Estudo Dos Extratos Apolares De Dichotomaria Marginata, Acanthophora Spicifera, Cladophora Prolifera, Lobophora Variegata; Identificação De Sesquiterpenos

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Estudo Dos Extratos Apolares De Dichotomaria Marginata, Acanthophora Spicifera, Cladophora Prolifera, Lobophora Variegata; Identificação De Sesquiterpenos Angelica Nunes Garcia Macroalgas e poluentes marinhos: estudo dos extratos apolares de Dichotomaria marginata, Acanthophora spicifera, Cladophora prolifera, Lobophora variegata; identificação de sesquiterpenos em Dictyopteris delicatula Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. São Paulo 2019 Angelica Nunes Garcia Macroalgas e poluentes marinhos: estudo dos extratos apolares de Dichotomaria marginata, Acanthophora spicifera, Cladophora prolifera, Lobophora variegata; identificação de sesquiterpenos em Dictyopteris delicatula Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais. Orientadora: Dra. Luciana Retz de Carvalho Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pelo NÚCLEO DE BIBLIOTECA E MEMÓRIA Garcia, Angelica Nunes G215m Macroalgas e poluentes marinhos: estudo dos extratos apolares de Dichotomaria marginata, Acanthophora spicifera, Cladophora prolifera, Lobophora variegata; identificação de sesquiterpenos em Dictyopteris deliculata / Angelica Nunes Garcia -- São Paulo, 2019. 171p.; il. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio Ambiente, 2019. Bibliografia. 1. Bioindicadores de poluição. 2. Contaminantes aquáticos. 3. Metabolitos algais. I. Título. CDU: 582.26 Dedico este trabalho, em especial, ao meu filho Augusto, por ser uma fonte de inspiração e alegria, aos meus pais Roberto e Sonia e ao meu marido Rodrigo. O motivo pelo qual a vida acadêmica é tão atrativa é porque se resume em 99% de árduo trabalho e de somente 1% de mágica purpurina; mas esse 1% é muuuuito bommm!!!! “Autor desconhecido” AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço em especial à minha orientadora-amiga Dra. Luciana Retz de Carvalho, por todo afeto, ensinamento e atenção, nunca me deixando sem uma palavra de conforto. À, Dra. Nair Sumie Yokoya pela amizade e por coletar e identificar as algas em estudo. Às pesquisadoras e colegas do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ficologia do Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo Dra. Andréa Tucci, Dra. Célia Leite Sant’Anna, Dra. Mutue Toyota Fujii, Neide Souza, pela ajuda e convivência. Aos demais colegas do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ficologia do Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, por todo apreço, auxílio e convivência no laboratório. Aos meus familiares, que sempre estiveram ao meu lado, pela paciência, força e palavras de carinho. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela concessão da bolsa - CAPES/AUXPE-CIMAR 1991/2014/Processo nº 23038.001431/2014- 75. Ao Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, por fornecer a infraestrutura necessária à realização deste trabalho. E por ultimo e não menos importante, agradeço a Deus e ao meus orixás que estão sempre ao meu lado me iluminando e me dando suporte para seguir minha jornada neste mundo. Peço sinceras desculpas às pessoas que por esquecimento, não mencionei, mas estiveram ao meu lado e contribuíram direta ou indiretamente com este projeto sempre me apoiando, com uma palavra encorajadora e torcendo para que tudo desse certo! Muito Obrigada!!! i RESUMO As macroalgas marinhas eram apontadas como bioindicadoras de poluição com base apenas no aumento ou na diminuição de suas populações em ambientes contaminados. Contudo, nossos estudos atestam que podem acumular substâncias dissolvidas ou suspensas no ambiente aquático. Em estudo do extrato hexânico da alga vermelha Dichotomatia marginata (J. Ellis & Solander) Lamarck, coletada na Praia de Fortaleza, Ubatuba, São Paulo, foram identificados, por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas (CG/EM), 22 poluentes e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência/espectrometria de massas, 16 poluentes. Ambas as técnicas mostraram-se ferramentas úteis na identificação dos contaminantes dessorvidos do talo dessa alga, a qual pode ser considerada um valioso indicador de poluição do ambiente marinho. No indispensável levantamento dos poluentes aquáticos aqui apresentados, estão compilados as classes a que pertencem, fórmulas, massas moleculares e locais em que foram encontrados. Entre eles estão fármacos e drogas de abuso, produtos de higiene e cuidados pessoais e substâncias empregadas na indústria e agricultura. Muitos desses poluentes não constam em programas de monitoramento de água, normativas e legislações de controle ambiental. Também, pela técnica de CG/EM, foram identificados 13 sesquiterpenos, pertencentes a classe dos cadalanos, no extrato hexânico de Dictyopteris delicatula