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Speculum 2012-2 Final Small01.Pdf Obsah Speculum 2012/2 OBSAH EDITORIÁL 5 štúdia SÚČASNÉ PREJAVY ANTISEMITIZMU 6 BARBORA BÍROVÁ štúdia STALO SA ZNÁMEMU MÔJHO ZNÁMEHO“ ALEBO „FRIEND OF A FRIEND TALES“ 25 LUCIA DITMAROVÁ štúdia KATEGORIE LIDOVÉHO NÁBOŽENSTVÍ V JAPONSKÉM KONTEXTU 44 JAKUB HAVLÍČEK esej PSYCHOLOGICKÉ, EVOLUČNÉ A KULTÚRNE ASPEKTY PRESVEDČENIA O IMANENTNEJ SPRAVODLIVOSTI 57 MARTIN HULÍN štúdia ETNICKÁ STIGMATIZÁCIA AKO VÝSLEDOK LOKÁLNEJ BYTOVEJ MIKROPOLITIKY 70 ĽUBOŠ KOVÁCS štúdia PODMIENKY A PRÍLEŽITOSTI POUŽÍVANIA ESENCIALISTICKÝCH A NEESENCIALISTICKÝCH REPREZENTÁCIÍ SOCIÁLNYCH SKUPÍN 82 NORBERT MAUR správa KONFERENCIA ĽUDOVÉ POZNANIE (31. 5. – 1. 6. 2012, BRATISLAVA) 100 MONIKA SIRKOVSKÁ fotoreportáž FOTOPRÍSPEVOK Z KONFERENCIE 104 KATARÍNA BÖHMOVÁ POKYNY PRE AUTOROV / SUBMISSION GUIDELINES 106 3 Speculum 2012/2 {en+sk}Speculum Publikuje: Slovenská asociácia sociálnych antropológov (SASA) Ročník 4., 2012, číslo 2 ISSN 1337-9461 Toto číslo neprešlo jazykovou korektúrou Redakcia: Táňa Grauzelová Miroslava Oláhová Barbora Bírová Peter Maňo Katarína Bohmövá – grafický dizajn Redakčná rada: Vladimír Bahna Juraj Buzalka Tatiana Bužeková Miroslava Hlinčíková Tomáš Hrustič Danijela Jerotijević Martin Kanovský Zuzana Kubovčáková Andrej Mentel Juraj Podoba www.antropologia.sk 4 Editorial Speculum 2012/2 EDITORIÁL Vážené čitateľky, vážení čitatelia, odozneli na konferencii, ako aj podrobnú správu o celom podujatí. Nechýba vitajte v špeciálnom čísle Specula, ani fotoreportáž. Som presvedčená venovanému študentskej konferencii o tom, že po prvom ročníku študentskej „Ľudové poznanie“, ktorá sa konala konferencie budú nasledovať ďalšie na pôde Ústavu etnológie SAV. a budeme mať možnosť oboznámiť sa Konferencia bola organizovaná v rámci s množstvom zaujímavých výskumných projektu Vega – Ľudové poznanie projektov. a jeho sociokultúrne podmienky. Ľudové Redakčnou novinkou je, že počnúc poznanie sa chápe ako súbor spontánne aktuálnym číslom sa Speculum stáva generovaných a osvojovaných poznatkov, recenzovaným odborným časopisom. predstáv a sociálne prijatých pravidiel. Veríme, že tento krok vpred prispeje Tie sa týkajú rôznych sfér života, akými k ďalšiemu skvalitneniu práce Speculum sú sociálne vzťahy, prírodné prostredie, týmu a samozrejme bude prínosný usudzovanie a emócie, ekonomické aj pre autorov príspevkov. Nakoľko vzťahy, orálna tradícia atď. Tieto poznatky v tomto špeciálnom čísle dostali priestor a pravidlá sú zdieľané a sú podmienené prezentované príspevky, o to viac konkrétnym lokálnym prostredím. sa tešíme na recenzie a zaujímavé V tejto súvislosti bádatelia skúmajú ako rozhovory, ktoré v budúcom čísle chýbať si ľudia spontánne, ako aj s prispením nebudú. médií, inštitúcií, tradície a kultúrneho Na záver chcem za výbornú prácu dedičstva vytvárajú modely prírodného poďakovať celému Speculum tímu, a kultúrneho prostredia v konkrétnych obrovská vďaka za prínosné recenzie socio-kultúrnych podmienkach, a ako tie patrí novovzniknutej redakčnej rade modely vplývajú na ich konanie. a samozrejme všetkým autorom Privítali sme tematicky rôznorodé a autorkám príspevkov. príspevky študentov a študentiek z troch pracovísk – Ústavu sociálnej