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THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. -
Delivering Security in a Changing World Future Capabilities
Delivering Security in a Changing World Future Capabilities 1 Delivering Security in a Changing World Future Capabilities Presented to Parliament by The Secretary of State for Defence By Command of Her Majesty July 2004 £7.00 Cm 6269 Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Force Structure Changes 5 Chapter 3 Organisation and Efficiency 11 Chapter 4 Conclusions 13 Annex Determining the Force Structure 14 © Crown Copyright 2004 The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the document specified. Any enquiries relating to the copyright in this document should be addressed to The Licensing Division, HMSO, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BQ. Fax: 01603 723000 or e-mail: licensing@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk Foreword by the Secretary of State for Defence the Right Honourable Geoff Hoon MP In the Defence White Paper of last December I set out the need to defend against the principal security challenges of the future: international terrorism, the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, and weak and failing states. Our need in the future is for flexible and adaptable armed forces properly supported to carry out the most likely expeditionary operations. To create a more sustainable and affordable force structure which better meets these operational requirements we have secured additional resources: the 2004 Spending Review allocated £3.7 billion to defence across the Spending Review period, which represents an average real terms increase of 1.4% a year. -
The Origination and Evolution of Radio Traffic Analysis: World War II
DOCID: 3860741 UNCLASSIFIED The Origination and Evolution of Radio Traffic Analysis: World War II ( b ) ( 3 ) - E' . L . 86 - 3 6 ____I ··· Tb;• artitle it UNCLASSJF1ED OJrcept for the author's biography which is classified as marked. The bombing of the Philippines by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 came as a shock to the United States even though some Americans were braced for other attacks following the infamy of Pearl Harbor the previous day.1 After the near destruction of the U.S . fleet in Hawaii, the Japanese were focused on the rows of B-17s and P-40s parked neatly in the mid-day sun at Clark Field. MacArthur's air force was destroyed on the ground on that Monday afternoon without a fight. On that day, Lieutenant Howard W. Brown, a radio intelligence veteran attached to the Second Signal Service Company at Manila, changed the mission of the Army intercept unit from Japanese diplomatic to potentially more lucrative air force communications and began reconstructing the tactical military nets serving the attacking Japanese. Thus began U.S. Army radio traffic analysis in World War II. In Europe, our entry into the war spurred closer cooperation with British signals intelligence. Radio traffic analysis, as indeed the entire field of Sigint, was comprehensively developed by the British following more than two years of war with the Germans. Bletchley Park, home of Britain's Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS), became the center of Allied Sigint efforts in World War II. This included the preparation and training of U.S. -
Letter Written by Bryan Woolnough MBE, 2
Dear Mr Turton, I saw your artich in the Italian Star and although not sure I can be of assistance with your project thought I shouH give you my material I was auached to No. 2 Commanfo Briga& which covered the Italian campaign. I was a Commando Signaller so was athched to various Comman&s on their respective actions. No 2 Briga& was comprised of two Army Commanfos and two Marine Comman&s. Most of the actions I saw was with Army Commandos although I was attached to No. 40 Marine Commando on some of their actions. I wasnot on the initial assault on Sicily but in the second wave that had saibd from the UK. I lan&d at Siracuse and immediately joined 3 Army Commando. There was a gradual folhw the Germans as they did a strategic withdrawal towards theltalian mainland there were minor skirmishes and eventually we arrived at the Straits of Messina for the ltalian invasion. Unlike the brave TV and Film soHiers there were many occasions when a POW lifestyb was a better option. This happened at Messina when our unit was given the task of aking out mainland coastal batteries on the mainland invasion, all that happened was we got coH as the gun crews had &ne a bunk when they realised what was going to happen. At the risk of boring you I am sending four memoirs that I had done for our village monthly magazine They may be of interest but as thefare on my PC they are easy to print off. -
