirici tavırları ile motivasyonumu yüksek tutan danışman hocam sayın Prof. Dr. Safiye KIRANLAR’a en kalbi duygularımla teşekkürü borç bilirim. Yine bu çalışmanın bugüne gelmesinde büyük katkısı olan ilk danışman hocam sayın Prof. Dr. Arif Bilgin’e, tez izleme komitesi üyeleri sayın Prof. Dr. Enis ŞAHİN’e ve sayın Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yıldırım TURAN’a şükranlarımı sunarım. Ayrıca tez izleme komitesinde olmamasına rağmen çalışmam hususunda tarafımı sabırla yönlendiren ve eksikliklerimin giderilmesini sağlayan sayın Doç. Dr. Fikrettin YAVUZ’a teşekkürlerimi özellikle borç bilirim. Doktora yapmam hususunda beni teşvik eden dostum Ali Fatih UYSAL’a, çalışmamın taslak hallerini okumak zorunda kalan ve tarafıma büyük katkıda bulunan arkadaşım Özgür KARAMUSTAFAOĞLU’na ve bu çalışma sürecinde bana sabırla katlanan ve her daim destek olan eşim Emel TOMAN’a ve aileme ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. Bu çalışmayı tüm insanl ığa sunmak isterim. Murat TOMAN 18.07.2019 İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... V ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ VII SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... VIII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1: HENRY KİSSİNGER, AMERİKAN DIŞ POLİTİK ASININ ENTELEKTÜEL MİMARI ......................................................................................... 18 1.1. Çocukluk/Gençlik Yılları (1923 -1943) .................................................................... 18 1.2. Askerlik Yılları (1943 -1947) ................................................................................... 19 1.3. Akademik Kariyer Dönemi (1947 -1954) ................................................................. 21 1.4. Nükleer Savaş Uzmanlığı Dönemi (1955 -1960) ...................................................... 24 1.5. Siyasete Adım Dönemi (1960 -1969) ....................................................................... 27 1.6. Ulusal Güvenlik Danışmanlığı (1969 -1975) ............................................................ 30 1.6.1. Ulusal Güvenlik Danışmanlığı Reformu ....................................................... 31 1.7. Ulusal Güvenlik Danışmanlığı Dönemi Dış Politika Uygulamaları ........................ 33 1.7.1. Vietnam Savaşı .............................................................................................. 33 1.7.1.1. Vietnam Savaşının Tarihsel Kökeni .................................................. 33 1.7.1.2. Kissinger’ın Vietnam Savaşına Yaklaşımı ........................................ 35 1.7.1.3. Kamboçya ve Laos’a Askeri Müdahale ............................................. 37 1.7.1.4. Vietnam’da Nihai Barış Süreci .......................................................... 40 1.7.1.5. Nihai Barış Görüşmeleri .................................................................... 41 1.7.2. Soğuk Savaşın Dönüm Noktası: Çin İle Açılım ............................................ 42 1.7.2.1. SSCB ve Çin Gerilimi ..................................................................... 43 1.7.2.2. Çin ile Diplomatik Görüşmeler Süreci .............................................. 44 1.7.2.3. Tarihi Çin Ziyareti ............................................................................. 46 1.7.3. SSCB ile Detant Dönemi .............................................................................. 47 1.7.3.1. Stratejik Silahları Kısıtlama Görüşmeleri (SALT) ............................ 49 1.7.4. Arka Bahçe Latin Amerika: Şili’de Rejim Değişikliği .................................. 52 1.7.4.1. Askeri Darbe Süreci .......................................................................... 53 1.7.4.2. FUBELT Operasyonu ........................................................................ 54 1.7.4.3. İstikrarsızlaştırma Operasyonu .......................................................... 57 i 1.7.4.4. Pinochet Darbesi ................................................................................ 61 1.8. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Dönemi Dış Politika Uygulamaları (1973 -1977) ...................... 64 1.8.1. İsrail’in Güvenliği Meselesi ........................................................................... 66 1.8.1.1. Arap-Yahudi Çatışmasının Kökeni ................................................... 67 1.8.1.2. Yom Kippur Sa vaşına Giden Süreç ................................................... 69 1.8.1.3. Yom Kippur Savaşı ........................................................................... 74 1.8.1.4. Kissinger Tarzı Diplomasi: Mekik Diplomasisi ................................ 77 BÖLÜM 2: KİSSİNGER DÖNEMİNDE ABD’NİN KIBRIS POLİTİKASI .......... 