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The Chilgoza of Kinnaur. Influence of the Pinus Gerardiana Edible Seed Market Chain Organization on Forest Regeneration in the Indian Himalayas

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The Chilgoza of Kinnaur. Influence of the Pinus Gerardiana Edible Seed Market Chain Organization on Forest Regeneration in the Indian Himalayas Original article The Chilgoza of Kinnaur. Influence of the Pinus gerardiana edible seed market chain organization on forest regeneration in the Indian Himalayas Régis PELTIER1, Vincent DAUFFY2 1 Cirad, Es, UR 36, Tac-36 / D, The Chilgoza of Kinnaur. Influence of the Pinus gerardiana edible seed market chain 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, organization on forest regeneration in the Indian Himalayas. France Abstract –– Context, objective and methods. In the north of India, in the Himalayas, the high-alti- [email protected] tude slopes [(between 1800 and 3300) m] are covered by forests where Pinus gerardiana dominates. This pine is known for its edible seeds (Chilgoza). The recent evolution of nut harvest methods means 2 that there is danger of the disappearance of natural seedlings and the ageing of the forests. Therefore, Inventaire Forestier National a survey was carried out from 1998 with a hundred farmers, which was supplemented with field visits (IFN), Château des Barres, and discussions with resource people involved in the commercial chain. Results. In the 1950s, tradi- 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, tional harvesting rules made it possible to respect trees and to allow a small portion of seeds to reach France the ground. So, in spite of particularly difficult ecological conditions, the forest was able to regenerate. During the five last decades, the roads opening have allowed an irrigated cash-arboriculture develo- [email protected] pment in the valleys. The village communities have become less dependent on the Chilgoza trade and sell the nut harvest contracts to private contractors who employ foreign workers, cut many branches and practically collect all the seeds. So, regeneration has become practically non-existent. The poorest inhabitants cannot have access to this resource anymore. In town, the retail sale of Chilgoza represents a market of (100 to 300) t·year–1, at a price from (15 to 20) €·kg, i.e., a market chain from (1.5 to 6) M€·year–1. Discussion and conclusion. The authors put forward a proposal to substitute for the two private platforms (purchase and drying) of New Delhi an organization with a non-lucrative purpose, concerned with a more respectful socio-economic development of the environment. This unit would centralize Chilgoza buying, drying and storage in the production place. Then, it would ensure sales to urban sellers, at the time of the peak of market demand. This would allow for a more significant part of the market chain added value to remain in the valley; this money at the same time would make it possible to fight against poverty and to regenerate natural resources. The authors are campaigning to see that research and development projects, financed with national or international funds, come to support these proposals. India / Pinus gerardiana / Himalayan region / highlands / seeds / nonwood forest products / natural regeneration / sustainable land management / marketing channels Le Chilgoza du Kinnaur. Influence de l’organisation de la filière de la graine comestible de Pinus gerardiana sur la régénération forestière, dans l'Himalaya indien. Résumé –– Contexte, objectif et méthodes. Dans le nord de l'Inde, dans l’Himalaya, les pentes d’alti- tude [(entre 1800 et 3300) m] sont couvertes par des forêts où Pinus gerardiana domine. Ce pin est connu pour ses graines comestibles (Chilgoza). L’évolution récente des méthodes de récolte laissent craindre la disparition des semis naturels et le vieillissement des forêts. C’est pourquoi des enquêtes ont été réalisées en 1998 auprès d’une centaine de paysans de la région ; elles ont été croisées avec autant de visites de terrain et avec des entretiens avec des personnes ressource de la filière commerciale. Résultats. Dans les années 50, la récolte traditionnelle permettaient de respecter les arbres et de laisser une petite partie des graines atteindre le sol. Ainsi, malgré des conditions écologiques particulièrement dures, la forêt pouvait être régénérée. Au cours des cinq dernières décennies, l’ouverture de routes a permis le développement d’une arboriculture irriguée de rente dans les vallées. Les communautés villageoises sont devenues moins dépendantes du commerce du Chilgoza et ont majoritairement décidé * Correspondence and reprints de vendre les contrats de récolte des graines de leurs forêts à des entrepreneurs privés, qui emploient les ouvriers étrangers et font couper beaucoup de branches pour récolter pratiquement toutes les grai- nes. Ainsi la régénération est devenue pratiquement inexistante. Les habitants les plus pauvres ne peu- vent plus avoir accès à cette ressource. En ville, la vente au détail de Chilgoza représente un marché Received 4 June 2008 (100 à 300) t·an–1, à un prix de (15 à 20) €·kg–1, soit une filière de (1.5 à 6) M€·an–1. Discussion et con- Accepted 24 September 