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Eksistensi Kajian Tauhid Dalam Keilmuan Ushuluddin

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Eksistensi Kajian Tauhid Dalam Keilmuan Ushuluddin EKSISTENSI KAJIAN TAUHID DALAM KEILMUAN USHULUDDIN Saidul Amin [email protected] Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Qasim Abstrak: The study of Tawheed in Islam is the regional foundation for discussion of aqeedah.in this case aqeedah is something very important and fundamental in the formation of good character in the life of a Muslim, which is used as a pillar and foundation of religion, so as to be able to motivate a person in the form of trust and faith. therefore, aqeedah as the foundation for establishing Islamic buildings is the beginning of noble character. If someone has strong Aqeedah, surely they will carry out their worship in an orderly, noble manner, and bermu'amalat well. all the worship that we carry out if without the foundation of Aqeedah then the worship will not be accepted. Keywords: Tawheed, aqeedah, belief and faith A. PENDAHULUAN Dalam kajian tauhid, posisi aqidah Islam sebagai agama yang mendapatkan perhatian yang sangat besar sempurnadan berada dalam rida karena menyadari bahwa ibadah tanpa Allah.Kesempurnaan Islam itu bisa Aqidah hanyalah sia-sia dan begitu juga dirasakan dalam kehidupan dengan sebaliknya. Untuk meluruskan paradigma melaksanakannya secara sempurna. akan umat tentang sebuah Aqidah maka Dalam kaitan ini, kesempurnaan agama untuk mengenalnya Tauhid mencangkup seseorang dapat kita lihat dari aqidahnya, pembahasan Aqidah didalamnya, dengan dimana akidah tersebut merupakan membaginya menjadi beberapa ruang keyakinan atas sesuatu yang di dalamnya lingkup dan menjelaskan keberadaan mencakup segala sesuatu yang berkaitan fungsi dari Aqidah. Meskipun demikian, dengan rukun iman, baik tentang kajian tauhid mempunyai nama lain keyakinan kepada Tuhan, para malaikat, sebagai sebuah terminologi, yaitu ilmu kitab-kitab, para rasul, serta takdir baik ushuluddin, ilmu kalam, ilmu aqidah, dan dan buruk. Sumber daripada akidah Islam teologi Islam. adalah Alquran dan Sunnah, yang secara Pembahasan mengenai tauhid keilmuan akademis terakomodir dalam merupakan hal yang paling penting dalam kajian tauhid. agama Islam, dimana tauhid mengambil peranan penting dalam membentuk 71 72 Majalah Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Pemikiran Keagamaan Tajdid , Vol. 22, No. 1, Juni 2019 pribadi-pribadi yang tangguh, selain juga Allah dalam zat-Nya dan dalam sebagai inti atau akar daripada Aqidah perbuatan-Nya menciptakan alam Islamiyah. Namun rupanya saat ini seluruhnya dan bahwa Ia sendiri-Nya pula pembahasan masalah 'aqidah menjadi tempat kembali segala alam ini dan sesuatu yang terkesampingkan dalam penghabisan segala tujuan.2 Misalnya kehidupan, kencenderungan masyarakat Muhammad Abduh menjelaskan: yang hedonis dengan persaingan hidup انزَّ ْٕ ِح ٍْدُ ِع ْه ٌى ٌُ ْج َح ٌث َع ٍْ ُٔ ُج ْٕ ِدهللاِ َٔ َيب ٌَ ِج ُت اَ ٌْ ٌُ ْثجَ َذ َنُّ ِي ٍْ yang begitu ketat, sehingga urusan-urusan ِص َفب ٍد َٔ َيبٌَ ُج ْٕ ُزاَ ٌْ ٌُ ْٕ َص َف ثِ ِّ َٔ َيب ٌَ ِج ُت اَ ٌْ ٌُ ُْ َفى َع ُُّْ dunia menjadi suatu hal yang menyita َٔ َع ٍِ ان ُّس ُس ِم ِ ِِلثْجَب ِد ِز َسب َنزِ ِٓ ْى َٔ َيب ٌَ ِج ُت اَ ٌْ ٌَ ُك َُْٕ ْٕا َع َه