Using empirical and simulated data to study the influence of environmental heterogeneity on fish species richness in two biogeographic provinces Supporting Information

Philippe Massicotte1, Rapha¨elProulx1, Gilbert Cabana1, and Marco A. Rodr´ıguez1

1Centre de Recherche sur les Interactions Bassins Versants- Ecosyst`emesaquatiques´ (RIVE). Universit´edu Qu´ebec `aTrois-Rivi`eres,Trois-Rivi`eres,Canada

October 20, 2014

1 Appendix S1 Summary of fish species sampled in the two biogeographic provinces.

Table 1: Summary of fish species sampled in the two biogeographic provinces.

Mean Mean fork Order Family Genus Species abundance length (catch per (cm) unit effort) Acipenseriformes Acipenseridae Acipenser brevirostrum 3.67 59.90 oxyrinchus 2.50 27.81 Polyodontidae Polyodon spathula 1.50 14.25 Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata 1.38 43.64 Congridae Conger oceanicus 1.00 20.10 Atheriniformes Atherinopsidae Membras martinica 12.33 6.69 Menidia menidia 2.50 6.72 Aulopiformes Synodontidae Synodus foetens 1.90 15.92 Batrachoidiformes Batrachoididae Opsanus beta 2.58 15.30 pardus 1.50 16.52 tau 4.05 19.29 Porichthys plectrodon 1.20 28.51 Beloniformes Belonidae Strongylura marina 6.00 20.15 Carcharhiniformes Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus isodon 1.00 38.00 limbatus 1.00 39.20 porosus 1.00 50.50 Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tiburo 1.00 37.47 Triakidae Mustelus canis 4.67 53.95 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa aestivalis 3.62 7.95 pseudoharengus 6.38 7.35 sapidissima 7.33 10.43 Brevoortia gunteri 35.17 7.99 patronus 20.81 8.79 smithi 1.00 12.20 tyrannus 5.69 13.19 Clupea harengus 21.11 10.08 Dorosoma cepedianum 14.26 16.91 petenense 11.85 10.37 Etrumeus teres 1.00 20.00 Harengula jaguana 2.47 9.70 Opisthonema oglinum 2.22 8.46 Sardinella aurita 3.00 13.07 Engraulidae Anchoa hepsetus 8.66 6.81 mitchilli 14.00 5.12 Cypriniformes Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus 12.00 38.84 Catostomus commersoni 2.00 22.07 Moxostoma macrolepidotum 1.00 37.40 Cyprinidae Carassius auratus 2.50 26.49 Cyprinus carpio 2.83 57.31 Notemigonus crysoleucas 2.00 14.00 Notropis atherinoides 10.00 9.71 hudsonius 2.67 8.17 Cyprinodontiformes Fundulidae Fundulus grandis 14.00 9.95 Elopiformes Elopidae Elops saurus 1.14 21.20 Gadiformes Gadidae Microgadus tomcod 10.30 9.41 Pollachius virens 1.00 13.10 Lotidae Enchelyopus cimbrius 1.50 21.48

2 Merlucciidae Merluccius bilinearis 2.00 20.98 Phycidae Urophycis chuss 3.67 24.75 regia 4.62 21.65 tenuis 3.86 21.56 Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus 1.00 7.80 Lampriformes Trachipteridae Desmodema polystictum 1.00 16.95 Lepisosteiformes Lepisosteidae Atractosteus spatula 1.00 48.00 Lepisosteus oculatus 1.00 47.00 osseus 4.00 91.18 Lophiiformes Ogcocephalidae Ogcocephalus radiatus 1.00 19.70 Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil cephalus 2.89 17.53 curema 1.57 12.21 Ophidiiformes Ophidiidae Ophidion marginatum 1.50 16.85 Osmeriformes Osmeridae Osmerus mordax 1.00 12.15 Perciformes Carangidae Carangoides ruber 6.00 6.48 Caranx crysos 2.00 15.07 hippos 3.09 8.92 latus 2.00 8.91 Chloroscombrus chrysurus 25.50 7.31 Decapterus punctatus 7.00 13.21 Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus 2.67 12.01 Selar crumenophthalmus 7.00 9.40 Selene setapinnis 1.62 6.00 vomer 2.14 5.60 Trachinotus carolinus 2.00 9.89 falcatus 4.50 6.98 Centrarchidae Lepomis gibbosus 8.14 11.13 macrochirus 4.86 14.94 microlophus 3.00 10.13 Micropterus salmoides 1.00 10.50 Pomoxis annularis 1.40 15.12 Centropomidae Centropomus undecimalis 1.00 24.00 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellatus 2.00 4.85 Ephippidae Chaetodipterus faber 3.13 7.47 Gerreidae Eucinostomus argenteus 3.20 7.03 gula 1.40 9.18 lefroyi 6.50 7.64 Gobiidae Gobioides broussonneti 1.00 19.60 Gobiosoma bosc 3.00 3.63 Haemulidae Haemulon plumieri 9.50 8.96 Orthopristis chrysoptera 7.60 12.00 Labridae Halichoeres caudalis 1.00 11.50 Lachnolaimus maximus 5.00 6.80 Tautoga onitis 10.60 17.06 Tautogolabrus adspersus 4.11 10.22 Lutjanidae Lutjanus griseus 2.00 10.30 synagris 2.67 8.16 Moronidae Morone americana 70.75 13.94 saxatilis 10.09 15.59 Mullidae Upeneus parvus 1.00 8.60 Percidae Etheostoma olmstedi 1.00 2.50 Perca flavescens 14.00 17.60 Pholidae Pholis gunnellus 2.00 10.80 Polynemidae Polydactylus octonemus 1.91 11.45 Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix 2.21 16.78 Priacanthidae Priacanthus arenatus 1.00 10.60 Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum 2.00 21.03 Scaridae Sparisoma radians 4.00 12.63

