Zakaria 2003 Institutional Issues for Advanced Transit S…

Institutional Issues for Deployment of Advanced Public
Transportation Systems for Transit-Oriented Development in the
Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area

AY 2002/2003 Spring Report

Zulina Zakaria
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
July 17, 2003

Institutional Issues for Deployment of Advanced Public Transportation Systems for TOD i n K LMA
Zulina Zakaria AY 2002/2003 Spring Report July 1 7 , 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4

1.1

Existing Public Transportation and Traffic Congestion ...................................................................................4

Vision of Public Transportation and ITS ........................................................................................................5 Purpose of Report.......................................................................................................................................6 Report Organization....................................................................................................................................7
1.2 1.3 1.4

2

Background .........................................................................................................................................................7

2.1 2.2
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1 2.3.2
2.4
Problem of Urban Mobility in Developing Countries and Possible Solutions ....................................................7 Land Use–Transport Interactions and Transit Oriented Development .............................................................8
Land Use-Transport Strategies and Its Robustness...................................................................................8 Transit Oriented Development .................................................................................................................8 Interactions of Transit and Land Use Systems..........................................................................................9
Advanced Public Transportation Systems and Transit Oriented Development...............................................11
Intelligent Transportation Systems.........................................................................................................11 Advanced Public Transportation Systems and Implementation Issues ......................................................11
Summary of Institutional Aspects Needed for Success in Transit Oriented Development and ITS/APTS
Deployment...........................................................................................................................................................14

Current Land Use and APTS in KLMA.................................................................................................................16

3

3.1 3.2
Study Area ...............................................................................................................................................16 Land Use Trends and Favorable Conditions for Transit Oriented Development .............................................16
“Intelligent” Urban Space Development in the Klang Valley......................................................................17 Kuala Lumpur.......................................................................................................................................18 Selangor districts and the Multimedia Super Corridor..............................................................................18
Existing APTS Technologies in Public Transportation System......................................................................19
Issues in the Public Transportation System Relevant to APTS .................................................................19 Existing APTS Technologies..................................................................................................................20 Buses ..................................................................................................................................................20 Rail and Bus Interfaces .........................................................................................................................21 Rail......................................................................................................................................................21 Other ITS technologies and services ......................................................................................................21
Summary of Current Land Use and APTS in KLMA.....................................................................................26
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3
3.3
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6
3.4

4

Preliminary Stakeholder Analysis of Land Use and APTS Systems .......................................................................26

4.1 4.2
4.2.1
Need for Regional Planning / Service Architecture......................................................................................27 Institutional Planning Issues for TOD and APTS Deployment.......................................................................27
Regional Perspective ............................................................................................................................28 Political Will and Support.......................................................................................................................28 Institutional Capability and Leadership ...................................................................................................29 Organizational Capacity and Capability..................................................................................................30 Integration of Multiple Institution Policies and Strategies..........................................................................30 Long term and sustained commitment ....................................................................................................31 Private sector roles and need................................................................................................................31
4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7
5APTS deployment in KLMA .......................................................................................................................................32
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................32 Recommendations for further research for developing a regional land use-transportation architecture for TOD and
6

LIST OF ANNEX

Annex 1: Overview of Public Transportation and ITS Systems in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley ..................................33 Annex 2: Existing Organizations, Responsibilities and Roles in Land Use and Transportation.......................................43

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Share of Various Transportation Modes in the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area ...............................................4 Table 2: Kuala Lumpur Public Transport Passenger Demand (3^rdQuarter 1999)............................................................4 Table 3: Advanced Public Transportation System Technologies...................................................................................12 Table 4: Institutional Aspects Needed for Transit Oriented Development and ITS/APTS Deployment .............................14

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Table 5: Major Urban Centers and Functions in Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area .........................................................17 Table 6: TOD and ITS/APTS Planning Aspects..........................................................................................................28 Table 7: Summary Table of APTS / ITS in Klang Valley Transport System..................................................................34 Table 8: Overview of APTS in Klang Valley Public Transport System..........................................................................35

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Influence of Transit and Urban Form .............................................................................................................9 Figure 2: Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area.................................................................................................................16 Figure 3: Current Traffic Information Management Flow in Study Area ........................................................................23 Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of the ITIS Process in Kuala Lumpur .............................................................................25

