Nestorius and Cyril: 5Th Century Christological Division and Recent Progress in Reconciliation
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The Holy See
The Holy See LITTERAE ENCYCLICAE AETERNA DEI SAPIENTIA SUMMI PONTIFICIS IOANNIS PP. XXIII AD PATRIARCHAS, PRIMATES, ARCHIEPISCOPOS, EPISCOPOS ALIOSQUE LOCORUM ORDINARIOS, PACEM ET COMMUNIONEM CUM APOSTOLICA SEDE HABENTES DE S. LEONE I MAGNO AB EIUS OBITU ANNO MD EXEUNTE (1) Aeterna Dei sapientia, quae «attingit a fine usque ad finem fortiter, et disponit omnia suaviter» (Sap 8,1), singulari quodam splendore lucis in animo Sancti Leonis I Pontificis Maximi suam ipsius imaginem videtur impressisse. Hic enim Pontifex, quem Decessor Noster fel. rec. Pius XII «ex magnis maximum» iure optimo appellavit, (2) non minus intrepida animi firmitudine quam benignitate parentis amplissime se ornatum praebuit. Hanc ob causam, a summo providentique Deo ad Petrianam Cathedram evecti, quam S. Leo Magnus et regiminis prudentia, et ubertate copiaque doctrinae, et animi excelsitate, et caritate inexhausta illustravit, Nostras esse partes arbitramur, Venerabiles Fratres, ab eius exitu quinto decimo revoluto saeculo, eius virtutes et merita immortalia in suo collocare lumine; quippe quod cum ad communem omnium animorum utilitatem tum ad catholicae fidei laudem et incrementum non parum conferre posse confidamus. Siquidem huius amplitudo et dignitas Pontificis excellens non in primis vere ea contineri animi fortitudine putanda est, quam tunc ostendit cum exutus armis, Summi Sacerdotis maiestate indutus, anno quadringentesimo quinquagesimo secundo, Attilae, truculento Hunnorum regi, ad flumen Mincium se obiecit interritum, eique persuasit, ut se trans Danuvium -
Novembre 2012 Nouveautés – New Arrivals November 2012
Novembre 2012 Nouveautés – New Arrivals November 2012 ISBN: 9781551119342 (pbk.) ISBN: 155111934X (pbk.) Auteur: Daly, Chris. Titre: An introduction to philosophical methods / Chris Daly. Éditeur: Peterborough, Ont. : Broadview Press, c2010. Desc. matérielle: 257 p. ; 23 cm. Collection: (Broadview guides to philosophy.) Note bibliogr.: Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-247) and index. B 53 D34 2010 ISBN: 9780813344485 (pbk. : alk. paper) $50.00 ISBN: 0813344484 (pbk. : alk. paper) Auteur: Boylan, Michael, 1952- Titre: Philosophy : an innovative introduction : fictive narrative, primary texts, and responsive writing / Michael Boylan, Charles Johnson. Éditeur: Boulder, CO : Westview Press, c2010. Desc. matérielle: xxii, 344 p. ; 24 cm. Note bibliogr.: Includes bibliographical references and index. B 74 B69 2010 ISBN: 9783034311311 (pbk.) $108.00 ISBN: 3034311311 (pbk.) Titre: Understanding human experience : reason and faith / Francesco Botturi (ed.). Éditeur: Bern ; New York : P. Lang, c2012. Desc. matérielle: 197 p. ; 23 cm. Note bibliogr.: Includes bibliographical references. B 105 E9U54 2012 ISBN: 9782706709104 (br) ISBN: 2706709103 (br) Auteur: Held, Klaus, 1936- Titre: Voyage au pays des philosophes : rendez-vous chez Platon / Klaus Held ; traduction de l'allemand par Robert Kremer et Marie-Lys Wilwerth-Guitard. Éditeur: Paris : Salvator, 2012. Desc. matérielle: 573 p. : ill., cartes ; 19 cm. Note générale: Traduction de: Treffpunkt Platon. Note générale: Première éd.: 1990. Note bibliogr.: Comprend des références bibliographiques (p. 547-558) et des index. B 173 H45T74F7 2012 ISBN: 9780826457530 (hbk.) ISBN: 0826457533 (hbk.) Auteur: Adluri, Vishwa. Titre: Parmenides, Plato, and mortal philosophy : return from transcendence / Vishwa Adluri. Éditeur: London ; New York : Continuum, c2011. Desc. matérielle: xv, 212 p. ; 24 cm. Collection: (Continuum studies in ancient philosophy) Note bibliogr.: Includes bibliographical references (p. -
Investigation of the Idea of Nestorian Crosses— Based on Fa Nixon's
