Grzegorz Bukała Krążowniki Typu „Myôkô”

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Grzegorz Bukała Krążowniki Typu „Myôkô” Grzegorz Bukała Krążowniki typu „Myôkô” Tarnowskie Góry 2007 OKRĘTY WOJENNE numer specjalny 20 MONOGRAFIE NA TOPIE! POLECAMY! Okład­ka: Nachi w okresie walk na Morzu Jawajskim, 1942 r. Mal. Krzysztof Brandt Stro­na­ ty­tu­ło­wa: Ashigara w połowie lat trzydziestych. Fot. „Maru Special” Krążowniki typu „Myôkô” Grzegorz Bukała Redaktor serii: Jarosław Malinowski Rysunki: Waldemar Kaczmarczyk Plansze kolorowe: Grzegorz Tomczak Opracowanie graficzne: Jarosław Malinowski Skład, druk i oprawa: Drukpol, Tarnowskie Góry Źródła fotografii/Photo credit: Zbiory Lars Ahlberg Zbiory Arthur D. Baker III Zbiory Siegfried Breyer Zbiory Shizuo Fukui Zbiory Jarosław Malinowski National Archives Wright & Logan „Maru Special” „Ships of the World” „Warship International” ISBN EAN 978-83-915653-7-7 ISBN 83-915653-7-8 ISSN 1231-014X Copyright © Wydawnictwo „Okręty Wojenne” 2007 Wydawca Wydawnictwo „Okręty Wojenne” Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Żadna część tej książki nie może być kopiowana w żadnej formie, ani żadny- Krzywoustego 16, 42-605 Tarnowskie Góry mi metodami mechanicznymi ani elektronicznymi, www.okretywojenne.pl łącznie z wykorzystaniem systemów przechowywania tel. (032) 384-48-61 i odtwarzania informacji bez pisemnej zgody właści- ciela praw autorskich. e-mail: [email protected] All right reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includiong photocopying, Wszelkich informacji dotyczących cen oraz warunków nabycia recording or any information storage and retreival innych naszych tytułów udzielamy listownie, telefonicznie system without written from copyright owner. i e-mailem pod adresem redakcji. Niniejsza monografia zawiera trzy rozkładówki z 5 planami okrętów w skali 1:400. Uwaga! Stanowią one jej integralną część i nie mogą być sprzedawane oddzielnie. GenezaGeneza budowybudowy okr´tówokr´tów Ashigara na redzie Spithead mi´dzy 11 a 19 maja 1937 roku. To w∏aÊnie dzi´ki temu europejskiemu tournée okr´t sta∏ si´ najbardziej znanym japoƒskim krà˝ownikiem. Fot. Wright and Logan Pierwsze za∏o˝enia Polityki Obrony li oraz szeÊciu okr´tów podwodnych. Po W ramach kolejnych Programów z lat Cesarstwa zosta∏y og∏oszone w dniu szeregu spotkaƒ z Ministrem Finansów 1910-14 dla ukrycia przed cywilnymi poli- 4 kwietnia 1907 r. i stanowi∏y g∏ówne wy- program zosta∏ znacznie zmniejszony tykami zamówiono kolejne trzy jednostki tyczne dla japoƒskiego planowania strate- (dwa pancerniki, trzy krà˝owniki pancer- typu Kongô (oficjalnie klasyfikowane ja- gicznego w okresie nast´pnych pi´tnastu ne, trzy krà˝owniki, szeÊç du˝ych i osiem ko krà˝owniki pancerne). Pomimo tego lat. W tajnym za∏àczniku jako g∏ównych ma∏ych niszczycieli oraz szeÊç okr´tów coraz bardziej dawa∏a o sobie znaç po- przeciwników wymieniono na pierwszym podwodnych). Ponownie zrewidowany trzeba posiadania du˝ych krà˝owników miejscu Carskà Rosj´, a nast´pnie USA i okrojony do dwóch pancerników, krà- charakteryzujàcych si´ silnym uzbroje- iFrancj´. Jednak same za∏o˝enia by∏y ˝ownika pancernego, trzech ma∏ych krà- niem i odpowiednim zasi´giem do dzia- oparte na doÊwiadczeniach niedawno za- ˝owników, jednego du˝ego niszczyciela ∏aƒ zwiadowczych na rozleg∏ych wodach koƒczonej wojny rosyjsko-japoƒskiej oraz i dwóch okr´tów podwodnych zosta∏ on Pacyfiku. Du˝e