2008 clusion. Les auteurs font une proposition pour substituer aux deux plates-formes privées (achat et séchage) de New-Delhi un organisme à but non-lucratif, soucieux d’un développement socio-écono- mique plus respectueux de l'environnement. Cet élément centraliserait les achats, le séchage et le stoc- kage de Chilgoza sur le lieu de production. Puis, il superviserait les ventes aux vendeurs urbains, au Fruits, 2009, vol. 64, p. 99–110 moment du pic de la demande du marché. Une part plus importante de la valeur ajoutée resterait ainsi © 2009 Cirad/EDP Sciences dans les zones de récolte; cet argent permettrait à la fois de lutter contre la pauvreté et de régénérer All rights reserved les ressources naturelles. Les auteurs militent pour que des projets de recherche et de développement, DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2009005 financés sur fonds nationaux ou internationaux, viennent appuyer ces propositions. www.fruits-journal.org Inde / Pinus gerardiana / région himalayenne / région d'altitude / graine / produit forestier non ligneux / régénération naturelle / gestion foncière durable / circuit de RESUMEN ESPAÑOL, p. 110 commercialisation Fruits, vol. 64 (2) 99 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.fruits-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2009005 R. Peltier, V. Dauffy found in eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India, growing at altitudes ranging between (1800 and 3300) m. It is often associated there with the Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) and with the cedar of the Himalayas (Cedrus deodara). Pinus gerardiana is well known for its edible seeds (figure 2), rich in carbohy- drates and proteins. These “nuts” are known and sold locally under the name of “Chilgoza”, “Neja” (singular) or “Neje” (plu- ral). Chilgoza is known to be one of the most important cash crops of the tribal people who live in the district of Kinnaur, in the state of Himachal Pradesh (HP), India1. Chilgoza is mainly extracted from the for- ests of the State and, in a complementary way, from trees in private ownership. In India, although the majority of the forests were nationalized during British coloniza- tion, the villagers preserve traditional rights Figure 1. 1. Introduction The Chilgoza pine (Pinus to the use of the natural resources. There- gerardiana Wall. Ex. D. Don), fore, the management of the forests of “noosa”, or “neoza”. 1.1. Context Chilgoza pine falls under the broader prob- lems of the common forest management. The Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall. The common property resources are renew- ex. D. Don), “noosa”, or “neoza” (figure 1), able natural resources used and managed by is native to north-western Himalaya; it is a community, such as water for irrigation, forests, pastures, etc. These resources are used by several users, each having the same Figure 2. right of use, but none of them being the “Nuts” known and sold locally owner. in India under the name of “Chilgoza”. 1.2. Aim of the study From 1998, a study was undertaken in part- nership with the National Afforestation Eco- development Board (N.A.E.B.), an Indian governmental organization, in particular in charge of the restoration of degraded forests [1], with the aim of characterizing the current “systems of harvest” of Chilgoza, i.e., the organization of harvest on a village scale. More precisely, we attempted to estimate the impact of these harvest systems at a social level (equity in the division of this nat- ural resource, financial dependence of the villagers), at an ecological level (impact on 1 Conifer Specialist Group, Pinus gerardi- ana, in: IUCN 2008, 2008 IUCN Red list of threatened species, www.iucnredlist.org. 100 Fruits, vol. 64 (2) The Chilgoza of Kinnaur (India) natural regeneration) and at an economic level (study of the ways of marketing, impli- cation of the various actors of the market chain). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Zone of the study Kinnaur is a very mountainous area at the border between India (HP) and China (Tibet) (figure 3). This area is centered on the Satluj Valley which crosses three high mountain ranges, with many tops exceeding 6,000 m. The physical conditions of this zone are very difficult. The climate is rela- tively dry, on average 500 mm of precipita- tions per annum, with cold, snow-covered but dry winters, hot and dry springs, and hot summers marked by rare and very erosive precipitations of monsoon. The topography is very broken (figure 4). Sandy slopes of 30% to 80% are not very favorable to the installation of vegetation. All these factors are responsible for strong erosion. In spite of these difficult physical condi- tions, agriculture is the principal activity of Kinnaur. The cropping systems remain pri- orchards of apple trees. Since 1962, the con- Figure 3. marily based on food crops of subsistence struction of a road has allowed the opening Kinnaur is a very mountainous farming: cereals (corn, wheat, millet) and up of the zone and facilitates the export of area at the border between vegetables (onions, garlic, lentils, red kid- the apple production towards New Delhi, India (Himachal Pradesh State) ney beans).
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