QUEST: Studies on Religion & Culture in Asia, Vol. 2, 2017 INVESTIGATION OF THE IDEA OF NESTORIAN CROSSES— BASED ON F. A. NIXON’S COLLECTION Chen, Jian Andrea Published online: 1 January 2017 ABSTRACT It is generally agreed that the study of the Nestorian Cross (a kind of bronze piece believed to be an early Chinese Christian relic), has great significance both for the developing study of Jingjiao and for ethnographic studies of the Nestorian Mongol people. The most important question that we should ask, however, is, “Are these so-called Nestorian Crosses part of the Mongolian Nestorian heritage?“ In other words, before starting to interpret the pieces in question, we need to ask if the identification, made at the first step of examination, is convincing enough as a basis upon which to build the interpretation. This paper focuses on issues concerning all aspects of the concept of Nestorian Crosses, looking first into the history of such an idea, then investigating its inner logic, and finally challenging its hard evidence. It is hoped that the conclusions of this paper will initiate a paradigm shift in the current study of this topic. Introduction to the Study The Jingjiao and the Yelikewen The name “Nestorian Crosses” clearly reveals that the religious dimension has been the primary consideration in the existing identification of these items, an identification which subsumes them as relics of Chinese Nestorianism, or more accurately, of the Jingjiao and the Yelikewen. Although controversies surround the identity of Nestorianism, the most commonly accepted description is as follows: At the Ephesus Council of 431 A.D., the Patriarch Nestorius was deemed heretical and his teaching anathematized due to his insistence that Mary should be called “Christotokos (Christ-bearer)” instead of “Theotokos (God-bearer).” This insistence is thought to emphasize a distinction between Christ’s divine and human natures instead of their unity. -
Nestorianism 1 Nestorianism
Nestorianism 1 Nestorianism For the church sometimes known as the Nestorian Church, see Church of the East. "Nestorian" redirects here. For other uses, see Nestorian (disambiguation). Nestorianism is a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431. The doctrine, which was informed by Nestorius' studies under Theodore of Mopsuestia at the School of Antioch, emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus. Nestorius' teachings brought him into conflict with some other prominent church leaders, most notably Cyril of Alexandria, who criticized especially his rejection of the title Theotokos ("Bringer forth of God") for the Virgin Mary. Nestorius and his teachings were eventually condemned as heretical at the First Council of Ephesus in 431 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451, leading to the Nestorian Schism in which churches supporting Nestorius broke with the rest of the Christian Church. Afterward many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sassanid Persia, where they affiliated with the local Christian community, known as the Church of the East. Over the next decades the Church of the East became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine, leading it to be known alternately as the Nestorian Church. Nestorianism is a form of dyophysitism, and can be seen as the antithesis to monophysitism, which emerged in reaction to Nestorianism. Where Nestorianism holds that Christ had two loosely-united natures, divine and human, monophysitism holds that he had but a single nature, his human nature being absorbed into his divinity. A brief definition of Nestorian Christology can be given as: "Jesus Christ, who is not identical with the Son but personally united with the Son, who lives in him, is one hypostasis and one nature: human."[1] Both Nestorianism and monophysitism were condemned as heretical at the Council of Chalcedon. -
Eph 5:1-2 A. Second-Personal Life with Jesus Christ, Rev. 3:14-22
Bible Doctrines (T/G/B ) Theology June 25, 2017 Eschatology Thanatology Ecclesiology Matthew 22:36-40; 2 Pet 1:2-4; 1 Cor 13:1-7; Eph 5:1-2 Israelology Dispensationalism Doxology A. Second-personal life with Jesus Christ, Rev. 3:14-22. Hodology Soteriology - 8 principles on life with Christ and the problem of a closed heart. Hamartiology Natural Law Anthropology B. Through the Bible, Rom 11:1-16: The hardening of Israel. Angelology - 5 reasons God is not through with Israel. Pneumatology Christology Paterology C. Hermeneutics: Natural Law 32, Rom 2:14. Natural Law and America’s Trinitarianism Cosmology founding fathers. Theology Proper - 6 principles on natural law and the American experiment. Bibliology Natural Theology Foundations/Reality 7 Hermeneutics 33 D. Bible doctrine: the Glory of God 35 (John 1:14; 12:23-24; 13:31-32; 17:1; -Natural Law-31 1 Cor 1:27-31). 