3 Sciaenidae Aplodinotus grunniens 4.00 14.85 Bairdiella chrysoura 6.09 12.56 sanctaeluciae 19.00 14.84 Cynoscion arenarius 12.43 11.20 nebulosus 1.25 16.36 nothus 1.83 12.23 regalis 25.94 15.04 Leiostomus xanthurus 33.85 12.52 Menticirrhus americanus 1.25 20.14 saxatilis 1.67 16.38 Micropogonias undulatus 21.83 14.04 Odontoscion dentex 1.00 15.80 Pogonias cromis 3.38 22.58 Sciaenops ocellatus 3.75 28.81 Stellifer lanceolatus 1.00 11.80 Scombridae Scomberomorus cavalla 1.50 13.66 maculatus 2.60 14.80 Serranidae Centropristis philadelphica 2.00 12.71 striata 3.43 14.22 Diplectrum formosum 1.00 12.57 Mycteroperca bonaci 1.00 14.50 microlepis 1.00 23.20 Serranus subligarius 2.00 8.60 Sparidae Archosargus probatocephalus 1.27 23.35 Calamus arctifrons 2.67 12.54 leucosteus 1.00 17.00 Diplodus holbrooki 6.09 8.57 Lagodon rhomboides 20.05 10.12 Stenotomus caprinus 2.00 9.00 chrysops 40.67 11.32 Sphyraenidae Sphyraena borealis 4.00 10.40 Stromateidae Peprilus alepidotus 5.65 6.31 burti 3.00 7.16 triacanthus 21.51 8.27 Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus 2.06 32.90 Uranoscopidae Astroscopus guttatus 1.00 14.15 Pleuronectiformes Achiridae Achirus lineatus 2.00 8.65 Gymnachirus texae 1.00 7.50 Trinectes maculatus 17.44 9.93 Cynoglossidae Symphurus civitatium 1.00 12.40 plagiusa 6.41 13.61 Paralichthyidae Ancylopsetta ommata 1.00 18.40 Citharichthys macrops 2.00 11.25 spilopterus 2.71 8.48 Etropus crossotus 3.00 12.50 microstomus 2.40 10.63 sp 1.00 10.20 Hippoglossina oblonga 6.20 22.52 Paralichthys albigutta 1.67 25.47 dentatus 3.15 26.34 lethostigma 2.02 17.51 Syacium gunteri 1.00 10.20 Pleuronectidae Pseudopleuronectes americanus 10.04 15.94 Scophthalmidae Scophthalmus aquosus 6.29 15.69 Rajiformes Dasyatidae Dasyatis americana 7.50 37.39 centroura 1.00 77.00 sabina 3.53 25.37 say 2.00 42.58