znaczenie wczesnego roz- tez g∏oszonych przez kmdr por. Satô Tet- zatwierdzony do realizacji w czasie 23 se- poznania szybko zosta∏o docenione sutarô wyk∏adowcy w Wy˝szej Szkole sji Parlamentu (28 grudnia 1906-28 mar- wkr´gach japoƒskich admira∏ów i w „No- Morskiej. W ramach tych za∏o˝eƒ Cesar- ca 1907 r.). Pomimo zatwierdzenia reali- wym Programie Uzupe∏nieƒ dla Mary- ska Flota powinna byç skoncentrowana zacja ca∏ego programu by∏a znacznie narki Wojennej” og∏oszonym 15 maja wokó∏ „oÊmiu pancerników i oÊmiu krà- opóêniona z powodu k∏opotów finanso- 1910 r. przez Ministra Marynarki wice- ˝owników pancernych zbudowanych wych. Najbardziej godnym podkreÊlenia adm. Saitô Minoru zarezerwowano miej- w oparciu o jak najnowoczeÊniejsze plany jest fakt, ˝e jedyny zatwierdzony krà˝ow- sce dla nowego typu krà˝ownika. Ca∏y i nie starszych ni˝ osiem lat”. Jednak am- nik pancerny zosta∏ zlecony angielskiej plan zak∏ada∏ wybudowanie siedmiu pan- bitny program od samego poczàtku na- stoczni Vickersa i defakto sta∏ si´ po cerników, trzech krà˝owników pancer- trafia∏ na przeszkody natury finansowej ukoƒczeniu budowy krà˝ownikiem linio- nych, czterech krà˝owników II klasy, krà- i niezrozumienia wÊród cywilnych polity- wym. Tak oto zakoƒczy∏ si´ pewien etap ˝ownika „do zadaƒ specjalnych” (Toku- ków. rozwoju w Cesarskiej Marynarce Wojen- mu janyôkan), dwudziestu szeÊciu nisz- Nieco wczeÊniej Admiralicja przygoto- nej, która po przej´ciu okr´tu nazwanego czycieli i dziesi´ciu okr´tów podwodnych wa∏a kolejny program rozbudowy w∏asnej Kongô i ocenie jego mo˝liwoÊci taktycz- do 1 kwietnia 1919 r. Na posiedzeniu rzà- floty, w którym proponowano budow´ no-technicznych ca∏kowicie porzuci∏a dal- du w dniu 12 lipca 1910 r. program ten zo- trzech pancerników o wypornoÊci szy rozwój krà˝owników pancernych. Od sta∏ w ca∏oÊci odrzucony jako zbyt ambit- 20 000 ton, czterech krà˝owników pan- tego momentu szybkie skrzyd∏o floty mia- ny. W nieznacznie zmienionej formie zo- cernych o wypornoÊci 18 500 ton, trzech ∏y stanowiç krà˝owniki liniowe dysponu- sta∏ on ponownie przedstawiony do za- krà˝owników o wypornoÊci 4500 ton, sze- jàce znacznie wi´kszà pr´dkoÊcià i silniej- twierdzenia we wrzeÊniu 1911 r. i obejmo- Êciu o wypornoÊci 900 ton i dwudziestu szà artylerià od dotychczas budowanych wa∏ on: siedem pancerników, dwa krà- czterech o wypornoÊci 400 ton niszczycie- jednostek. ˝owniki I klasy, dwa krà˝owniki do zadaƒ 3 Protoplastami krà˝owników ci´˝kich by∏y krà˝owniki pancerne. Na fotografii weterani wojny japoƒsko-rosyjskiej Iwate i Yakumo w roli jednostek szkolnych w latach dwudziestych. Fot. zbiory Jaros∏aw Malinowski specjalnych, z których jeden by∏ przewidy- stanowisko od 10 sierpnia 1915 r. wice- czyli jeszcze przed po∏o˝eniem st´pek na- wany do zastàpienia okr´tu pomocnicze- adm. Katô Tomosaburô zaprezentowa∏ zwy Tenryû iTatsuta (rozpocz´cie ich bu- go Anegawa (eks-rosyjski Angara, zasi´g ponownie przedwojenny plan Rady Mi- dowy nastàpi∏o odpowiednio 15 maja i 24 10 000 Mm /11 w´z∏ach, pr´dkoÊç maksy- nistrów, który tylko cz´Êciowo zosta∏ za- lipca 1917 r.). W tym czasie od∏o˝ono na malna 20 w´z∏ów), dwudziestu szeÊciu twierdzony przez Sekcj´ Spraw Obronny póêniej projekt du˝ych krà˝owników niszczycieli i dziesi´ciu okr´tów podwod- w dniu 10 wrzeÊnia 1915 r. Trzy dni zwiadowczych. nych z realizacjà do 1 kwietnia 1920 r. póêniej sporzàdzono i przes∏ano do raty- Nie oznacza