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Opinnäytteen Nimi UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI The strength of female characters in C.S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia Satu Manninen Master’s Thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki April 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten Laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Satu Manninen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title The strength of female characters in C.S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages year Pro Gradu -tutkielma Huhtikuu 2016 69 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tässä tutkielmassa analysoin C.S. Lewisin Narnian tarinat-kirjasarjan vahvoja naishahmoja. Tutkielman keskeisiä teemoja ovat kristinuskon vaikutteet Lewisin henkilöhahmoissa ja sankaruuden käsite. Analysoin jokaista valitsemaani henkilöhahmoa edellä mainittujen teemojen pohjalta tarkoituksenani selvittää, miten ne vaikuttavat hahmojen sankaruuteen. Analyysini kohteena on viisi naishahmoa, joista jokaisella on tärkeä rooli Lewisin kirjasarjassa. Kolme henkilöä, Lucy, Aravis ja Jill, ovat sankarittaria, jotka esiintyvät Narniassa keskeisissä rooleissa. Kaksi muuta henkilöä, Jadis ja Vihreä Velho, ovat noitia, jotka edustavat Narnian pääasiallisia vastustajia eri tarinoissa. Analysoin sekä hyviä että pahoja henkilöhahmoja tuodakseni esiin naishahmojen moniulotteisuuden Narniassa. Ensimmäistä teemaa, kristinuskon vaikutusta, tutkin vertaamalla Narnian henkilöhahmoja Raamatun Vanhan testamentin naispuolisiin henkilöihin. Tarkoituksenani on selvittää, onko Lewis saanut epäsuorasti vaikutteita Narnian henkilöhahmojensa luonteenpiirteisiin tai juonikuvioihin joistakin Vanhan Testamentin naishenkilöistä ja heidän tarinoistaan. Narnian sankarittaria, Lucya, Aravisia ja Jilliä, vertaan Raamatun tarinoiden Rahabin, Esterin ja Ruutin hahmoihin, kun taas vihollisia, Jadisia ja Vihreää Velhoa, vertaan Vanhan Testamentin pahansuopiin naisiin, Isebeliin ja Delilaan. Analyysini perusteella havainnoin henkilöhahmojen välillä lukuisia yhtäläisyyksiä, jonka vuoksi puhun Raamatun naisista Narnian hahmojen epäsuorina esikuvina. Tarkastelen tutkielman toista keskeistä teemaa, sankaruuden käsitettä, analysoimalla mitä se tarkoittaa Narniassa ja kuinka se eroaa sankaruuden tavallisesta määritelmästä. Narniassa sankaruus ei yleensä tarkoita poikkeuksellisia taistelutaitoja, vaan jokaisen tutkimani henkilöhahmon sankaruus korostuu moraalisesti oikeissa valinnoissa. Näin ollen, narnialainen sankaruus kietoutuu läheisemmin kristillisiin arvoihin kuin perinteiseen, taistelua painottavaan sankaruuteen. Sankaruuden teemaa tarkastellessani käytän keskeisenä teoreettisena viitekehyksenä Monika Hilderin esittämää kahta sankaruuden mallia, klassista sekä hengellistä sankaruutta. Tehdessään oikeita valintoja Narnian henkilöhahmot edustavat Hilderin mukaan hengellistä sankaruutta, joka pehmeiden arvojensa vuoksi mielletään yleensä feminiiniseksi. Klassisen sankaruuden mallia henkilöhahmot sen sijaan kuvastavat tilanteissa, joissa he tekevät moraalisesti vääriä valintoja. Näitä kahta mallia hyödyntäen tarkastelen Lucyn, Aravisin ja Jillin hyveitä ja paheita yksityiskohtaisesti ja osoitan heidän edustavan kristillisen käsityksen mukaista sankaruutta, jossa henkilö on epätäydellinen ja kykenevä pahoihin tekoihin, mutta jolla on samalla kyky oppia virheistään ja kehittää itseään moraalisesti oikeiden valintojen kautta. Jokaisen sankarittaren moraalisen kehityksen kulmakiveksi nousee Aslanin, Narnian jumalhahmon, kanssa tapahtuva käänteentekevä kohtaaminen. Vaikka Lewisiä on usein syytetty seksismistä, havaintojeni mukaan Lucyn, Aravisin ja Jillin feminiiniset ominaisuudet ja pehmeät arvot ovat keskeisiä piirteitä heidän sankaruudessaan. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords C.S. Lewis, Narnia, kristinusko, Raamattu, sankaruus, moraali, naiseus kirjallisuudessa Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Table of contents List of Abbreviations .................................................................................. iii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 The subject of the thesis .................................................................. 1 1.2 Key concepts ................................................................................... 2 1.3 Critical discourse ............................................................................. 2 1.4 Destructive powers of femininity in Narnia – Lewis’s alleged sexism ......................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Terminology .................................................................................... 