4 Gymnuridae Gymnura altavela 1.00 47.50 micrura 2.50 51.50 Myliobatidae Myliobatis freminvillei 1.33 45.33 Rhinoptera bonasus 1.33 35.75 Rajidae Leucoraja erinacea 5.45 40.62 ocellata 1.50 36.27 Raja eglanteria 3.25 54.74 Scorpaeniformes Cottidae Myoxocephalus aenaeus 32.50 10.37 octodecemspinosus 1.00 14.05 Triglidae Prionotus alatus 1.00 11.95 carolinus 5.27 13.23 evolans 2.22 13.70 roseus 4.00 10.95 rubio 1.00 12.40 tribulus 2.12 8.87 Siluriformes Ariidae Ariopsis felis 7.43 19.21 Bagre marinus 15.79 11.22 Ictaluridae Ameiurus catus 8.92 19.92 natalis 5.00 22.44 nebulosus 10.00 20.76 Ictalurus furcatus 45.82 17.56 punctatus 15.46 21.34 Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus erectus 1.17 11.20 Syngnathus floridae 1.00 16.50 fuscus 1.00 20.80 louisianae 3.67 13.36 scovelli 1.00 20.00 Tetraodontiformes Diodontidae Chilomycterus reticulatus 5.25 12.03 schoepfi 1.80 16.05 Diodon hystrix 2.00 16.40 Monacanthidae Aluterus schoepfi 1.00 16.03 scriptus 3.33 17.26 Stephanolepis hispidus 4.75 9.91 setifer 4.00 6.05 Ostraciidae Acanthostracion quadricornis 1.56 15.02 Tetraodontidae Canthigaster rostrata 1.00 8.00 Lagocephalus laevigatus 1.00 18.20 Sphoeroides maculatus 2.24 12.69 nephelus 16.00 3.89 parvus 4.13 6.29

5 Appendix S2 Simulation details and parametrization.

Spatio-temporal Moran’s I decomposition

The Moran’s Iglobal statistic (equation 1) was computed by pooling all observations in each biogeographic provinces. To ensure that the measured local Iglobal reflected the spatial het- erogeneity of environmental conditions rather than the temporal variability of environmental conditions, we decomposed Iglobal (equation 1) into its spatial and temporal components using equation 2.

¯ n xi − X X ¯ Iglobal = (n − 1) n wij(xj − X) (1) P 2 (xi − X¯) j=1 i=1

Itemporal = Iglobal − Ispatial (2)

Where Itemporal, Iglobal and Ispatial are respectively the temporal, spatio-temporal and spatial Moran’s I. Iglobal has been computed on data pooled at the biogeographic provinces level whereas Ispatial has been computed at each year in each biogeographic province. The results of the decomposition are presented in figure 1.

● 15 ●● ● A ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ● 10 ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● 5 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● Species Richness (S)

−1 0 1 2 3 4

Spatio−temporal Moran

● ● 15 ● ● B ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● 10 ●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● 5 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●●● Species Richness (S)

−1 0 1 2 3

Spatial Moran

● ● 15 ●● ● C ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● 10 ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● 5 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● Species Richness (S)

−1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Temporal Moran

Figure 1: Results of the Moran’s I decomposition. (A) Spatio-temporal data (used in this study), (B) Spatial Moran’s I and (C) Temporal Moran’s I.

6 Distribution ranges To determine the spatial distribution range of each species (ellipse size), we used a long-tail distribution yielding small ranges for most species and large ranges for few species (Figure 2). The minimum and maximum distribution range thresholds were based on the observed regional distribution of species (rmin ≤ r ≤ rmax with rmin = 10 km and rmin = 1000 km).

−α 0.07 f(r)= r 0.06 0.05 0.04 f(r) 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Ellipse size ( km )

Figure 2: Power function used to randomly pick the distribution range r for species placed on the surface grid.

7 Examples of the regional distribution for four species found in the Louisianian biogeographic province.

Bairdiella chrysoura ( n = 45 ) Harengula jaguana ( n = 17 )

31 31 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●●● 30 ● ●● ●● ●●● 30 ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●● ● ●●●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●+●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●● +●● ●● ● ●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● 29 ●● ● ● 29 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● 28 ● 28 ● ●●●● ●●●● ●● ●● Latitude (degrees) Latitude (degrees)

● ● 27 ● 27 ●

● ●

● ● ● ● 26 ● Mean distance to the centroid = 424.47 km 26 ● Mean distance to the centroid = 137.32 km

−95 −90 −85 −95 −90 −85

Longitude (degrees) Longitude (degrees)

Trachinotus falcatus ( n = 6 ) Membras martinica ( n = 3 )

31 31 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●● ●● ●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●● 30 ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● 30 ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●+● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● +●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●● ●●●● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● 29 ●● ● ● 29 ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● 28 ● 28 ● ●●●● ●●●● ●● ●● Latitude (degrees) Latitude (degrees)

● ● 27 ● 27 ●

● ●

● ● ● ● 26 ● Mean distance to the centroid = 267.66 km 26 ● Mean distance to the centroid = 79.48 km

−95 −90 −85 −95 −90 −85

Longitude (degrees) Longitude (degrees)

Figure 3: Examples of the regional distribution for four species found in the Louisianian bio- geographic province. The red dots show the locations where each species was found whereas as the blue crosses are the centroids of these locations. The average distances to centroids for species found in Louisianian and Virginian biogeographic provinces are 134.4 km and 85.1 km respectively.