Information and Questions Regarding the Army, RAF and RN
@ Defence Statistics (Tri-Service) Ministry Of Defence Main Building ~ Whitehall -.- London SW1A 2HB Ministry United Kingdom Telephone [MOD]: +44 (0)20 7807 8896 of Defence Facsimile [MOD]: +44 (0)20 7218 0969 E-mail: [email protected] Reference: FOl2020/08689 and FOl2020/08717 Date: 26th August 2020 Dear Thank you for your emails of 28th/27th July requesting the following information: FOl2020/08689: ''ARMY Ql. Geographic Locations - What are the top three military Garrisons/Barrack locations within the UK which have the highest percentage proportion of; a) Female Commissioned Officers within its population b) BAME Commissioned Officers within its population c) Female soldiers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers within its population d) BAME soldiers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers within its population Please state percentage of female/BAME composition in the response and total si:ze of population, i.e. Aldershot Garrison - Female commissioned officers make up 10% of a total population of approximately 5,000 commissioned officers with Aldershot Garrison. Q2 - Regimental Concentration - What are the top three individual Regiments/Battalions with the highest percentage proportion of; a) Female Commissioned Officers within its population b) BAME Commissioned Officers within its population c) Female soldiers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers within its population d) BAME soldiers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers within its population Please state percentage of female/BAME composition in the response and total -
Festive Tours: Further Information Or Simply to Book
September 2019, let’s hope for an Indian Summer to WW1 : I am delighted to enjoy a few more lighter days. We have been very lucky announce that by request we now with our tours this summer enjoying decent weather just have a tour in 2020 to the Battlefields when we have needed it. of the Great War. Dave will be Fred Olsen have launched a new selection of offers don’t returning to guide us around the area miss out on these savings. Beth is an ardent cruiser and and this tour is to include special loves her cruises on board Fred Olsen. She has just places that you our guests are returned from Norway and was amazed at the stunning requesting to visit along with many scenery and hot weather! She knows the Fred ships main inclusions. For example Tyncote, Vimmy Ridge, The Last Post and Oppy inside out and looks forward to telling you more. Wood for the Hull Pals. You will find Hot off the press I have just added two more escorted more information inside but do feel holidays by air. A cruise through the Panama Canal which free to contact me for a chat and of ticks lots off the bucket list visiting Mexico, Nicaragua, course let me know if you have a Guatamala, Costa Rica, Columbia and the Cayman Isles! special place for us to include. This an The second is an exclusive itinerary visiting Georgia and enriching and emotional tour. Armenia. Further details of both departures can be found inside this booklet, or simply give me a call for Festive tours: further information or simply to book. -
Military Entrepreneurship in the Shadow of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949)
JPR Men of the Gun and Men of the State: Military Entrepreneurship in the Shadow of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) Spyros Tsoutsoumpis Abstract: The article explores the intersection between paramilitarism, organized crime, and nation-building during the Greek Civil War. Nation-building has been described in terms of a centralized state extending its writ through a process of modernisation of institutions and monopolisation of violence. Accordingly, the presence and contribution of private actors has been a sign of and a contributive factor to state-weakness. This article demonstrates a more nuanced image wherein nation-building was characterised by pervasive accommodations between, and interlacing of, state and non-state violence. This approach problematises divisions between legal (state-sanctioned) and illegal (private) violence in the making of the modern nation state and sheds new light into the complex way in which the ‘men of the gun’ interacted with the ‘men of the state’ in