ٍْ ِّ perhatian manusia daripada hal-hal 3 َٔ َيب ٌَ ُجٕ ُشاَ ٌْ ٌُ ُْ َس َت ِا َن ٍْ ِٓ ْى َٔ َيبٌَ ًْزَ ُِ ُع اَ ٌْ ٌُ ْه َح َق َن ُٓ ْى ,lainnya, termasuk masalah keberagamaan sehingga akan didapati banyak sekali penyimpangan demi penyimpangan yang “Tauhid ialah suatu ilmu yang terjadi di tengah-tengah umat Islam membahas tentang wujud Allah, sifat- sifat yang wajib tetap pada-Nya, sifat- B. PEMAHAMAN DAN TERM-TERM sifat yang boleh disifatkan kepada- DALAM KAJIAN TAUHID Nya, dan tentang sifat-sifat yang sama Kata tauhid berasal dari bahasa sekali wajib dilenyapkan pada- -Nya.Juga membahas tentang rasul ( َٔ َّحد َ ) Arab, masdar dari kata wahhada Secara etimologi, rasul Allah, meyakinkan kerasulan .( ٌُ َٕ ِّحد ُ ) yuwahhidu tauhid berarti keesaan.Maksudnya, iktikad mereka, apa yang boleh dihubungkan atau keyakinan bahwa Allah adalah Esa; (dinisbatkan) kepada mereka, dan apa Tunggal; Satu. Pengertian ini sejalan yang terlarang menghubungkannya dengan pengertian tauhid yang digunakan kepada diri mereka.” dalam bahasa Indonesia, yaitu “keesaan Tauhid dalam kajian disebut Allah”; mentauhidkan berarti “mengakui sebagai ilmu tauhid, yang juga dinamakan keesaan Allah; mengesakan sebagai ilmu kalam, karena dalam Allah.”1Secara istilah syar‟i, tauhid berarti pembahasannya mengenai eksistensi mengesakan Allah dalam hal mencipta, Tuhan dan hal-hal yang berhubungan menguasai, mengatur dan memurnikan dengan-Nya digunakan argumentasi- (mengikhlaskan) peribadahan hanya argumentasi filosofis dengan kepada-Nya, meninggalkan penyembahan menggunakan logika atau mantik. kepada selain-Nya serta menetapkan Secara lebih rinciHasbi ash- asma‟ul husna dan sifat al-„ulya bagi-Nya Shiddieqi menyebutkan alasan mengapa dan mensucikan-Nya dari kekurangan dan ilmu ini disebutkan ilmu kalam, yaitu: cacat. 1. Problema yang diperselisihkan Asal makna “tauhid” ialah para ulama dalam ilmu ini meyakinkan, bahwa Allahadalah “satu”, yang menyebabkan umat Islam tidak ada syarikat bagi-Nya. Oleh sebab terpecahkan dalam beberapa itu, sebab dinamakan “Ilmu Tauhid”, ialah golongan adalah masalah karena bahagiannya yang terpenting, menetapkan sifat “wahdah” (satu) bagi 2Muhammad Abduh, Risalah Tauhid, (diterjemahkan oleh Firdaus AN), (Jakarta: Bulan 1Yusran Asmuni, Ilmu Tauhid,(Jakarta: Bintang, 1996), cet. Ke-10, h. 5. RakaGrafindo Persada, 1996), cet. Ke-3, h. 1. 3Yusman Asmuni, Op.cit., h. 1. Kalam Allah atau al-Qur‟an; dalam ajaran Islam.4Begitu pula ketika apakah ia diciptakan (makhluk) ilmu ini disebut sebagai kajian didasarkan atau tidak (qadim). pada argument bahwa „aqaid jamak dari 2. Materi-materi ilmu ini adalah „aqidah.Aqidah berasal dari kata „aqada teori-teori (kalam); tidak ada yang artinya ikatan.Disebut ilmu tauhid diantaranya yang diwujudkan dengan sebutan ilmu „aqaid atau ilmu ke dalam kenyataan atau ushuluddin adalah karena pokok diamalkan dengan anggota. pembicaraannya ialah soal-soal pokok- 3. Ilmu ini di dalam menerangkan pokok kepercayaan agama yang menjadi cara atau jalan menetapkan dasar agama Islam.5 dalil pokok-pokok akidah Ketika dikaitkan dengan teologi serupa dengan ilmu mantik. Islam sebagai istilah asing yang sering 4. Ulama-ulama mutaakhirin pula dikenal untuk ilmu tauhid ini.Teologi membicarakan di dalam ilmu terdiri dari perkataan “theos” artinya ini hal-hal