82 2.1. 1945-1955 Yılları Arası ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikası ................................................ 82 2.1.1. Enosis İçin BM Süreci ................................................................................... 83 2.2. 1955-1960 Yılları Arası ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikası ................................................ 85 2.2.1. ABD’nin Türkiye’yi Kıbrıs Meselesi Dışında Tutma Stratejisi .................... 85 2.2.2. ABD’nin Kıbrıs’a Yönelik Çözüm Çabaları .................................................. 87 2.2.3. Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin Kuruluşu ve Amerikan Çıkarları ............................. 89 2.3. 1960-1969 Yılları Arası ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikası ................................................ 90 2.3.1. Kıbrıs Meselesine ABD’nin Yeniden Müdahil Olması ................................. 94 2.3.2. George Ball Misyonu ..................................................................................... 96 2.3.3. Johnson Mektubuna Giden Süreç .................................................................. 97 2.3.4. Johnson Mektubu ........................................................................................... 99 2.3.5. Washington Görüşmesi ................................................................................ 101 2.3.6. Acheson Diplomasisi ................................................................................... 101 2.3.7. Kıbrıs Meselesinden Uzak Durma Dönemi ................................................. 106 2.3.8. ABD’nin Kıbrıs Meselesine Yeniden Müdahil Olması ............................... 111 2.4. 1969-1972 Yılları Arası Kissinger Dönemi ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikası ................ 113 2.4.1. Kıbrıs’ta Yeniden Çözümsüzlük Dönemi .................................................... 113 2.4.2. Kissinger Çözümü: Çifte Enosis .................................................................. 116 2.4.3. EOKA-B: Grivas-Makarios Çatışması ......................................................... 117 2.4.4. Çek Silahları Krizi ....................................................................................... 119 2.5. 1973-1977 Yılları Arası Kissinger Döneminde ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikası .......... 124 2.5.1. EOKA-B Terörü ........................................................................................... 124 2.5.2. 1973 Sonbaharı: Kıbrıs İçin Dönüm Noktası ............................................... 126 2.5.3. İki Toplum Temsilcileri Arasındaki Görüşmelerin Akıbeti ......................... 127 2.5.4. Kıbrıs’ta Askeri Darbeye Giden Süreç ........................................................ 129 ii 2.5.5. Beklenen Askeri Darbe: Makarios’un Devrilmesi ....................................... 131 2.5.6. Türkiye’nin Askeri Müdahalesine Giden Süreç ........................................... 134 2.5.7. Türkiye’nin Kıbrıs’a İlk Askeri Müdahalesi ................................................ 136 2.5.8. Cenevre Barış Görüşmeleri .......................................................................... 139 2.5.9. Türkiye’nin Kıbrıs’a İkinci Askeri Müdahalesi ........................................... 139 2.5.10. Rum Lobisi Gölgesinde Diplomatik Çözüm Arayışı ................................. 141 2.6. Amerikan Silah Ambargosu ................................................................................... 151 2.6.1. Amerikan Sila h Ambargosunun Arka Planı ................................................ 152 2.6.2. Kissinger’ın Silah Ambargosunu Önleme Mücadelesi ................................ 156 2.6.3. Amerikan Silah Ambargosuna Türkiye’nin Tepkisi .................................... 160 2.6.4. Silah Ambargos unu Kaldırmaya Yönelik Çalışmalar .................................. 162 BÖLÜM 3: KİSSİNGER DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE’DE ANTİ AMERİKANCILIK VE AFYON EKİMİ MESELELERİ ..................................... 168 3.1. Türkiye’de Anti -Amerikancılığın Kökeni .............................................................. 168 3.1.1. Finansal Yardımların Kesilmesinin Anti -Amerikancılığa Etkisi ................. 169 3.1.2. 27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesinin Anti -Amerikancılığa Etkisi .............................. 175 3.1.3. Küba Füze Krizinin Anti -Amerikancılığa Etkisi ......................................... 177 3.1.4. Kıbrıs Meselesinin Anti -Amerikancılığa Etkisi ..........................................
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