this process, and how these alliances impacted the nation-building process at the local and national levels. Keywords: Greece, Civil War, Paramilitaries, Organized Crime, Nation-Building Introduction n March 1945, Theodoros Sarantis, the head of the army’s intelligence bureau (A2) in north-western Greece had a clandestine meeting with Zois Padazis, a brigand-chief who operated in this area. Sarantis asked Padazis’s help in ‘cleansing’ the border area from I‘unwanted’ elements: leftists, trade-unionists, and local Muslims. In exchange he promised to provide him with political cover for his illegal activities.1 This relationship that extended well into the 1950s was often contentious. -
User Documentation. Panzer Campaigns
FALL KREML : DESIGNER NOTES & HISTORY DOCUMENT Rule 1, on page 1 of the book of war, is: "Do not march on Moscow". Various people have tried it, Napoleon and Hitler, and it is no good … Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, in the House of Lords, 30 May 1962 THE CAMPAIGN Fall Kreml (Operation Kremlin in English) is now considered by many historians one of the most successful deception campaigns in history. It was in the same class as the Allied Fortitude operations that were instigated to create confusion before the Normandy landings. Planning for the German 1942 summer offensive began in December ’41, ironically coinciding with the Soviet counterattack against Heeresgruppe Mitte. Hitler decided that the most decisive blow would have to be in Southern Russia with the breadbasket of the Ukraine and oil of the Caucasus the primary targets. Hitler rightly decided that the capture of these areas would severely hamstring the Soviets while bringing vast new territories and resources under the Nazi’s control. The operation in the south became Fall Blau (Operation Blue in English). With the heavy losses of the prior twelve months it was obvious that only one Heeresgruppe could mount offensive operations, with the others starved of replacements and standing at the defensive. Page 1 In preparation for Fall Blau, a deception plan for a second attack on Moscow was begun called Fall Kreml. What if Fall Kreml was real, could the German’s have actually captured Moscow on the second attempt? The included scenarios will allow players to answer that question. THE MAP The map used for the Fall Kreml scenarios is the summer version of the Moscow ’42 map. -
Nationalsozialismus in Der Österreichischen Provinz
Am Umschlag: "Beschauschein vom 11. 4. 1945. Der Beschauarzt verübte beim Zusammenbruch Selbstmord." Aus: Erlaftal-Bote, 90. Jg., Nr. 17, 23. April1980. MITTEILUNGEN DES INSTITUTS FÜR WISSENSCHAFT UND KUNST, 46. JG. 1991 I NR. 4, öS 50,- 1 WlFIBJM_~ ' EDITORIAL INHALT Historische Forschung und Vermittlung darf nicht Jacqueline Vansant auf Gedenktage und Jubiläen beschränkt bleiben. NATIONALSOZIALISMUS UND Der Arbeitskreis "Nationalsozialismus in der Öster• AUTOBIOGRAPHIEN VERFOLGTER reichischen Provinz" versucht die insbesonders FRAUEN ... :. 2 durch das Gedenkjahr 1938/88 in Fluß gekommene Beschäftigung mit dem deutschen Faschismus in Klaus-Dieter Mulley Österreich interdisziplinär weiterzuführen und auch "AHNENGAU DES FÜHRERS" Lokalforschern eine Plattform für die Präsentation Alltag und Herrschaft in "Niederdonau" und Konfrontation ihrer Forschungsergebnisse zu 1 938-1945 . 7 geben. Die folgenden Beiträge zeigen eine Vielfalt der Zugänge zum regionalen und lokalen Gesche hen. Eine Ablöse der "alten Heimatgeschichten", in Franz Steinmaßl welchen die Zeit 1938 bis 1945 ausgeklammert DAS HAKENKREUZ IM HÜGELLAND oder auf die Erwähnung von ein paar überregiona• Widerstand und Verfolgung im len Ereignissen beschränkt, somit die Mitwirkung ei Bezirk Freistadt 1938-1945 ................ 18 nes Großteils der Bevölkerung an der Etablierung und Aufrechterhaltung des NS-Regimes schamhaft Ernst Langthaler verschwiegen wurde, scheint sich anzubahnen. Im THESEN ZUR GESELLSCHAFTS Arbeitskreis werden nicht nur Regional- oder Lokal GESCHICHTE DES NATIONAL geschichten diskutiert, sondern - wie der Beitrag SOZIALISMUS AM BEISPIEL "Nationalsozialismus und Autobiographien verfolg FRANKENFELS 1932-1956 ................ 22 ter Frauen" zeigt - auch "überregionale" Aspekte und Konsequenzen des Nationalsozialismus vorge tragen, besprochen und zum "heimatlichen" Ge Robert Streibel schehen in Beziehung gesetzt. Was Altred Pfoser in DIE "GAUHAUPTSTADT" KREMS einem anderen Zusammenhang schrieb, gilt auch Eine Geschichte in vier Bildern ............. -
User Documentation. Panzer Campaigns: Moscow