antropológie Prajem inšpiratívne čítanie, FSEV UK, Ústavu etnológie SAV Táňa Grauzelová a Ústavu religionistiky FF Masarykovej univerzity. Všetky príspevky sa stretli so zaujímavou diskusiou, inšpiratívnou ako pre účastníkov, tak aj pre diskutujúcich. Speculum Vám prináša šesť vybraných príspevkov, ktoré 5 Speculum 2012/2 Súčasné prejavy antisemitizmu SÚČASNÉ PREJAVY ANTISEMITIZMU Barbora Bírová, [email protected] Autorka je študentkou Ústavu sociálnej antropológie FSEV UK v Bratislave. Jej aktuálny výskum je zameraný na sociálne a kultúrne faktory reziliencie v súkromnom resocializačnom zariadení. Abstrakt: Práca sa zaoberá predstavami o etnickej skupine – Židoch, a ich prepojením s pripisovaním esencie a stereotypnými prejavmi. Cieľom bolo zistiť, ako vnímanie vlastnej skupiny súvisí s vnímaním skupiny cudzej, aký vplyv majú na vnímanie cudzej skupiny osobné skúsenosti a vzťahy, a akú úlohu hrajú stereotypy v prejavoch správania sa vo vzťahu k problému – antisemitizmu. Terénny výskum ukázal, že ľudia skupinu Židov konceptualizujú esencialisticky. Tiež sa potvrdilo, že na uplatňovanie stereotypov má kľúčový vplyv socializácia v rodine. Ukázalo sa, že miera vedomostí nemá vplyv na uplatňovanie stereotypov. Osobné skúsenosti s jednotlivcami z cudzej skupiny nemajú vplyv na uplatňovanie stereotypov na cudziu skupinu ako celok. Kľúčové slová: Antisemitizmus, kategorizácia, mentálna reprezentácia, verejná reprezentácia, stereotyp, esencializácia Abstract: The thesis deals with people’s ideas concerning certain ethnic groups such as Jews and with their relation to the attribution of an essence to these groups, as well as with people’s stereotypical attitudes and their manifestations. The aim of the work is to find out how the perception of one’s own group is related to the perception of a different group, how personal experience and relationships can influence one’s perception of a different group and to demonstrate the role of stereotypes in people’s behaviour related to the problem of anti-Semitism. The results of the field research demonstrated that people use to conceptualize Jews in an essencialistic way. The research confirmed that socialization in family play crucial role in applying stereotypes. On the other side, the amount of knowledge related to Jews does not have any influence on applying stereotypes. Similarly, personal experience with individuals coming from a different group does not have any influence on applying stereotypes related to this group as a whole unit. Key words: Anti-Semitism, categorization, mental representation, public representation, stereotype, essentialism 6 Súčasné prejavy antisemitizmu Speculum 2012/2 Úvod niektoré funkcie pre ľudí zneistených vo svete a stáva sa pomôckou pre Témou práce sú súčasné prejavy vysvetlenie logiky globalizovaného sveta. antisemitizmu. V práci vychádzam Michal Vašečka hovorí o moderných z výskumu, ktorého cieľom bolo zistiť, antisemitských prejavoch nasledovne: ako vnímanie vlastnej skupiny súvisí „Objektom moderného antisemitizmu sa s vnímaním cudzej skupiny, aký vplyv stáva otvorená spoločnosť, ktorá svojimi majú na vnímanie cudzej skupiny hodnotami útočí na identitu antisemitov osobné skúsenosti a vzťahy a akú a liberálno-demokratický režim, ktorý úlohu hrajú stereotypy v prejavoch umožňuje plnohodnotnú integráciu správania sa v kontexte antisemitizmu. všetkých sociál nych a etnických skupín.