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Histiotus Macrotus (Poeppig, 1835) NOMBRE COMÚN: Murciélago Orejudo Mayor, Big-Eared Brown Bat (En Inglés)

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Histiotus Macrotus (Poeppig, 1835) NOMBRE COMÚN: Murciélago Orejudo Mayor, Big-Eared Brown Bat (En Inglés) FICHA DE ANTECEDENTES DE ESPECIE Id especie: NOMBRE CIENTÍFICO: Histiotus macrotus (Poeppig, 1835) NOMBRE COMÚN: Murciélago orejudo mayor, Big-eared Brown Bat (en inglés) Fotografía: Annia Rodríguez San Pedro. Reino: Animalia Orden: Chiroptera Phyllum/División: Chordata Familia: Vespertilionidae Clase: Mammalia Género: Histiotus Sinonimia: N[ycticeius]. macrotus Poeppig, 1835:451, nota al pie de página; Localidad tipo “Antuco,” Bio-bío, Chile. Nycticeus chilensis Lesson, 1836:120; Localidad tipo “Chile meridional, en las rocas subalpinas de Antuco [sic]”; basado en “N[ycticeius]. secunda [Poeppig, 1830:columna 218]”; por lo tanto, una objetiva sinonimia de Nycticeius macrotus Poeppig, 1835. Nycticejus chilensis: Lesson, 1842:22; combinación de nombre. Nycticejus macrotis: Schinz, 1844:200; combinación de nombre. Plecotus velatus: R.A. Philippi y Landbeck, 1861:289; no Plecotus velatus I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1824b. Vespertilio velatus: R.A. Philippi y Landbeck, 1861:289; parte; no Plecotus velatus I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire. Plecotus poeppigii Fitzinger, 1872:88; localidad tipo “Antuco,” Biobío, Chile; renominación de Nycticeius macrotus Poeppig. Histiotus macrotus: W. Peters, 1876:788; parte [Antuco]; primer uso de la combinación de nombre actual. Vesperugo (Vesperus) macrotus: Dobson, 1878:189; parte [Chile]; combinación de nombre. [Vesperugo (Vesperus)] velatus: Trouessart, 1897:107; parte: no Plecotus velatus I. Geoffroy Ficha FINAL 14to Proceso RCE página 1 de 8 St.-Hilaire. [Vesperugo (Vesperus)] macrotus: Trouessart, 1897:107; combinación de nombre. Vespertilio macrotus: Cabrera, 1903:284; combinación de nombre. [Vespertilio (Histiotus)] macrotus: Trouessart, 1904:77; combinación de nombre. Histiotus macrotus macrotus: Cabrera, 1958:108; parte [Chile]. Sinonimia según Handley & Gardner (2008). Nota Taxonómica: ANTECEDENTES GENERALES Aspectos Morfológicos Murciélago de tamaño corporal mediano (longitud total: 94-120 mm; longitud del antebrazo: 44-51 mm; peso: 11-13g) (Galaz & Yáñez, 2006; Rodríguez-San Pedro et al. 2016). Orejas muy desarrolladas (>28mm), y conectadas, por lo general, por una diminuta banda interauricular (2 mm) (Díaz et al. 2016). Pelaje sedoso, de color gris-blanquecino, con visos claros, ventralmente más pálido (Galaz & Yáñez 2006; Rodríguez-San Pedro et al. 2016). Las membranas alares y orejas son de color más oscuro que su congénere H. montanus (Díaz et al. 2011, 2016). Alas anchas que le permiten un vuelo lento entre la vegetación, usualmente a baja altura y muy maniobrable. Se ha descrito que cuando la temperatura ambiental desciende los 13°C, durante el invierno, la especie cae en sopor plegando sus orejas lo que le permite reducir la pérdida de calor (Mann 1978). Es una especie gregaria, aunque por lo general forma pequeñas colonias entre 20 y 200 individuos aproximadamente (Rodríguez-San Pedro, datos sin publicar). Especie insectívora, consume principalmente zancudos, moscas y polillas (Galaz & Yáñez, 2006; Rodríguez San Pedro et al. 2014; Rodríguez San Pedro et al. datos sin publicar). Aspectos Reproductivos y Conductuales Alimentación (sólo fauna) INTERACCIONES RELEVANTES CON OTRAS ESPECIES DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Especie endémica de Sudamérica. Se distribuye en Argentina, Chile y Paraguay (Simmons 2005; López-González 2005, Handley & Gardner 2008). Algunos autores consideran que la especie también está presente en Bolivia y el sur de Perú (Eisenberg & Redford 1999, Zeballos et al. 2000, 2001; Acosta & Venegas, 2006; Aragón & Aguirre, 2014). En Chile, está presente desde Putre, en la Región de Arica y Parinacota (18°S) hasta Antuco, Región del Biobío (37°S), desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2500-3000 m de altitud (Mann 1978; Galaz & Yáñez, 2006; Handley & Gardner, 2008; Giménez et al. 2015; Rodríguez-San Pedro et al. 2016). (Tabla siguiente asociada a figura distribución especie) Registro Nombre de la Elevación Año Colector Determinador Fuente N_S Localidad (m) Pampa del 9 2015 Ossa Ossa 1000m Ossa et al. 2015 Tamarugal Galaz & Yáñez Mann 5 1978 Mann Fischer Chañaral 5m 2006;Giménez et Fischer al., 2015 Galaz & Galaz & Yáñez 12 2006 Galaz & Yáñez Chañaral 6m Yáñez 2006 Valladares 8 2012 Valladares Valladares Cordillera Domeyko 3410m Faúndez 2012 Mann Giménez et al., 6 1978 Mann Fischer Valparaíso 17m Fischer 2015 Ficha FINAL 14to Proceso RCE página 2 de 8 Rodríguez- Rodríguez-San Rodríguez-San 11 2015 San Pedro Yerba Loca 1965m Pedro & Allendes Pedro & Allendes & Allendes datos sin publicar Giménez et al., 2 1916 Thomas Thomas Santiago 520m 2015 Giménez et al., 10 1943 Osgood Osgood Santiago 300m 2015 Giménez et al., 4 1943 Osgood Reed Concepción 12m 2015 Giménez et al., 7 1978 Moreno Monero Termas de Chillan 1565m 2015 Giménez et al., 1 1835 Poeppig Poeppig Antuco 553m 2015 Giménez et al., 3 1940 Reed Reed Aisén 8m 2015 Extensión de la Presencia en Chile (km2)=> Regiones de Chile en que se distribuye: Territorios Especiales de Chile en que se distribuye: Países en que se distribuye en forma NATIVA: Chile Tabla de Registros de la especie en Chile: Presencia actual (incierto (0-25%); dudosa (26-50%); probable (51-75%); absoluta (76-100%)) Registro Año Fuente del registro Colector Localidad Provincia Presencia N_S actual Mapa de los puntos de recolecta y avistamiento en Chile: Ficha FINAL 14to Proceso RCE página 3 de 8 Figura 1. Localidades marginales de la distribución de Histiotus macrotus en Chile. Datos tomados según referencias tabla de distribución. Fuente: Elaboración propia. Otros mapas de la especie: PREFERENCIAS DE HÁBITAT Se le puede encontrar desde el altiplano en el Norte, en la depresión intermedia y en las zonas costeras hasta el Centro Sur de nuestro país. Se ha registrado en el bosque esclerófilo, matorral espinoso (Tamarugo) y bosque templado del centro-sur de Chile, así como también asociado a zonas de cultivos agrícolas (Rodríguez San Pedro 2014; Rodríguez San Pedro et al., 2014; Giménez et al. 2015; Ossa et al. 2015; Rodríguez-San Pedro et al. datos sin publicar). Utiliza como refugio diurno los troncos huecos y hendiduras en la corteza de los árboles, además de cuevas y piques mineros abandonados (Mann 1978; Galaz & Yáñez 2006; Allendes & Rodríguez-San Pedro, datos sin publicar). Ocasionalmente utiliza edificaciones