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Ketahanan Air Irigasi Pada Wilayah Sungai Di Indonesia Irrigation Water Security at River Basin Areas in Indonesia

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Ketahanan Air Irigasi Pada Wilayah Sungai Di Indonesia Irrigation Water Security at River Basin Areas in Indonesia KETAHANAN AIR IRIGASI PADA WILAYAH SUNGAI DI INDONESIA IRRIGATION WATER SECURITY AT RIVER BASIN AREAS IN INDONESIA Oleh: Waluyo Hatmoko1), Radhika1), Rendy Firmansyah1), Anthon Fathoni1) 1)Puslitbang Sumber Daya Air, Balitbang, Kementerian PUPR Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 193, Bandung, Indonesia Komunikasi Penulis, Telp: +08122103205; email: [email protected] Naskah ini diterima pada 27 Desember 2017; revisi pada 3 Februari 2018; disetujui untuk dipublikasikan pada 19 Februari 2018 ABSTRACT Water security is the community's ability to maintain sustainability in meeting water demands for various purposes and managing water-related disasters. The score of Asian countries water security indicator has been formulated and calculated by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). However water security at the river basin level, including irrigation water security, has not been assessed. Like other Asian countries, irrigation in Indonesia is the largest water user, therefore irrigation water security plays important role in water resources management. This paper formulates and calculates the water security for irrigation in all river basins in Indonesia. The computation method is adopted from ADB, and developed according to the conditions of data availability and characteristics of river basins in Indonesia, under the assumption of homogeneity within river basin. It is concluded that the irrigation water security in the river basin in Indonesia is generally in "medium" condition. The "very bad" condition occurs only in Ciliwung-Cisadane and Progo- Opak-Serang river basins. The "bad" conditions include the Bangka, Belitung, Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian, Ciliman- Cibungur, Bali-Penida and Lombok river basins. Measures to improve irrigation water security are developing and improving performance of irrigation networks, improve reliability of water supplies by constructing reservoirs and ponds, and reducing water stress with water savings. Keywords: indicators, irrigation, irrigation water security, water demand, water security, water supply ABSTRAK Ketahanan air merupakan kemampuan masyarakat untuk menjaga keberlanjutan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan air untuk berbagai keperluan dan mengelola bencana terkait air. Nilai indikator ketahanan air pada negara-negara di Asia telah dirumuskan dan dihitung oleh Asian Development Bank (ADB), namun ketahanan air pada tingkat wilayah sungai, termasuk juga ketahanan air irigasi masih belum dikaji. Irigasi di Indonesia merupakan pengguna air terbesar, dan oleh karena itu ketahanan air irigasi berperan penting dalam pengelolaan sumber daya air. Makalah ini merumuskan, menghitung dan memetakan ketahanan air untuk irigasi pada seluruh wilayah sungai di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan untuk menghitung ketahanan air irigasi diadopsi dari ADB, kemudian dikembangkan sesuai dengan kondisi ketersediaan data dan karakteristik wilayah sungai di Indonesia, dengan asumsi bahwa masing- masing wilayah sungai kondisinya homogen. Disimpulkan bahwa ketahanan air irigasi pada wilayah sungai di Indonesia pada umumnya berada dalam kondisi “sedang”. Kondisi “sangat buruk” hanya terjadi pada wilayah sungai Ciliwung-Cisadane dan Progo-Opak-Serang. Kondisi “buruk” meliputi wilayah sungai Bangka, Belitung, Cidanau- Ciujung-Cidurian, Ciliman-Cibungur, Bali-Penida, dan Lombok. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan air irigasi adalah dengan mengembangkan dan meningkatkan kinerja jaringan irigasi, meningkatkan keandalan pasok air dengan pembangunan waduk dan embung, serta mengurangi tekanan penggunaan air dengan penghematan air. Kata kunci: indikator, irigasi, kebutuhan air, ketahanan air, ketahanan air irigasi, penyediaan air Ketahanan Air Irigasi-Hatmoko, et al. 65 I. PENDAHULUAN II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Ketahanan air sangat vital dalam kehidupan 2.1. Ketahanan Air manusia, dan terkait erat dengan ketahanan Terdapat berbagai definisi mengenai ketahanan pangan dan energi, sebagai nexus ketahanan air, air, antara lain sebagai berikut. pangan, dan energi (Head & Cammerman, 2010), serta memiliki peranan penting dalam adaptasi Ketahanan air adalah ketersediaan air secara perubahan iklim (Rasul & Sharma, 2016). kuantitas dan kualitas untuk kesehatan, Ketahanan air terkait erat dengan kondisi kehidupan, ekosistem dan produksi, serta tingkat keseimbangan antara pendayagunaan sumber risiko terkait air yang dapat diterima oleh daya air untuk mendukung berbagai sektor manusia, lingkungan, dan ekonomi (Grey & Sadoff, kehidupan, dengan konservasi sumber daya air 2007). (Asdak, 2015). Menurut Khan (2014) ketahanan air adalah Istilah ketahanan