“ Antisemitizmus v mojej práci figuruje (Vašečka, 2006, s. 287) „(antisemitizmus).. ako príklad aplikovania širšej koncepcie sa stal jedným zo sprievodných javov Dana Sperbera, z ktorej vychádzam vymedzovania sa voči modernite a a pomocou ktorou je možné skúmať voči režimu liberálnej demokracie a kultúrne fenomény. ako sa spájal s anti-liberalizmom, anti- Pojem „antisemitizmus“ nemá nič západnosťou a anti-demokratickosťou.“ spoločné so Semitmi, tento eufemizmus (Vašečka, 2006, s. 284) Wilhelma Marra je potrebné vnímať kriticky. Pretože neexistuje žiadna entita „semitizmus“, voči ktorému by sa Prístup k výskumu vymedzoval anti-semitizmus. (Vašečka, Výskum antisemitizmu na 2006, s. 284) Slovensku je nepostačujúci. Keď sa Výskumnou oblasťou mojej práce výskumníci a výskumníčky rozhodli je moderný antisemitizmus a jeho zaoberať práve touto témou, ktorá síce prejavy, ktoré nie sú totožné patrí medzi témy, ktorým sa venovala s tradičným antisemitizmom. Tradičnými pozornosť už od čias stredoveku, išlo antisemitskými prejavmi rozumieme najmä o výskum v kontexte historickom. stručne povedané nepriateľský postoj Pozornosť bola venovaná zvlášť obdobiu, voči Židom, či už sa jedná o postoj k ich ktoré sa týka rokov 1939 – 1945, teda etnickému pôvodu, náboženskému druhej svetovej vojne. Aj v sociologických vyznaniu, alebo kultúre. Dnes pre výskumoch sa objavovala téma antisemitizmus hlavný objekt záujmu – Žid antisemitizmu, tiež sa pristupovalo - nie je vôbec potrebný. Ako píše Michal k antisemitizmu ako k druhu netolerancie, Vašečka (2006), fenomén antisemitizmu rasovej neznášanlivosti, prípadne sa ním je v súčasnosti de-judaizovaný, avšak zaoberali etnické štúdie. Boli využívané miera prejavov sa nezmenšila. (s. 286) kvantitatívne metódy a techniky, čo nie V súčasnej dobe antisemitizmus plní je pri tomto sociálnom jave uspokojivé 7 Speculum 2012/2 Súčasné prejavy antisemitizmu a dostatočné, keďže ide o vážnu, citlivú Teoretické východiská tému. Sociálny jav, antisemitizmus, je Ako prvú priblížim Sperberovu dôležité skúmať kvalitatívnymi metódami, koncepciu, nakoľko zastrešuje prístup prípadne kombinovane, avšak s dôrazom v mojom výskume. Je potrebné na odpovede respondenta. Výskum vysvetliť vzťah medzi mentálnymi som preto realizovala prostredníctvom a verejnými reprezentáciami. Sperber kvalitatívnych metód sociálnej hovorí: „Reprezentácia nastoľuje vzťah antropológie. medzi najmenej tromi prvkami: to, čo Výskum bol zameraný na reprezentuje, to, čo je reprezentované predstavy a pocity, ktoré v respondentovi a ten, kto používa reprezentáciu. Štvrtý vyvoláva „pojem Žid“, osobné skúsenosti prvok k tomu pristupuje vtedy, keď je s Židmi, na ich pocity spojené s tým, či ten, kto vytvára reprezentáciu odlišný sa cítia byť ohrozený cudzou skupinou, od toho, kto ju používa. Reprezentácia či už náboženskou, národnostnou, alebo môže existovať vo vnútri toho, kto ju rasovou. Dôležitou oblasťou zahrnutou používa, vtedy hovoríme o mentálnej v rozhovoroch s respondentmi boli ich reprezentácii, ako
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