Whenever I think of this attack, my stomach turns over … Adolph Hitler speaking to Heinz Guderian, 14 May 1943 THE BATTLE The Battle of Kursk is probably one of the best known Eastern Front battles in the West. That said, there has only been deep research on the battle in the last twenty years after the opening of the Soviet archives in the early 1990’s. Many of the ‘truths’ of Kursk have been found to be based more on fiction than fact. Claims such as the largest tank battle of the Second World War are wrong (that crown is held by the armoured battles in the Southern Ukraine around Dubno in the first fortnight of Operation Barbarossa) as is the heavy losses of troops and tanks suffered by the Germans. Many of the operational details of the battle are well known, but there is much less information available at the tactical level. Amazingly there has only been one detailed review of the pivotal battle of Prokhorovka written to date and available in English (Valeriy Zamulin’s: Destroying the Myth). Page 2 This first release in the Panzer Battles franchise is focused on the Southern flank of the Kursk battle. The offensive action by Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Sud) was countered by the defence and ultimately offense of Voronezh and Steppe Fronts. The dates covered are from July 4th 1943 to July 12th 1943. THE MAP The map used for the Battles of Kursk scenarios is based off a section of the Panzer Campaigns Kursk ’43 map. The map creator took the base map and expanded it to 250 meter hexes from the original 1km. -
Dutch Military Landscapes Heritage and Archaeology on WWII Conflict Sites
Dutch Military Landscapes Heritage and Archaeology on WWII conflict sites Max VAN DER SCHRIEK Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Abstract: In the Netherlands, archaeological research concerning World War II (WWII) is not very well explored compared with the neighboring countries. Its key methodologies were developed already in the 1980s in the United States, where both specialized field techniques (such as advanced metal detectors) and methods for analysis like Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were administered to locate specific artefacts and to map and reconstruct military strategies and other war events. Dutch (conflict) archaeologists still need to develop, practice and reflect international developments in the subject area to learn from the experiences of colleagues abroad. Individual archaeologists participated in the research out of personal interest and/or a particular personal commitment to the features and artefacts they came across during excavations. However, there are still large differences in the approach to the archaeology of WWII between the various commercial excavation companies, provincial administration and municipalities. Even when recording has been systematically undertaken, there have sometimes been administrative, conservation, and legal difficulties in dealing with WWII conflict sites in the Netherlands. Modern Conflict Archaeology plays a vital role with regard to the preservation of these sites and relics. There are several non-invasive approaches and techniques which we can use without any juridical problems, for example KOCOA (Key terrain, Obstacles, Cover and concealment, Observation and fields of fire, Avenues of approach), an established approach to military analysis, and the application of LiDAR (Li ght Detection And Ranging), a remote sensing technology which can provide a detailed digital elevation model of a landscape. -
Amphibious and Special Operations in the Aegean Sea 1943-1945 : Operational Effectiveness and Strategic Implications
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 2003-12 Amphibious and special operations in the Aegean Sea 1943-1945 : operational effectiveness and strategic implications Gartzonikas, Panagiotis Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6200 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS AMPHIBIOUS AND SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN THE AEGEAN SEA 1943-1945. OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS by Panagiotis Gartzonikas December 2003 Thesis Advisor: Douglas Porch Second Reader: David Tucker Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2003 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Amphibious and Special Operations in the Aegean Sea 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 1943-1945. Operational Effectiveness and Strategic Implications 6. AUTHOR(S) Panagiotis Gartzonikas 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9.