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AID

Automatic Incident Detector

Advanced Public Transportation System Advanced Traveler Information System Advanced Traffic Management System Automated Teller Machines
MOW MSC NDPC NITC PJC RMP RPA RSA RSSB SDA SEDC SEPU SPC
Ministry of Works Multimedia Super Corridor National Development Planning Committee National Information and Technology Council Putrajaya Corporation
APTS ATIS ATMS ATMs AVLS CCC
Automated Vehicle Location System City Command Center
Royal Malaysian Police Regional Planning Architecture Regional Service Architecture Rangkaian Segar Sdn. Bhd. Statutory Development Agencies State Economic Development Corporation State Economic Planning Unit State Planning Committee
CCTV CVLB DO
Closed Circuit Television Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board District Office
DOE EFPS EPU
Department of Environment Electronic Fare Payment System Economic Planning Unit
ETC FM FTCPD
Electronic Toll Collection Fleet Management Federal Town and Country Planning Department Federal Territory Development and Klang Valley Planning Division
STCPD TDM TIS TOD TSS
State Town and Country Planning Department Transportation Demand Management Traveler Information Systems Transit-Oriented Development

Transit Safety and Security

FTDKVPD

VMS

Variable Message Signs

HPU IAPG ICT IDMS IT IS ITS
Highway Planning Unit Interagency Planning Group Information and Communications Technologies Integrated Demand Management System Intelligent Transport Information System Intelligent Transportation System

Kuala Lumpur

KL

KLMA LRT
Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area Light Rail Transit

MCMC

Multimedia Communications and Multimedia

Commissions
MDC MDC MECM Multimedia MED MHA MHLG MOSTE
Multimedia Development Corporation Multimedia Development Corporation Ministry of Energy, Communications and

Ministry of Entrepreneur Development Malaysian Highway Authority Ministry of Housing and Local Government Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment

MOT

Ministry of Transport

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1

Introduction

This report stems from the AY 2002/2003 inception report document entitled “Institutional Framework for Urban Transportation and Land Use Planning and Management in the Globalizing Kuala Lumpur Region.” The previous report highlighted the urban transport problem of the area and the need for an institutional

architecture for land use and transportation planning for the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area (KLMA).

This report examines, from an institutional perspective, how planning for Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) technologies could be conducted in KLMA in the near future. This report is based on the premise that transit does have a positive influence on land development with appropriate policies and strategies. The main motivation for this report is the window of opportunity that exists to suggest a regional approach towards institutional transformation via deployment of APTS in the KLMA which requires coordinated action from all sectors related to land use and transportation.

1.1 Existing Public Transportation and Traffic Congestion

As the city grew in last two decades, the contribution from its public transport system appears to be diminishing in significance.

Table 1: Share of Various Transportation Modes in the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area

MODE

PERCENT SHARE (%)

1985 1997 Difference
Car Motorcycle Stage Bus/Mini bus Factory Bus/School Bus Rail Based Transport
33.8 13.8
17.69
7.2
42.9 18.0 6.0 7.7 1.2
+9.1 +4.2 -11.6 +0.5

-3.7

-

Non-motorized Transport (Walk and Bicycle) 27.6 Other Modes
23.9 0.3
+0.3
-

1

Ref: Malaysian Highway Authority (1999)

Table 2: Kuala Lumpur Public Transport Passenger Demand (3^rdQuarter 1999)

PASSENGER
PER DAY
60,000
COMMENT

STAR-LRT

20% OF FORECAST

PUTRA-LRT

75,000

40% OF FORECAST

(& LOWER FARE)
Intrakota Park May
KTM Komuter
360,000 130,000 50,000
15% FALL SINCE 1997 6% FALL SINCE 1998 15% FALL SINCE 1998
Ref: Asiafeatures (15 May 2000)²

¹Malaysian Highway Authority (1999) Study on Integrated Transport Information System (ITIS) in Klang Valley and the MSC in Malaysia.

Malaysian Highway Authority: Kajang

²Asiafeatures (15 May 2000). Getting Back on Track. <http://www.asiafeatures.com/current_affairs/0004,0130,03.html>