6 Science 51 5 Language 155 - 6 principles on the glory of God. 4 Epistemology 32 Existence 50 History 50 3 Metaphysics 32 Trans. 50 2 Reality - Logic, 32 http://www.fbcweb.org/sermons.html - Truth, 32 1 Realism – 32 Historical overview of Christology on how “the Word BECAME flesh/sarx.” 1. Rejection of Ebionism (denial of Jesus’s divinity), a Jewish heresy (contra 1 John 2:2). 2. Rejection of Docetism (denial of Jesus’s human nature), contra 1 Jn 4:3; 2 John 4:7. 3. Ignatius (d. 170) defends Incarnation against Docetism with “Communicatio idiomatum.” 4. Justin Martyr the apologist (d. 165) defends transcendence of the Logos using Stoic concepts. -
Who Are Christians in the Middle East?
Who Are Christians in the Middle East? Seven Churches, each bearing a great and ancient history with Patriarch, who chose as his patriarchal seat the monastery at unique liturgical traditions and culture, comprise the Catho- Bzommar, Lebanon. After a brief relocation to Constantinople, lic Church in the Middle East. Each of these Churches is in the Patriarch of Cilicia of Armenian Catholics returned his seat full communion with Rome, but six with an Eastern tradition to Bzommar, with his residence and offices in Beirut, Lebanon. are sui iuris, or self-governing, and have their own Patriarchs. The Chaldean Catholic Church has almost 500,000 mem- All these Churches are Arabic-speaking and immersed in Ar- bers, with about 60 percent residing in the Middle East. The abic culture. Chaldeans are historically concentrated in Iraq as they came The Maronite Catholic Church is the largest of the East- from the Assyrian Church of the East. In 1552, a group of As- ern Catholic Churches in the Middle East at around 3 million syrian bishops decided to seek union with Rome. Although members. It has a strong presence in Lebanon, with smaller Pope Julius III proclaimed Patriarch Simon VIII Patriarch “of communities in Syria, Jordan, Cyprus, and the Holy Land. the Chaldeans,” pro- and anti-Catholic parties struggled with- However, slightly over half its members have emigrated from in the Assyrian Church of the East until 1830, when another the Middle East to countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Aus- Chaldean Patriarch was appointed. The Patriarch of Babylon of tralia, Mexico, Canada, and the United States. -
The Christological Function of Divine Impassibility: Cyril of Alexandria and Contemporary Debate
The Christological Function of Divine Impassibility: Cyril of Alexandria and Contemporary Debate by David Andrew Graham A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Wycliffe College and the Theological Department of the Toronto School of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael's College © Copyright by David Andrew Graham 2013 The Christological Function of Divine Impassibility: Cyril of Alexandria and Contemporary Debate David Andrew Graham Master of Arts in Theology University of St. Michael’s College 2013 Abstract This thesis contributes to the debate over the meaning and function of the doctrine of divine impassibility in theological and especially christological discourse. Seeking to establish the coherence and utility of the paradoxical language characteristic of the received christological tradition (e.g. the impassible Word became passible flesh and suffered impassibly), it argues that the doctrine of divine apatheia illuminates the apocalyptic and soteriological dimension of the incarnate Son’s passible life more effectively than recent reactions against it. The first chapter explores the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria and the meaning and place of apatheia within it. In light of the christological tradition which Cyril epitomized, the second chapter engages contemporary critiques and re-appropriations of impassibility, focusing on the particular contributions of Jürgen Moltmann, Robert W. Jenson, Bruce L. McCormack and David Bentley Hart. ii Acknowledgments If this thesis communicates any truth, beauty and goodness, credit belongs to all those who have shaped my life up to this point. In particular, I would like to thank the Toronto School of Theology and Wycliffe College for providing space to do theology from within the catholic church. -
