A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System
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MRR No. 327 A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System Afiqah Omar Fauziana Lamin Kak D Wing Ahmad Noor Syukri Zainal Abidin Mohd Rasid Osman Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System Afiqah Omar Fauziana Lamin Kak D Wing Ahmad Noor Syukri Zainal Abidin Mohd Rasid Osman Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim _______________________________________________________________________________________ ©MIROS, 2020. All Rights Reserved. Published by: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) Lot 125-135, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Afiqah Omar A Review of Recent Development in Bus Rapid Transit System / Afiqah Omar, Fauziana Lamin, Kak D Wing, Ahmad Noor Syukri Zainal Abidin, Mohd Rasid Osman, Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim. (Research Report ; MRR No. 327) ISBN 978-967-2078-74-6 1. Bus rapid transit--Research--Malaysia. 2. Urban transportation--Research--Malaysia. 3. Government publications--Malaysia I. Fauziana Lamin. II. Kak D Wing. III. Ahmad Noor Syukri Zainal Abidin. IV. Mohd Rasid Osman. V. Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim. VI. Title. VII. Series. 388.413220720595 Printed by: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) Typeface: Calibri Size: 11 pt. DISCLAIMER None of the materials provided in this report may be used, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording or the use of any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from MIROS. Any conclusion and opinions in this report may be subject to reevaluation in the event of any forthcoming additional information or investigations. A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System Contents _______________________________________________________________________ Page List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations x Acknowledgements xi Abstract xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scope and Objectives of the Study 3 1.2 Limitation of the Study 4 1.3 Methodology of the Study 4 2. Literature Review 5 2.1 BRT Features 5 2.1.1 Dedicated Running Way 6 2.1.2 Stations 7 2.1.3 Pre Board Fare Collections 7 2.1.4 The Usage of ITS 8 2.1.5 Operation Speed 8 2.1.6 Cost 9 2.1.7 Type of Vehicles 9 2.2 BRT vs Light Rail 10 2.3 Successful Implementation of BRT 12 2.3.1 Cost 13 2.3.2 Transit Ridership 13 2.3.3 Travel Time 16 iii A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System 2.3.4 Reliability 17 2.3.5 Flexibility 19 2.3.6 Employment 20 2.3.7 Environmental Impacts 20 2.3.8 Land Development and Property Values 22 2.4 Effects of BRT in Road Safety 23 2.5 Challenges in Implementing BRT 26 2.5.1 Planning Issues before the Implementation of BRT 27 and Poor Management 2.5.2 Political Interference 28 2.5.3 Poor Adaptation to Local Context 30 2.5.4 Lack of Communication 30 2.5.5 Road Safety Issues 31 2.5.6 Fare 32 2.5.7 Connection to Low Wealth Households 32 2.5.8 System Long Viability 33 3. Methods 35 3.1 Sampling Method 35 4. Data Analysis 36 4.1 Road Crash Overview in Malaysia 36 4.2 Population in Malaysia 43 4.3 Traffic Growth in Malaysia 44 4.4 BRT Implementation in Malaysia 46 4.4.1 Application of ITS Technology in the BRT System 48 4.4.2 Ridership 49 4.4.3 Service Frequency 49 4.4.4 Fare Structure 49 4.4.5 Operating Speed 49 4.4.6 Capital Cost 50 4.4.7 Operating Cost 50 iv A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System 4.5 BRT Observation 51 4.5.1 Travel Time 51 4.5.2 Gender 52 4.5.3 Number by Age 52 4.5.4 Weekdays Usage by Time 55 4.5.5 BRT Usage by Days 55 4.5.6 Peak vs Non-Peak 56 4.5.7 Station 58 4.5.8 Weather 58 5. Discussion 60 6. Conclusions 66 References 68 v A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System List of Tables Page Table 1 Motor vehicles involved in road accidents by type of vehicle, 38 2011 – 2013 Table 2 Fare structure for BRT Sunway (Source: NST, 2015) 50 Table 3 Maximum travel time by BRT and private vehicles 51 vii A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System List of Figures Page Figure 1 Number of road death by road user category (Source: RMP, 2013) 37 Figure 2 Total motor vehicles involved in road crashes by type of vehicle 37 (Source: RMP, 2013) Figure 3 Injuries and deaths by type of public vehicles from 2011 to 2013 39 Figure 4 Public vehicles fatality by type of roads from 2011 – 2013 39 Figure 5 Number of injuries and deaths involving taxi and stage bus from 41 2011 – 2013 Figure 6 Number of injuries and deaths involving taxi and stage bus in 43 municipal road from 2011 – 2013 Figure 7 Number of registered