8 Example of connectivity graph used to identify neighbours of region points by Euclidean distance.

351 255 1764 100 179 232 204 11 66 81 ● 293 ● ● ● ● 369 193 ● ● 54 73● 321 220 ● 143● 28274 ● 2 379● 360 ● ●146 75 300 ● ● ● 30343 231 20●336 202 ● ● ●● ● 53 310 ● ● 113 ● 367 14323 ● ● 142366 ●62 ● ● ● 15 325 373 355 228 ● 246● ● 27 ●356 ● ● 306 ● ● 192147 85● ● ● 173● 39 ● ● 328 ● ● ● ● 358 161 ● ● ● 287 286 ● ● 30047 166 16523 ● 145 76 292 195 ● 2266 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 92 ● ● ● 253 ● 327● 170 210 ● ● 98● 267 120 155 ● 24 87 38 316● 70 ●324 276 ● ● 272 357 ● 326 ● ● ● 217 112 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 374 ● 352 291 ● 133 32245 ●● 250 ● 156 213 42● 132270101 5 80181 ● ● ●●191 269 103234● 16 ● 50 ● ● 128 ● ● ● 153 ● ● 177393 ● ● 289 30 302 304 ● ● ● ● ● 388 ● 86 400● ● 129209 227 ● ● 342 ● ● ● 377 184 ● 162● ● 130 ● 63 ● ● 238 158 ● 341 343 294 ● ● ● 339 ● ● 380 ● ● 160 ● 168 ● 106 ● 89 ● 332 214 ● 397199176 361 ● 223 ● 163 ● 346 108● 295 ● 315 249 ● 331 27748 4 ● ● 52 ● ● 200 41 ● 215 1 364 ● ● 200 288 ● ● ● ● ● 384 77 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 251 121 329 318 ● ● 186175 18 110 262 ● 72 ● 297● ●● ● ● ● 389 ● ● 174 347 8 ● 141 ● 268● 334● 12697 206● 205116 119 335368 ● 67 265● ● ● 127 ● 99338● 29 ● ●● ● 180 ● 12 ● 187 244 ● 138 ● ● ● ● ● 104● ● 299 3 ● 314222 196 224 ● 71 372● 57 60 ● 290 309 ● ● 208212● ● ● 150 ● ● ● ● ● ● 257123 ● ● 230 32 118 390 197 ● ● 131 ● 136 354151185 242 167245● ● ● ● 9122 19 ● 274 10 296 49 115● 216 ● 240 349 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 34● ● ● 247201 28131252 365311 190114 ● ● ● ● 172 ● 56243 ● ● ● 392 ● ● 164 271 9639928305● 124 263 55 ● 344134 ● 353 ● 16968 ● ● ● ● ● 111● ● 273 ● ● ● 7 250 ● 125●317 100 ●● ● 36 90 ● 94 ● ● 218319 154 376 385 283● 203● ● 301 84 95 ● 248 207 ● ● 18934017113 391 61 371 ● 308 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●157 82 188 44●● ● ● ● ● 320 ● 235 109387 ● 381 149 ● ● ● ● 337 279 330 ● 139 375● 370 ● ● ● ● 37 312 ● ● ● 363 359 33346 ● 59 ● 236● 386345 93 ● ● ● 348284 239 ● 144 ● 178 ● 313382 ● ● ● 159 ● 21 ● ● 285 ● ● 198 225 ● ● ● 259 ● 266●221 194 26 ● 278 ● 25 395229 ● ● 50 256 ● 137 237 ● ● 233 33117 ● ● 88 ● ● ● 83102 18358 107 ● 241 ● ● 78 150● ● ● 182 378254 ●● ● ● ● ● 275● 264 ● ● 219 350 105● ● ● 51 ● 383 14840 140 ● 135 398 35 ● 152 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 261 396 307● ● ● 91 ● 22 394 280 298 260 ● 211258 ● 362● ● ●65 ● 69 79 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Figure 4: Connectivity graph identifying neighbours of region points falling under the 10% maximum range (see Methods for detailed information).

9