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Effect of Parity on Fatty Acids of Saudi Camels Milk and Colostrum

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Effect of Parity on Fatty Acids of Saudi Camels Milk and Colostrum International Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences Volume 4, Issue 6, ISSN (Online): 2348 – 3997 Effect of Parity on Fatty Acids of Saudi Camels Milk and Colostrum Magdy Abdelsalam1,2*, Mohamed Ali1 and Khalid Al-Sobayil1 1Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Al-Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria 21545, Egypt. Date of publication (dd/mm/yyyy): 29/11/2017 Abstract – Fourteen Saudi she-camels were machine milked locations and different feeding regimes, but there is a scare twice daily and fatty acids of colostrum (1-7 days post partum) on the effect of parity of lactating camels on the fatty acids. and milk (10-150 days post partum) were analyzed. Short Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to study the chain fatty acids were found in small percentage in colostrums changes in the fatty acids profile of colostrums and milk of and milk at different parities without insignificant differences she-camel during the first three parities. and the C4:0 and C6:0 don't appear in the analysis. Colostrums has higher unsaturated fatty acids percentage than that of saturated fatty acids while the opposite was found II. MATERIALS AND METHODS in milk of camels. Myiristic acid (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) showed the highest A. Animals and Management percentage in either colostrums or milk of she-camels. Parity The present study was carried out on fourteen Saudi she had significant effect on atherogenicity index (AI) which is camels raised at the experimental Farm, College of considered an important factor associated the healthy quality of camel milk. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) was recorded Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University. the highest percent in the second and third parity in milk and Machine milking was performed for lactating camels twice colostrums. Stage of lactation had significant effect on fatty daily. Animals were grazed for 2-3 hours a day and they acids profile except the short chain fatty acids. The percentage were fed ad libitum available berseem or 2 kg hay and 3 kg of unsaturated fatty acids decreased as stage of lactation concentrate mixture (16 % CP) besides 2 kg barely. Water advanced while the saturated fatty acids increased in older was offered to animals at all day times. All animals were camels. The results indicate that camel milk has an important healthy. role in human nutrition in the hot regions and arid countries B. Milk samples it contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids which is Milk samples were taken from fourteen lactating she- required to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. camels in different parity numbers (1-3) between 0-7 day Keywords – Camel Milk, Conjugated linoleic acids CLA, (colostrum) and 10-150 days post partum. The samples of Colostrum, Fatty Acid Profile. milk were collected in the morning in polyethylene bottles (350 ml from each lactating camels). Samples were frozen I. INTRODUCTION and stored at - 20ºC up to analyses. C. Milk fatty Acids Analysis Camels are considered the most important livestock in Fatty acids (FAs) composition of milk fat was determined arid and semi-arid regions and play an important role in the using gas chromatography (apparatus: Chimadzu 2010) as life of rural population in these areas and survive under described by [9]. The FAs (g/100 g) were grouped as harsh conditions. In Saudi Arabia, there are about 270 saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), thousand heads of Arabian camel (Camelus dromedaries) monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty and can produce around 105852 tons of milk and 42460 acid (PUFA), short chain fatty acid (SCFA), medium chain tons of meat [1]. Saudi Arabia is rated as the fifth highest fatty acid (MCFA) and long chain fatty acid (LCFA). producer of camel milk in the world. D. The index of Atherogenicity (IA) Camel milk is considered an important source of proteins, The IA is an indicator of fatty acids risk on health. The energy and vitamins for the people living in the arid and index of atherogenicity (IA) was calculated as reported by semi-arid lands of the world who consumed significant [10] and [11] as: amounts of camel milk as fresh [2]. Many people prefer 퐼퐴 = 푎푆12 + 푏푆14 + 푐푆16 / 푑푃 + 푒푀 + 푓푀" camel milk to other types of milks because they believe that where: S12 = C12:0, S14 = C14:0 and S16= C16:0; P = sum it is complete food source for the human body besides its of ω6 and ω3 PUFA; M= oleic acid and M"= sum of other medicinal benefits [3] and [4]. Compared to cow milk, MUFA. a–f are empirical constants: b = 4 and a, c, d, e and camel milk fat contains less amounts of short-chain fatty f are equal to 1. acids and saturated fatty acids [5] & [6] and high Iso fatty acids were not included in the last equation. unsaturated fatty acids [7]. Nowadays, knowledge showed Thus, the final calculation of the IA of the she camel milk the risk factor for cardiovascular disease from consuming and colostrum was as follows: fatty milk, where the fatty acid composition is considered an important factor affecting health [8]. C12:0 + (4*C14:0) + C16:0 IA = There is a great deal of interest in fatty acids composition C10:1 + C14:1 + C16:1 + C17:1 + C18:1 + C18:2 + C18:3 in camel milk under different productive systems, different Copyright © 2017 IJRAS, All right reserved 325 International Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences Volume 4, Issue 6, ISSN (Online): 2348 – 3997 E. Statistical Analysis milk ranged between 0.49 and 3.91 %. [17] explained Data were analyzed using proc GLM according to [12]. disappear short chain or its low percentage to their rapid The model included parity as fixed effect, was as follows: metabolize by camel tissue before excreting in the milk. Yij = µ + Pi + eij where: Saturated fatty acids averaged 54.318, 58.898 and 57.621 th Yij = an observation taken on the j sample (g/100 g) in camel milk at the first three parities, Palmitic µ = overall mean acid (C16:0) had the highest value in she-camel milk (P = th Pj = a fixed effect of the i parity (i=1 to 3) 0.008) and its value increased as parity number increased. eij = Random error assumed to be independent by and The Stearic acid (C18:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) had the normally distributed with mean = 0 and variance = σ2 second high values and the camel in the second parity gave Duncan multiple range test was conducted to determine significantly higher mean than that milked at the first or differences among means, using 5% significant level. third parity. The present results are in agreement with results of [18], [13] and [14], who illustrated that C14:0, III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION C16:0 and C18:0 are considered the major components of total fatty acids. The increase of those saturated fatty acids A. Fatty Acids Concentration in Colostrums can attributed to activity and fermentation in rumen. [19] The mean fatty acids of colostrum of lactating camels On Najdi ewes, pointed out that Palmitic, stearic and among different parities is presented in Table 1. It is clear palmetic acids had the highest percentages of milk total to note that C4:0 or C6:0 don't appear in the analysis of fatty acids. colostrums. Short chain fatty acids (C8:0) constituted a very The unsaturated fatty acid in milk varied by parity small amount and averaged 0.080 in the first parity, 0.082 (P<004), oleic acid (C18:1) were present in higher in the second parity and 0.096 in the third parity without concentration followed by Palmitoleic acid (C16:1). These any significant difference. It is worthy to note that the two acids were higher in milk of camels in first parity and highest values were recorded for C18:1, c16:0, C18:0, decline in the second parity and increased at the third parity. C16:1, C14:0 and C17:1. Reference [13] found that [13] and [20] reported that the C18:1 and C16:1 represented colostrum had low amount of short chain fatty acids (C4- the major unsaturated fatty acids of camel milk. Our results C8) and added that colostrums showed high amount of are higher than that of [7] who found that unsaturated fatty C18:1 and C16:1. Authors [14] stated that amount of C18:1 acid averaged 33.81 %. The authors [5] pointed out the and C16:0 recorded the highest value in colostrums. importance of camel milk in nutrition of human because Parity had highly significant effect on the concentration increasing supply of these unsaturated fatty acids is of C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C14:1 and C15:0 and significant required to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. effect on C16:0 (P<0.03). Colostrums has higher Results of [21] reported that the high percentage of C18:0 unsaturated fatty acids amount than that of saturated fatty and C18:1 is reflected changes in the energy balance of the acids (50.12, 50.36 & 49.99 vs. 48.98, 49.54 & 49.58 for camels during lactation. Negative energy balance was 1st, 2nd and 3rd parity, respectively). found in the first months of lactation, therefore animals CLA in colostrums increased as parity of camel increased used non-esterified fatty acids stored in adipose tissues with insignificant difference. It considered the best which were very rich in C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids.
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