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088 Genus Zophopetes Mabille AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 10 March 2021 Genus Zophopetes Mabille, [1904] Palm Night-fighters In Mabille, [1903-4]. In: Wytsman, P.A.G., Genera Insectorum 17: 183 (210 pp.). Type-species: Pamphila dysmephila Trimen, by subsequent designation (Lindsey, 1925. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 18: 106 (75-106).). The genus Zophopetes belongs to the Family Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809; Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809, Tribe Hesperiini Latreille, 1809. Other genera in the Tribe Hesperiini, are Lepella, Prosopalpus, Kedestes, Fulda, Gorgyra, Gyrogra, Teniorhinus, Flandria, Hollandus, Xanthodisca, Acada, Rhabdomantis, Osmodes, Parosmodes, Osphantes, Acleros, Paracleros, Semalea, Hypoleucis, Paronymus, Andronymus, Malaza, Perrotia, Ploetzia, Moltena, Chondrolepis, Tsitana, Gamia, Artitropa, Mopala, Pteroteinon, Leona, Caenides, Monza, Melphina, Melphinyet, Noctulana, Fresna, and Platylesches. Zophopetes (Palm Night-fighters) is an Afrotropical genus of seven species. The antennae have prominent white clubs and adults of the genus are crepuscular (Larsen, 1991c). The larval host-plants are palms (Arecaceae) (Larsen, 1991c). *Zophopetes barteni De Jong, 2017 Ebogo Palm Night-fighter Zophopetes barteni De Jong, 2017. Metamorphosis 28: 12 (11-15). Type locality: Cameroon: Ebogo (about 80 km, as the crow flies, south of Yaoundé), 40 21'00''N, 110 25'00''E, 600 m, 25–26 December 2012, leg. Frans Barten. Holotype (male) in collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, RMNH INS 910268. No further specimens are known. Etymology: Named for Frans Barten, the person who first collected it. Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Egogo (TL; one male). Habitat: Partly degraded forest (De Jong, 2017). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. *Zophopetes cerymica (Hewitson, [1867]) Common Palm Night-fighter Hesperia cerymica Hewitson, [1867] in Hewitson, [1867-71]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 4: 108 (118 pp.). Zophopetes cerymica cerymica (Hewitson, 1867). Evans, 1937. Zophopetes cerymica (Hewitson, 1867). Lindsey & Miller, 1965. 1 Zophopetes cerymica. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Luakera bridge, Mwinilunga district, Zambia. 1 November 2002. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection. Zophopetes cerymica. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sakeji, Ikelenge, Zambia. 28 July 2007. Images M.C. Williams ex Gardiner Collection. Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Bivar-de-Sousa & Passos-de-Carvalho, 1987), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Gambia – Fajara, Kartong, Sanyang, Kotu, Gunjur, Abuko, Brusubi, Kitty Forest (Jon Baker, pers. comm, May 2020). Ghana – Aburi (Ploetz, 1886); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010). Kenya – Kilifi (Larsen, 1991c); Mombasa (Larsen, 1991c); Diani Beach (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Gombe Stream (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kasye Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Das es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d). Angola – Luanda (Bampton); Cabinda Province; Kwanza Sul Province; Luanda Province; Malanje Province; Moxico Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Varying habitats, as long as palms are present. Habits: Flies at dusk or after (Heath et al., 2002). Sometimes, at dusk, they will enter buildings (Larsen, 2005a). Larsen (2005a) noted them coming to red flowers of a root parasite in Boabeng-Fiema at 08:30, when they made an audible buzzing sound. Early stages: Genty, 1968 (in error for Z. dysmephila). 2 Mariau & Morin, 1974 (in error for Z. dysmephila). Cock et al., 2014: 25 [ovum, larva and pupa; Ivory Coast, Togo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia]. Larval food: Borassus species (Arecaceae) [Kielland, 1990 (erroneously as nobilior; requires confirmation according to Cock et al., 2014]. Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) (coconut) [Mariau & Morin, 1974 (erroneously as dysmephila); Van Someren, 1974: 325]. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) (oil palm) [Genty, 1968 (erroneously as dysmephila); Vuattoux, 1999 (Ivory Coast)]. Phoenix species (Arecaceae) [Sevastopulo, 1981; requires confirmation according to Cock et al., 2014]. Raphia species (Arecaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 325; Heath et al., 2002: 16; ex Bampton from Ikelenge, Zambia]. Raphia farinfera (Gaertn.) Hyl. (Arecaceae) [Cock et al., 2014; Tanzania & Zambia]. weiglei Plötz, 1886 (as sp. of Hesperia). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 47: 90 (83-117). Ghana: “Aburi”. *Zophopetes dysmephila (Trimen, 1868)# African Palm Nightfighter Male (left) and female (right) of the African Palm Nightfighter, Zophopetes dysmephila. Images courtesy Allison Sharp. Pamphila dysmephila Trimen, 1868. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1868: 96 (69-96). Pamphila dysmephila Trimen, 1868. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Zophopetes dysmephila Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Zophopetes dysmephila (Trimen, 1868). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Zophopetes dysmephila (Trimen, 1868). Pringle et al., 1994: 330. 3 Zophopetes dysmephila. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Umtamvuna River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 5 January 2012. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Zophopetes dysmephila. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Emerged 25 August 1998. J. Greyling. Images M.C. Williams ex Greyling Collection. Alternative common name: Palm-tree Nightfighter. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Bashee River, Kaffraria”. Holotype (female) in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, to Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (central), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (north), Namibia (Caprivi), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Cameroon – Baliburg (Karsch, 1892). Angola – Bon Jesus (Plötz, 1882); Bengo Province; Kuando-Kubango Province (Mendes et al., 2013). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Cherangani Mountains (Stoneham, vide Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Cock, vide Larsen, 1991c); coast (Cock, vide Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – West, south, east and Tabora Region (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Vumba Mountains (Pinhey); Victoria Falls (Pinhey). Botswana – Kasane (E. Pinhey; sight record). Limpopo Province – Duiwelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Skukuza (Williams); Blyde River Canyon National Park (Williams). Gauteng – Die Wilgers, Pretoria [25 45 40.6S 18 18 18.4E] 22/02/2009 (C.K. Willis, pers. comm., 5 March, 2009); Rietondale, Pretoria 15 February, 2021 (African Butterfly News 2021 no. 2: 4). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Millar, vide Trimen & Bowker, 1899); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Stanger (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (TL; Bowker); King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953; probably introduced according to Pringle et al., 1994); Kei mouth (Swanepoel, 1953). Western Cape Province – Introduced to Cape Town as larvae on potted palm trees in about 1980 but, for some unknown reason, became rare after 1988 (Claassens & Dickson, cited by Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Moist savanna and forest. In Tanzania from sea-level to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Not often seen since it flies in the evening, after sunset. Specimens rest in folded leaves of the host plant during the day. Males establish territories around the larval food plant, using a frond on the 4 host plant as a perch. The flight is very fast and they make a distinct clicking or buzzing sound (Pringle et al., 1994). In the gloom of dusk the only easily visible parts of the butterfly are the white antennal clubs and wing tips (Pringle et al., 1994). Specimens sometimes come to bright lights (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year, but commonest from December to May (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Trimen & Bowker, 1899: 328 [as Pamphila dysmephila Trimen]. “Larva. Elongated; deep-green on the head and thoracic segments, light-green abdominally; head with two small jet-black spots, looking like eyes.” The larva draws “the leaves together, and forming a silk-lined incomplete tube, sometimes six or seven inches in length.” – J.H. Bowker, 23 rd March, 1881. Colonel Bowker adds that
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