Dositheos Notaras, the Patriarch of Jerusalem (1669-1707), Confronts the Challenges of Modernity
IN SEARCH OF A CONFESSIONAL IDENTITY: DOSITHEOS NOTARAS, THE PATRIARCH OF JERUSALEM (1669-1707), CONFRONTS THE CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Christopher George Rene IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Adviser Theofanis G. Stavrou SEPTEMBER 2020 © Christopher G Rene, September 2020 i Acknowledgements Without the steadfast support of my teachers, family and friends this dissertation would not have been possible, and I am pleased to have the opportunity to express my deep debt of gratitude and thank them all. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, who together guided me through to the completion of this dissertation. My adviser Professor Theofanis G. Stavrou provided a resourceful outlet by helping me navigate through administrative channels and stay on course academically. Moreover, he fostered an inviting space for parrhesia with vigorous dialogue and intellectual tenacity on the ideas of identity, modernity, and the role of Patriarch Dositheos. It was in fact Professor Stavrou who many years ago at a Slavic conference broached the idea of an Orthodox Commonwealth that inspired other academics and myself to pursue the topic. Professor Carla Phillips impressed upon me the significance of daily life among the people of Europe during the early modern period (1450-1800). As Professor Phillips’ teaching assistant for a number of years, I witnessed lectures that animated the historical narrative and inspired students to question their own unique sense of historical continuity and discontinuities. Thank you, Professor Phillips, for such a pedagogical example. -
CTSA Proceedings 65 / 2010
144 CTSA Proceedings 65 / 2010 THEOLOGY AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES Topic: “Is Richard Dawkins a Prophetic Voice?” Convener: Vincent A. Pizzuto, University of San Francisco Moderator: Ilia Delio, Woodstock Theological Center, Georgetown University Presenter: James Wiseman, The Catholic University of America Respondent: Michael Barnes, University of Dayton After acknowledging the defi ciencies in Richard Dawkins’ best-selling book The God Delusion , James Wiseman selected three topics from that work that could usefully lead theologians to refl ect on the way they deal with them themselves. Concerning miracles, Wiseman clarifi ed his use of the term with reference to the three-part defi nition offered by John Meier in his multi-volume study of the his- torical Jesus. With that clarifi cation in place, he asked fi rst whether one could defi ne “miracle” in such a way that a cure deemed miraculous might also, in prin- ciple, be open to a medical explanation. He next inquired about the practical implications (especially for preaching) of the fact that certain New Testament accounts crucial for earlier dogmatic formulations are now understood very differently. On the topic of divine simplicity, he suggested that we would do well to take seriously Philip Hefner’s point that we cannot assume “the God’s-eye view” that would reveal the exact way in which divine being interacts with matter. Wiseman rightly acknowledged that such theological views would certainly not satisfy Dawkins, but made clear that in the fi nal analysis both he and his fellow atheists are faced with ultimate mystery no less than are theologians. -
The Truth of Divine Impassibility: a New Look at an Old Argument Jeffrey G Silcock
198 Jeffrey G Silcock The truth of divine impassibility: a new look at an old argument Jeffrey G Silcock Jeff is head of the History and Systematic Theology Department at ALC and serves as chair of the LCA’s Commission on Theology and Inter-Church Relations. Introduction From his Nazi prison cell in 1944, Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote to his friend Eberhard Bethge that ‘only the suffering God can help’.1 Just after the war, the Japanese Lutheran theologian Kazoh Kitamori published his ground-breaking book, Theology of the pain of God,2 based around Jeremiah 31:20, where he developed a similar theology of the cross: the pain of God heals our pain. In the suffering of Christ, God himself suffers. In 1973 Jürgen Moltmann came out with his classic, The crucified