vehicles in Malaysia from 2005 to 2015 45 Figure 8 Total cumulative of new registration of motor vehicles in Malaysia 46 by state and type of vehicle until 2015 Figure 9 BRT multi-level parking facilities (a) ladies parking (b) real-time 47 information Figure 10 BRT Sunway route and station (Source: Google Maps) 48 Figure 11 Gender variation of users 52 Figure 12 Percentage age of BRT users by age 53 Figure 13 Accessible same level platform and lifts facilities provided 54 Figure 14 Handrail and guidance pathways along the station 54 Figure 15 Average BRT passengers per hour by time period (Weekdays, 55 0700 to 1900 hrs) Figure 16 Average BRT users by days and hours (Weekdays, 1000 to 1400 hrs) 56 Figure 17 Average BRT passengers per hour during peak and non-peak 57 period (Weekdays) Figure 18 Average BRT passengers per hour for peak and non-peak period 57 (Weekdays) viii A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System Figure 19 Percentage of BRT users ascending and descending by station 58 (Weekdays) Figure 20 Average BRT users per hour by weather (Weekdays) 59 ix A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System List of Abbreviations BRT Bus Rapid Transit LRT Light Rail Transit ITS Intelligent Technology System ITDP Institute for Transportation & Development Policy GTP Government Transformation Plan MRT Mass Rapid Transit KTM Keretapi Tanah Melayu PM10 Particulate Matter less than 10µm PM2.5 Particulate Matter less than 2.5µm RMP Royal Malay Police KKR Ministry of Works Malaysia TSP Transit Signal Priority SBS Select Bus Services ppm Parts per million x A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System Acknowledgements The authors would like to express our sincerest appreciation to the previous Director- General of the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Professor Dr Wong Shaw Voon and the former Director of Vehicle Safety and Biomechanics Research Centre, Ir Mohd Rasid Osman for providing the grant in conducting this project entitled “A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System” and extending their full support in producing this report. Our deepest gratitude also goes to Nor Idayu, a practical student from UPSI who was involved actively from the beginning of data collection and data analysis. The authors would also like to express special thanks to members of the Crash Reconstruction Unit for their help and contribution in completing the project. xi A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System Abstract The first Bus Rapid Transit system in Malaysia was implemented in the south-eastern suburbs of Petaling Jaya, Selangor and has been launched to the public since June 2015. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of BRT implementation in Malaysia. This report summarizes into the literature review of current BRT systems in other cities, the safety performance of public vehicles in Malaysia, field visit and data collection followed by suggestions for improvement in the BRT system in Malaysia. The results show that 84% of road accidents in Malaysia involved private vehicles, and among public vehicles, taxi recorded the highest number of accidents. From the observation, it can be seen that the travel time of BRT is reliable and consistent, male- female ratio of BRT users is 1.06, 90% of the users are aged between 15 to 64 years old, 0.2% of the users observed are disabled persons and the highest average passenger is detected during afternoon peak period. During the period of the study, the system is still struggling to achieve predicted ridership. Until May 2017, the number of ridership is reported around 6000 a day, where the earlier forecast predicted ridership of 2,400 passengers per hour. Nevertheless, continuous efforts need to be strategized in order to promote the system and future attempts on the extension should be carried out to generate a sustainable public transport system. xiii A Review of Recent Developments in Bus Rapid Transit System 1. Introduction An excellent public transport system contributes positive impacts to the country, community and most importantly individuals. Jenks and Jones (2010) traces city’s transportation system as one of the elements involved in forming sustainable city. In accordance with the eleventh Malaysia plan, the public transport system will be transformed towards energy efficient vehicles, with the purpose of providing better services to the residents and improving accessibility. The improvement of public vehicle has become one of the country’s priorities in order to reduce number of private vehicles on the road, improve traffic conditions and providing sustainable transport service (Pojani & Stead, 2015).