humanas como refugio diurno (Galaz & Yáñez 2006) Área de ocupación en Chile (km2)=> TAMAÑO POBLACIONAL ESTIMADO, ABUNDANCIA RELATIVA, ESTRUCTURA Y DINÁMICA POBLACIONAL Según Mann (1978), H. macrotus suele ser solitario y relativamente poco común en Chile central, pero más al norte de su distribución, sin embargo, cercano a paisajes agrícolas, este mismo autor reportó colonias de cientos, si no miles, de individuos en minas abandonadas en la provincia de Chañaral. Además se han observado individuos aislados refugiándose en minas abandonadas en la Reserva Nacional Las Chinchillas, Región de Coquimbo y en las alturas de Lampa, Región Metropolitana (Rodríguez-San Pedro & Allendes, datos sin publicar). No obstante, el tamaño actual de sus poblaciones en territorio chileno se desconoce (Galaz & Yáñez 2006; Rodríguez-San Pedro et al. 2016). La tendencia poblacional de H. macrotus es desconocida (Barquez & Díaz 2016; Rodríguez-San Pedro et al. 2016). Ficha FINAL 14to Proceso RCE página 4 de 8 DESCRIPCIÓN DE USOS DE LA ESPECIE: PRINCIPALES AMENAZAS ACTUALES Y POTENCIALES Descripción % aproximado de la Referencias población total afectada Al ser una especie que se alimenta exclusivamente de Desconocido Bayat et al. (2014) insectos, muchos de los cuales representan plagas de importancia agrícola, el uso de pesticidas en cultivos podría representar una amenaza potencial para esta especie en Chile. Debido a su conducta gregaria en cuevas y piques Desconocido Hutson et al. (2001) mineros la recolección de guano o la misma minería podría afectar a sus poblaciones, destruyendo sus refugios. La pérdida y fragmentación de hábitat podría representar Desconocido Rodríguez San una amenaza para las poblaciones del centro-sur del Pedro et al. 2104; país. Giménez et al. 2015) El creciente desarrollo de energía eólica en Chile podría Desconocido (Kunz et al. 2007; ser una amenaza potencial para las poblaciones de H. Escobar et al. macrotus. 2015; O’Shea et al. 2016) ACCIONES DE PROTECCIÓN Esta especie tiene registro de presencia en las siguientes áreas de interés Áreas marinas costeras protegidas (AMCP-MU): Sin información Monumentos naturales (MN): Sin información Parques nacionales (PN): Pampa del Tamarugal (Ossa et al. 2015), Las Chinchillas (Rodríguez-San Pedro & Allendes datos sin publicar) Parques marinos (PM): Sin Información Reservas forestales (RF): Sin información Reservas marinas (RM): Sin información Reservas nacionales (RN): Sin información Reservas de regiones vírgenes (RV): Sin información Santuarios de la naturaleza (SN): Sin información Sitios Ramsar (SR): Sin información Además, esta especie tiene registro de presencia en las siguientes áreas Áreas con prohibición de caza: Sin información Inmuebles fiscales destinados a conservación: Sin información Reservas de la biosfera: Sin información Sitios prioritarios para la conservación de la biodiversidad: Sin información Zonas de Interés Turístico (ZOIT): Sin información Está incluida en la siguiente NORMATIVA de Chile: Reglamento de la Ley de Caza (DS 5/1998 MINAGRI) Está incluida en los siguientes convenios internacionales: Está incluida en los siguientes proyectos de conservación: ESTADOS DE CONSERVACIÓN VIGENTES EN CHILE PARA ESTA ESPECIE Histiotus macrotus no ha sido evaluada según su Estado de Conservación en
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