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Metabolism of Nucleotides

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Metabolism of Nucleotides METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES Tomáš Kuˇcera Ústav lékaˇrské chemie a klinické biochemie 2. lékaˇrská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova v Praze 2013 NUKLEOTIDY rocy t e c l e e − − − h O O O N −O P O P O P O O O O O O H H H H OH OH heterocycle = nucleobase the name is historic pyrimidine purine nicotinamide, flavine PYRIMIDINE BASES AND NUCLEOSIDES PURINE BASES AND NUCLEOSIDES SOME LESS USUAL BASES AND NUCLEOSIDES 5-formylcytosine 6-methyladenine 4-methylcytosine FUNCTION OF NUCLEOTIDES precursors of DNA and RNA ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP components of enzyme cofactors NAD(P), FAD, FMN, CoA [(P)APS – (phospho)adenosylphosphosulphate] macroergic “energy quanta” carriers ATP, GTP activated intermediates in biosyntheses UDP-sugars, CDP-diacylglycerols, S-adenosylmethionine second messengers in signal transduction cAMP, cGMP allosteric regulators ATP, ADP, AMP GAINING NUCLEOTIDES pancreatic (deoxy)ribonucleases and intestinal polynucleotidases: NA ! nucleotides nucleotidase of epithelial cells of the intestine: nucleotides ! nucleosides in the intestinal epithelial cells, nucleosides are used intact hydrolyzed by nucleoside (phosphoryl)ases: nucleoside ! base + pentose(-1-phosphate) + [phosphate] — salvage for the cells own need — transport to the blood about 5 % of digested nucleotides into the blood as bases and nucleosides low dietary uptake ) need of biosynthesis PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOSIDES BIOSYNTHESIS 1 PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOSIDES BIOSYNTHESIS 2 UTP SYNTHESIS nucleosidmonophosphate- UMP + ATP kinase UDP + ADP nucleosiddiphosphate- UDP + ATP kinase UTP + ADP CTP SYNTHESIS REGULATION OF PYR. NUCLEOTIDES SYNTHESIS carbamoylphosphate synthetase II activation by ATP, PRPP inhibition by UDP, UTP OMP decarboxylase competitive inhibition by UMP (a little also CMP) SALVAGE PATHWAYS OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES FORMATION OF NUCLEOSIDES pyrimidine nucleoside Ura (Cyt) + ribose-1-phosphate phosphorylase U (C) + Pi thymidine phosphorylase Thy + deoxyribose-1-phosphate T + Pi FORMATION OF NUCLEOTIDES uridine-cytidine U (C) + ATP kinase UMP (CMP) + ADP deoxythymidine dT + ATP kinase dTMP + ADP deoxycytidine dC + ATP kinase dCMP + ADP PURINE NUCLEOTIDES BIOSYNTHESIS 1 PURINE NUCLEOTIDES BIOSYNTHESIS 2 FORMATION OF NTP specific nucleoside monophosphate kinases no deoxyribose-ribose discrimination adenylate AMP + ATP kinase ADP + ADP guanylate GMP + ATP kinase GDP + ADP non-specific nucleoside diphosphate kinases nucleoside diphosphate GDP + ATP kinase GTP + ADP REGULATION OF PYR. NUCLEOTIDES SYNTHESIS ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase inhibition by ADP, GDP amidophosphoribosyl transferase activation by PRPP inhibition by all A and G nucleotides, XMP adenylosuccinate synthetasa IMP-dehydrogenase inhibition by GMP inhibition by AMP SALVAGE PATHWAYS OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES purines biosynthesis in the liver, brain, neutrophiles. nucleosides and free bases transported to other tissues for example lymphocytes use the salvage pathways as the main nucleotides source SALVAGE PATHWAYS OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME uric acid overproduction gout symptomes neurological abnormalities, mental retardation, agressivity, self-mutilation deficiency of HGPRT (X chromosome) + amidophosphoribosyltransferase activation + overproduction and increased degradation of purine nucleotides PURINE-NUCLEOTIDES CYCLE combines biosynthetic and salvage enzymes of purine nucleotides metabolism anaplerotic pathway of the citrate cycle in skeletal muscles FORMATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES ribonucleotide reductase + Fe3+,O2− radical mechanism reduction at the NDP phosphorylation level 3 allosteric sites activity specificity hexamerization Substrate Effector of activity specificity no dATP NDP CDP ATP ATP or dATP UDP ATP ATP or dATP ADP ATP dGTP GDP ATP dTTP THYMIDINE SYNTHESIS dUTP + H2O dUMP + PPi dUDP + H2O dUMP + Pi dCMP + H2O dUMP + NH3 thymidylate synthase dTMP + ATP dTDP + ADP dTDP + ATP dTTP + ADP prevention of dU in DNA DEGRADATION OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES DEGRADATION OF URIC ACID HUMANS DO NOT DEGRADE IT ) GOUT elevated levels of uric acid in body fluids deposition in various tissues (joints, kidneys...) deficient excretion Lesch-Nyhan syndrome deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase allopurinol DEGRADATION OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES NAD(P) SYNTHESIS NAD(P) FLAVINE “NUCLEOTIDES” SYNTHESIS THE END Thank you for your attention!.
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