J.V. Lamouroux, estudo que contribuiu efetivamente para o conhecimento do terpenoma da família Dictyotaceae. Ainda utilizando CG/EM, foram investigadas as substâncias encontradas nos extratos hexânicos e em diclorometano das macroalgas Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen, Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing e Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira. Esses organismos são pertencentes a diferentes taxa, foram coletadas em diferentes regiões litorâneas brasileiras e devido à natureza dos polímeros que compõem os seus talos, são capazes de reter e acumular poluentes dispersos nos ambientes aquáticos. Delas foram extraídos e identificados 51 contaminantes. Esses estudos embasam o conceito de que macroalgas são indicadoras da presença de poluentes no meio em que vivem. Também, pelo reconhecimento de muitos de seus constituintes, ampliam o conhecimento da diversidade química das macroalgas brasileiras. Palavras-chave: bioindicadores de poluição, contaminantes aquáticos, adsorção, metabolitos algais. ii ABSTRACT Marine macroalgae so far were been considered pollution indicators only regarding their population increase or decrease, in polluted environments. However, our studies attest that they may accumulate dissolved or suspended substances in the aquatic environment. Twenty two pollutants have been identified, by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and 16, by high - performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in the hexane extract of the seaweed Dichotomatia marginata (J. Ellis & Solander) Lamarck, collected at Fortaleza Beach, Ubatuba, São Paulo. Both chromatographic techniques proved to be useful tools in the identification of contaminants desorbed from this algae tallus. which can be considered a valuable pollution indicator for the marine environment. The survey that was made regarding the aquatic pollutants presents their names, molecular masses, formulas, and sites where they were found. Among these contaminants are drugs of abuse, hygiene and personal care products, and substances used in industry and agriculture. Many them are not included in water monitoring programs, norms and environmental control legislation. Moreover, by the same technique (CG/MS), 13 sesquiterpenes, belonging to the cadalane class, were identified in the Dictyopteris delicatula J.V. Lamouroux hexane extract; this study has effectively contributed to the knowledge of the Dictyotaceae family terpenoma. The hexane and dichloromethane extract's constituents of the macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen, Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing, and Lobophora variegate (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira were investigated using GC/MS, as well. These three algae belong to different taxa, were collected in different Brazilian coastal regions and due to the nature of the polymers that make up their tallus, are able to retain and accumulate pollutants which are dispersed into the aquatic environments. Fifty-one contaminants were extracted from them and identified. The results of this study substantiate the potential application of macroalgae as pollutant indicators in the environment where they live. Also, by recognizing many of its constituents, they expand the knowledge of the chemical diversity of Brazilian macroalgae. Key words: pollution bioindicators, aquatic contaminants, adsorption, algal metabolites. iii PREFÁCIO Esta tese é constituída por seis capítulos, sendo que quatro deles estão apresentados como artigos científicos. O primeiro capítulo, sob o título de “Introdução geral”, reúne os conceitos, definições e classificações que norteiam os estudos sobre macroalgas marinhas. Também nele estão a justificativa e os objetivos deste estudo. Os capítulos 2 a 5 são artigos, dois dos quais já foram submetidos à periódicos estrangeiros, motivo pelo qual estão em inglês. Todos os quatro são independentes entre si e estão constituídos por resumo, palavras-chave, introdução, material e métodos, resultados, discussão, conclusões e referências bibliográficas. O capítulo 2 contém o artigo intitulado “Dichotomaria marginata (Rhodophyta) as a bioindicator for marine pollution: an overview about its metabolites and adsorbed pollutants”, foi submetido ao periódico “Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía”, desvenda os poluentes retidos pela macroalga “Dichotomaria marginata” e propõe o mecanismo pelo qual esses resíduos ligam-se aos talos algáceos. O capítulo 3 apresenta uma extensa revisão de poluentes aquáticos denominada “Unregulated aquatic pollutants: a challenge for the future”, cuja redação foi produto da necessidade que tivemos em identificar e listar os resíduos encontrados nos extratos das algas que selecionamos para este estudo. Este artigo foi submetido
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