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In 1997, the private mode share of transportation was 80%; 20% is non-motorized transport (Table 1). Rail based transport only made up 1.2% of all transportation modes (Malaysian Highway Authority, 1999)¹. Public transport ridership has also been declining (Table 2) while use of private mode of transport has been increasing. The diminishing role of public transportation is clear and has become a primary source of concern.
Traffic congestion has also been a major concern for the area¹. In 1995, it was reported that 850,000 vehicles cross the city daily. Added to 800,000 vehicles registered in Kuala Lumpur, there are about 1.6 million cars in circulation in the city area every day. The actual ratio of vehicle per road for Kuala Lumpur is 620 vehicles per km, comparable to Bangkok which has 695 vehicles per km of road³. The Malaysian Highway Authority reported in 1999 average traffic speeds for radial roads in the Kuala Lumpur central district are between 30 kph⁴to 60 kph (18 mph – 37 mph). Tollways and expressways have higher average speeds of between 60 kph to 90 kph (56 mph). Another source reported downtown weekday traffic speeds in Kuala Lumpur to be less than 15 kph, comparable to Sao Paulo (Gerhard, 2001)⁵.
Compared to other cities, the traffic congestion in Kuala Lumpur is not bad as in other cities around the world with congestion problems like Seoul and Shanghai (rush hour speeds of 8 kph) and other cities like Bangkok, Manila and Mexico (rush hour speeds of less then 10 kph) (World Resources Institute, 1996)⁶. The 1997 SMURT-Kuala Lumpur study had forecasted that the Kuala Lumpur are will continue to be the focal point for business and employment activities¹. Hence, excessive urban development will occur and would add another 14% to 15% increase to the current traffic congestion by the year 2020⁷. Car ownership is expected to increase as the population and its wealth increase. Urban transportation problems like traffic congestion and pollution have associated social, economic and environmental costs. With the projected increase in economic development and population growth in the area, it is prudent that the traffic congestion problem be managed now before it gets worse.

1.2 Vision of Public Transportation and ITS

The Eighth Malaysia Plan (2001-2005) has stated the vital role of infrastructure in distribution of goods, people and services in attainment of the nation’s objective of economic growth with resilience. In the urban transport sector, the strategy adopted is to continue concentrating on the development of an integrated, efficient and reliable urban transport system in the Klang Valley. Efforts will be targeted on the need to have a more efficient, safe and comfortable public transport system to enable a modal shift from private car usage. The Plan has stated several Transport Demand Management (TDM) measures that the government will use to meet its vision to alleviate traffic congestion for the study area:

1. Land use planning 2. Reorganization and restructuring of the totalurban transport operations with the objective of creating an efficient and financially sustainable system

³“KL Archetype Studies” Produced by MUST students. Spring 2003. ⁴kph = kilometers per hour ⁵Gerhard, Menckhoff (2001) Cities on the Move - The World Bank’s Urban Transport Strategy Review. Presentation slide.

⁶World Resources 1996-97: The urban environment . World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme, and the World Bank. <http://ideas.wri.org/pubs_content_c.cfm?ContentID=913>

⁷The document was not clear in stating when exactly the increases would take place. Here it is assumed that it is for the year 2020.

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3. Development of Integrated Demand Management System (IDMS). The IDMS system incorporates urban traffic control system with linkages to vehicle tracking, data collection, safety, public transportation and parking guidance.
4. Promotion of multimodalism through a common ticketing system, integrated route and facility networks, improved location for buses and taxis, transit malls, efficient feeder buses, more car parks in urban fringes.
5. Pedestrian access will be improved to improve public transit ridership by landscaping, building more sheltered walkways and improvement of lighting and street furniture

The government’s Plan for ITS use in the most severely congested region had materialized recently with an announcement of an investment worth RM365 million (New Strait Times, 2003)⁸. In March 2003, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall announced the launch of “Integrated Transport Information System” or ITIS. Developed by a local company, ITS Konsortium Sdn. Bhd., the system is intended to improve the planning and flow of the city's traffic system - ensuring in the process, better traffic conditions for Klang Valley commuters. To be introduced in three stages, ITIS will for the first time provide City Hall with comprehensive traffic data, compiled through Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras, Automatic Incident Detection (AID) system and Automatic Vehicle Location System (AVLS). A website maintained by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall for the updates on the ITIS is also available (Kuala Lumpur City Hall, 2003)⁹.

1.3 Purpose of Report

Traffic congestion is a major problem in Kuala Lumpur and its conurbations. Its public transportation usage is now at 20% as compared to private car usage at 80%. With trends of increasing car ownership, low population density (69 persons/hectare) and its dispersed land use characteristics that promote automobile dependence, the future of urban congestion can only get worse in the near future unless action is taken. The government has recognized and indicated its interest in the use of land use planning to solve its urban transport problems. Given the long term vision that the government about the transportation system, it is appropriate that TOD be implemented for reasons that shall be made clear in later sections. From a strategic and political perspective, it is most advantageous at this point in time that the government had shown strong interest and commitment in using ITS as a strategy to alleviate urban congestion. As an added advantage, the study area is well equipped with the state of the art in information and communications technologies (ICT) and infrastructure, hence making it an “intelligent” urban space well poised to accept ITS technologies and applications. Deployed and implemented appropriately, ITS can greatly improve operational aspects of transportation systems including public transportation systems. The purpose of this report is to analyze the institutional issues for deploying APTS as a component of ITS in the KLMA to help enable TOD. In other words, this report analyzes the institutional barriers and opportunities for planning for both TOD and APTS deployment. The issues will