yang tidak Tuhan dan “logos” yang berarti ilmu dibicarakan oleh ulama salaf, (science, study, discourse).Jadi teologi seperti pentakwilan ayat-ayat berarti ilmu tentang Tuhan atau ilmu mutasyabihat, pembahasan ketuhanan.Dalam encyclopedia everimans tentang pengertian qadha‟, yang dikutip oleh Muslim Munaf kalam, dan lain-lain. dikemukakan defenisi teologi sebagai Ilmu tauhid dinamakan ilmu berikut :“Science of religion, dealing kalam, dalam hal ini para ahli di bidang therefore with god, and man in his ini disebut mutakallimin.Penamaan ilmu relation to god” (pengetahuan tentang tauhid dengan ilmu kalam sebenarnya agama, yang karenanya membicarakan dimaksudkan untuk membedakan atara tentang Tuhan dan manuisa dalam mutakallimin dan filosof tertaliannya dengan Tuhan). Banyak Islam.Mutakallimin dan filosof Islam penulis yang memandang bahwa teologi mempertahankan atau memperkuat bertalian erat dengan agama dan keyakinan mereka sama-sama mendefenisikannya sebagai uraian yang menggunakan metode filsafat, tetapi bersifat pikiran tentang agama.Akan mereka berbeda landasan awal tetapi, pendapat ini kurang tepat.Karena berpijak.Mutakallimin lebih dahulu seorang ahli teologi dapat menjalankan bertolak dari al-Qur‟an dan hadits, penyelidikannya dengan bebas tanpa tanpa sementara filosof berpijak pada menjadi seorang agamawan.Karena itu logika.Meskipun demikian, tujuan yang lebih tepat dikatakan bahwa teologi dapat ingin mereka capai adalah satu, yaitu bercorak agama (revealed theology) dan keesaan dan kemahakuasaan Allah. dapat pula tidak bercorak agama (natural Dengan kata lain, mereka berbeda jalan theology atau philoshopical theology). untuk mencapai tujuan yang sama.Selanjutnya, ilmu tauhid juga dinamakan ilmu ushuluddin karena obyek 4Ibid.,h. 4-5. bahasan utamanya adalah dasar-dasar 5Murni, Tauhid Ilmu Kalam, (Padang : agama yang merupakan masalah esensial The Minangkabau Foundation Press, 2006), cet. Ke-1, h. 5. 73 74 Majalah Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Pemikiran Keagamaan Tajdid , Vol. 22, No. 1, Juni 2019 Ringkasnya adalah teologi adalah kesadaran akan tugas dan kewajiban ilmu yang membicarakan tentang Tuhan terhadap Khaliq (Pencipta). dan pertaliannya dengan manusia, baik Pokok pembahasan ilmu tauhid berdasarkan kebenaran wahyu maupun adalah wujud Allah.dan hal-hal yang berdasarkan penyelidikan akal. Untuk berkaitan dengan-Nya. Karena itu, aspek menentukan lapangan dan corak penting dalam ilmu tauhid adalah pembahasan, perkataan teologi diberi keyakinan akan adanya Allah Yang keterangan kualifikasi seperti: teologi Mahasempurna, Mahakuasa, dan memiliki filsafat, teologi Khatolik, teologi Kristen, sifat-sifat keMaha sempurnaan lainnya. teologi Islam, dan lain-lain. Tauhid tidak hanya sekedar diketahui dan Berdasarkan pengertian tauhid dan dimiliki oleh seseorang, tetapi lebih dari pengertian teologi yang sudah dijelaskan itu, ia harus dihayati dengan baik dan dapatlah ditarik titik persamaan antara benar. Apabila tauhid telah dimiliki, ilmu tauhid dengan teologi Islam, dimengerti, dan dihayati dengan baik dan sehingga apabila disebut teologi Islam, benar, kesadaran seseorang akan tugas dan pengertiannya tidak lain dari ilmu tauhid6, kewajibannya sebagai hamba Allah akan yaitu:
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