8 1.6 A brief summary of chapters ........................................................... 9 2 Women of the Bible and The Chronicles of Narnia.......................... 11 2.1 Christian symbolism in Narnia ...................................................... 11 2.2 Good women of the Old Testament .............................................. 12 2.2.1 Rahab...................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Esther...................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Ruth ........................................................................................ 15 2.3 Similarities between female characters of The Chronicles of Narnia and women from the Old Testament ........................................... 17 2.3.1 Aravis and Rahab ................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Aravis and Ruth ..................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Lucy and Ruth ........................................................................ 19 2.3.4 Lucy and Esther...................................................................... 20 2.3.5 Jill and Rahab ......................................................................... 22 3 Bad women of the Old Testament ..................................................... 23 3.1 Jezebel ........................................................................................... 24 3.2 Delilah ........................................................................................... 25 3.3 Similarities between the female villains of Narnia and the bad women from the Old Testament ............................................................... 27 ii 3.3.1 Jadis and Jezebel .................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Jadis and Delilah .................................................................... 28 3.3.3 The Green Witch and Jezebel ................................................ 29 3.3.4 The Green Witch and Delilah ................................................ 30 3.4 Mythological creatures and the Narnian Witches ......................... 31 3.4.1 Lilith and the Narnian Witches .............................................. 32 3.4.2 Lamia and the Green Witch ................................................... 33 4 The Chronicles of Narnia and heroism .............................................. 35 4.1 Concept of heroism in Narnia ....................................................... 35 4.2 Monika Hilder - The Feminine Ethos in C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia ...................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Lucy – an unexpected heroine ....................................................... 39 4.3.1 Lucy’s heroism in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe .... 39 4.3.2 Lucy’s virtues in Prince Caspian ........................................... 42 4.3.3 Lucy’s flaws in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ................ 44 4.4 Aravis – a hero in need of redemption .......................................... 46 4.4.1 Aravis’s heroism in The Horse and His Boy .......................... 46 4.4.2 Aravis’s vices in The Horse and His Boy .............................. 48 4.4.3 Aravis’s virtues in The Horse and His Boy ............................ 50 4.5 Jill – an ordinary girl as a hero ...................................................... 52 4.5.1 Jill’s heroism in Narnia .......................................................... 52 4.5.2 Jill’s vices in The Silver Chair ............................................... 55 4.5.3 Jill’s virtues in The Last Battle .............................................. 57 5 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 61 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 65 iii List of Abbreviations HB – The Horse and His Boy LB – The Last Battle LWW – The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe MN – The Magician’s Nephew PC – Prince Caspian SC – The Silver Chair VDT – The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 1 1 Introduction 1.1 The subject of the thesis C.S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia have, for decades, fascinated readers of all ages and backgrounds. The series, consisting of seven books with separate storylines, takes the readers to the magical world of Narnia, another realm existing alongside this world. Most of the stories revolve around human children who, after being taken from their world to Narnia, find themselves taking part in exciting
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