to ˝e nie prowadzono ˝ad- ˚adna z tych jednostek nie doczeka∏a si´ fikacji przez parlament bardzo okrojonà nych prac nad ich wersjami rozwojowymi. realizacji, a ca∏y program zosta∏ odrzuco- wersj´ tego programu. W czasie 37 posie- Arsena∏ Marynarki w Kure otrzyma∏ ny na kolejnych sesjach parlamentu w la- dzenia parlamentu (1 grudnia 1915 - 9 lu- zadanie zmodernizowania dzia∏ kal. tach 1912-1914. ty 1916 r.) zosta∏ on przeg∏osowany i za- 200 mm L/45 Vickersa model z 1908 r., 16 kwietnia 1914 r. nastàpi∏a zmiana na twierdzony 24 lutego 1916 r. Zak∏ada∏ on a 22 wrzeÊnia 1916 r. Morska Rada Tech- stanowisku Ministra Marynarki i miejsce budow´ pancernika Nagato, lekkich krà- niczna przed∏o˝y∏a wst´pny projekt no- swojego poprzednika zajà∏ wiceadm. ˝owników (krà˝owniki II klasy) Tenryû wych jednostek Admiralicji: Yashirô Mutsurô. Nied∏ugo po obj´ciu i Tatsuta, niszczyciela Tanikaze, okr´tów • WypornoÊç: 7200 t (normalna) swojego stanowiska przedstawi∏ on nowe podwodnych 14, 19 i 20, oraz zbiornikow- • Pr´dkoÊç: 36 w´z∏ów propozycje do „Planu 8-8” (czyli oÊmiu ca Sunosaki. Jak widaç ponownie nie • Uzbrojenie: 12 x 140 L/50 3 Nendo pancerników i oÊmiu krà˝owników pan- uwzgl´dniono budowy krà˝owników Shiki (4 x II) umieszczone na dziobie i ru- cernych, a defakto liniowych). 22 czerwca zwiadowczych. W tej sytuacji wiceadm. fie, kilka (nie mniej ni˝ cztery) na poje- zosta∏y one zatwierdzone przez Sekcj´ Tomosaburô postanowi∏ umieÊciç ich bu- dynczych stanowiskach na Êródokr´ciu. Spraw Obronny w Radzie Ministrów. dow´ w programie wnoszàc poprawk´ do W planie uwzgl´dniono równie˝ mo˝li- Kolejnym krokiem by∏o przedstawienie zatwierdzonego i przeg∏osowanego doku- woÊç zainstalowania dzia∏ kal. 200 mm po przez Rad´ Ministrów zredukowanej mentu. zakoƒczeniu ich prac modernizacyjnych. wersji tego programu dla parlamentu ja- Program budownictwa okr´towego za- 8 wyrzutni torped 610 mm (4 x II) w sta- ko pierwszy krok do pe∏nej jego realizacji. twierdzony w 1916 r. przewidywa∏ budo- ∏ych wyrzutniach zamontowanych w ka- W nowym „Programie 8-4” znalaz∏o si´ w´ dwóch ma∏ych krà˝owników, przed d∏ubie. miejsce dla trzech krà˝owników zwia- którymi postawiono zadania przewodni- • Pancerz: 76 mm pas pancerza burto- dowczych uzbrojonych ka˝dy w cztery ków flotylli dla nowych niszczycieli znaj- wego i pok∏adowego z stali o podwy˝szo- dzia∏a kal. 200 mm. Jednak wybuch I woj- dujàcych si´ jeszcze na deskach kreÊlar- nej wytrzyma∏oÊci na rozciàganie. ny Êwiatowej zniweczy∏ wszystkie plany, skich. Jednostki zosta∏y zaprojektowane • Zasi´g operacyjny: 6-8000 Mm/14 które ostatecznie zosta∏y 25 grudnia 1914 przez 4 Sekcj´ Budownictwa Okr´towe- w´z∏ach r. opóênione na kolejnej sesji parlamentu. go Departamentu Technicznego Mary- Godnym zauwa˝enia jest, ˝e po raz Nowy Minister Marynarki piastujàcy to narki w 1915 r. i otrzyma∏y 13 maja 1916 r. pierwszy zaproponowano instalacj´ wy- 4 rzutni torped kal. 610 mm, które stanowi- (tj. osiem pancerników i szeÊç krà˝owni- dowczego zosta∏ wst´pnie ustalony na ∏y najnowsze osiàgni´cie japoƒskiego ków liniowych). 11 000 000 yen. Odsun´∏o to w czasie roz- przemys∏u zbrojeniowego. åwierç wieku RównoczeÊnie w Morskim Departa- pocz´cie prac o rok i pierwsze okr´ty zo- póêniej z ich znacznie udoskonalonà wer- mencie Technicznym trwa∏y prace nad sta∏y autoryzowane w roku bud˝etowym sjà spotka si´ U.S.
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