air akhir-akhir ini semakin kemampuan masyarakat, dan penduduk untuk sering terdengar, dan berbagai kalangan menjaga akses pada jumlah air yang mencukupi masyarakat menafsirkannya secara berbeda. dan kualitas air yang dapat diterima untuk Ketahanan air berkaitan dengan berbagai ilmu, keberlanjutan kesehatan manusia dan ekosistem antara lain: pertanian, rekayasa, lingkungan, pada suatu daerah tangkapan, dan menjamin hidrologi, geologi, kesehatan masyarakat, perlindungan kehidupan dan harta benda kebijakan, dan sumber daya air (Cook & Bakker, terhadap bencana terkait air yaitu banjir, tanah 2012). Masyarakat dunia telah sependapat bahwa longsor, penurunan tanah, dan kekeringan. ketahanan air perlu diperhatikan untuk Definisi yang banyak digunakan saat ini adalah pengelolaan sumber daya air secara dari UN-Water (2013), yang merumuskan berkelanjutan, namun belum ada kesepakatan pengertian tentang ketahanan air sebagai berikut: mengenai bagaimana mendefinisikan ketahanan ”Water security is defined as the capacity of a air. Sampai dengan saat ini belum disepakati population to safeguard sustainable access to berapa nilai ketahanan air minimum agar rumah- adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for tangga, perkotaan, Daerah Aliran Sungai, dan sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio- negara dapat berkembang secara berkelanjutan economic development, for ensuring protection tanpa mengkhawatirkan kekeringan dan banjir against water-borne pollution and water-related yang mungkin akan terjadi; bagaimana disasters, and for preserving ecosystems in a mendefinisikan dan mengukur ketahanan air; climate of peace and political stability.” serta bagaimana pendekatan yang harus digunakan untuk mencapai ketahanan air yang Definisi tersebut memberikan pengertian yang maksimal (Beek & Arriens, 2014). sangat komprehensif tentang ketahanan air (water security). Terjemahan bebas atas definisi Irigasi merupakan pengguna air terbesar di ketahanan air tersebut adalah (1) Kemampuan Indonesia, dan sangat berperan dalam ketahanan masyarakat untuk menjaga keberlanjutan dalam pangan. Ketahanan air irigasi perlu dirumuskan, pemenuhan kebutuhan air, baik dalam jumlah dihitung, dan dipetakan untuk seluruh wilayah yang mencukupi serta mutu yang dapat diterima; sungai di Indonesia. (2) Pemenuhan kebutuhan air tersebut Artikel ini merumuskan konsep dan indikator dimaksudkan untuk: (a) menjaga keberlanjutan ketahanan air irigasi, dan menghitung ketahanan kehidupan, kesejahteraan umat manusia, dan air irigasi pada seluruh wilayah sungai di perkembangan sosial-ekonomi; (b) menjamin Indonesia, berdasarkan pada data yang relatif perlindungan atas pencemaran air dan bencana mudah diperoleh. terkait air; serta (c) melestarikan ekosistem dalam suasana damai dan kondisi politik yang Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk stabil. memperoleh informasi mengenai kondisi ketahanan air irigasi pada wilayah sungai di Wiberg (2015) mengungkapkan bahwa konsep Indonesia, sebagai masukan terhadap ketahanan air (water security) pada awalnya pengembangan sumber daya air, dan khususnya merupakan kebalikan dari kelangkaan air (water pengembangan irigasi pada wilayah sungai di scarcity), yang merupakan permasalahan pasok Indonesia. dan kebutuhan akan air. Indikator yang umum digunakan antara lain adalah jumlah air tersedia per-orang yang dinamakan sebagai “Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator” (Falkenmark, Lundqvist, & Widstrand, 1989) dan (Falkenmark, 2013). 66 Jurnal Irigasi – Vol. 12, No. 2, Oktober 2017, Hal. 65-76 Penggunaan air yang tersedia ini antara lain untuk infrastrukturnya sehingga menjadi debit siap kehidupan manusia, termasuk irigasi sebagai pakai; pengguna air terbesar di Indonesia. Sebagian dari 4) Indeks Ketersediaan Air per Kapita, yang air yang tersedia ini harus digunakan sebagai menunjukkan berapa besar ketersediaan air aliran pemeliharaan sungai dan lingkungan potensi andalan 80% untuk tiap jiwa; (Smakhtin & Schipper, 2008; Pastor, Ludwig, 5) Produksi sawah irigasi per-kapita, yang Biemans, Hoff, & Kabat, 2014). menunjukkan seberapa besar swasembada beras untuk masing-masing jiwa di WS 2.2. Indikator Ketahanan Air bersangkutan Pada prinsipnya indikator ketahanan air meliputi 6) Produktivitas sawah irigasi dari debit potensi aspek-aspek: 1) Ketersediaan air; 2) Aksesibilitas; wilayah sungai, yang menunjukkan seberapa 3) Kualitas dan keamanan; dan 4) Pengelolaan besar produksi irigasi per meter kubik air (Gain, Giupponi, & Wada, 2016). Secara lebih rinci, potensi andalan 80%; dan indikator ketahanan air antara lain: 1) Jumlah air 7) Produktivitas sawah irigasi dari debit tersedia; 2) Rasio antara kapasitas tampungan terpasang pada bangunan air, yang dengan potensi tampungan yang ada; 3) Alokasi menunjukkan seberapa besar produksi irigasi anggaran sumber daya air; 4) Penggunaan air; 5) per meter kubik air kapasitas terpasang. Penggunaan konsumtif; 6) Persentase penduduk Kajian ketahanan air irigasi pada wilayah sungai dengan sanitasi
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