God, where he takes this further and develops a critical theology of the cross. He holds that a ‘theology after Auschwitz’ has to revise completely the traditional doctrine of God that teaches divine impassibility. Moltmann at the outset reflects on his own experience: ‘Shattered and broken, the survivors of my generation were then returning from camps and hospitals to the lecture room. A theology which did not speak of God in the sight of the one who was abandoned and crucified would have had nothing to say to us then’.3 The old teaching of classical theism that God is beyond suffering died in the death camps of WWII and was no longer tenable. Moltmann wrote his book, which had an enormous impact in its day, with the conviction that only if God is not detached from human suffering, but willingly enters into it with compassion, is there any hope for the future. -
The Holy See
The Holy See GREETINGS OF JOHN PAUL II TO THE DELEGATIONS FROM THE OTHER CHURCHES AND ECCLESIAL COMMUNITIES Thursday, 25 January 2001 I am very pleased to have this moment of fellowship, which gives me the welcome opportunity once again to express my gratitude to each of you, venerable and dear Brothers, who wished to take part in today's celebration. Dear Brothers, I am pleased to spend this time of fellowship with you and to take the opportunity to thank you for your cordial presence at this celebration for the close of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity. Our common prayer at the tomb of the Apostle Paul has been a source of great joy for me. I give thanks to the Lord for this moving sign of our commitment to Christian unity at the beginning of the third millennium. In a very special way, then, I wish to express my gratitude to each of you for your presence today. May Christ, "the way, and the truth, and the life", continue to guide and sustain us in fidelity to his will that all may be one. I am delighted that we have been given this time of fraternal fellowship, after having earlier brought our petitions to God in shared prayer. I would like to thank in particular: - the Delegation from the Ecumenical Patriarchate, representing His Holiness Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch; - the Delegation from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, representing His Beatitude Petros VII, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa; - the Delegation from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, representing His Beatitude -
Pdfeast-West-Schism.Pdf 97 KB
Outline the events that lead to an overall schism between the church of the East and the West. Was such a schism inevitable given the social, political and ecclesiastical circumstances? Name: Iain A. Emberson Module: Introducing Church History Essay Number: 1 Tutor: Richard Arding Date: 11 November 2009 1 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Greek and Latin Cultural Differences 3. Rome and Constantinople 4. The Filioque 5. The Iconoclastic Controversy 6. The Photian Schism 7. Excommunication and Final Schism 8. Aftermath and Reflection 9. Conclusion 10. Bibliography 2 1. Introduction The East-West Schism (also known as the Great Schism) resulted in the division of Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches. The mutual excommunications in 1054 marked the climax to a long period of tension between the two streams of Christianity and resulted from, amongst other things, cultural, linguistic, political and theological differences that had built up over time. Here we examine a number of these differences and their ultimate culmination in dividing East from West. 2. Greek and Latin Cultural Differences In his work 'Turning Points', Noll argues that “As early as the first century, it was possible to perceive pointed differences between the representatives of what would one day be called East and West.” 1 The Eastern Orthodox theologian Timothy Ware expands on this: From the start, Greeks and Latins had each approached the Christian mystery in their own way. At the risk of some oversimplification, it can be said that the Latin approach was more practical, the Greek more speculative; Latin thought was influenced by judicial ideas...while the Greeks understood theology in the context of worship and in the light of the Holy Liturgy..