RESULTS OF THE ARCHBOLD EXPEDITIONS. NO. 47 REVIEW OF THE VESPERTILIONINE BATS, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GENERE AND SPECIES OF THE ARCHBOLD COLLECTIONS G. HH. ATE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 'VOL. LXXX, ART. VII, pp. 221-297 New York Is8ed November 27, 1942 '7s4V'i9<9'vt9 '~rw~';t9 994999947Q'999'¾'Wj 999,'.4<999:9 9\Y47' >Y '99499""4 999>-v 9', 4/99( /9/9''i> 2 . N /4 /9 ~~~~~~~~~~999~~,A I yv (,' '/ '' -', 9 \9~~~~9,i}j99\1. 9999' 7 "',~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N,K9~~~~~~ 9-> '<N~~~1j AX\'l/ V 9 "<9'99, ~. 99' '9 9 -IN 9,~~~~~~~999 / P1~~~~~~~'t'> $,~~~~~~~ 999999~~~14 99~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~v'99.641~~~~99~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '99.93,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 1,V~~~~~~~~~~~9 99 ,999 ~ > -9' 9' N99,9 <\N.7 7 ~ ~ /99 ,,,,Z4"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'1' 994N, -"x'~N'' '9~' 99 /9 99,, 9 ~ '9-""' ¼ Article VII.-RESULTS OF THE ARCHBOLD EXPEDITIONS. NO. 47 REVIEW OF THE VESPERTILIONINE BATS, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE ARCHBOLD COLLECTIONS BY G. H. H. TATE FIGURES 1 TO 5 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 221 THE PRIMITIVE VESPERTILIONID...................................................... 222 PRINCIPAL ADAPTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE VESPERTILION1NAE............................. 223 EXTRA-FAMILIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND THE AFFINITIES OF VESPERTILIONID SUBFAMILIES....... 226 SUGGESTED PRIMARY GENERIC GROUPS AND TREATMENT OF GENERA AND SPECIES........ 227 Myotini, incliuding "Plecotin i"...................................................... 229 Pipistrellini, including Eptesicus and Histiotus....................................... 232 Nyeticeini ........................................................................ 280 Lasiurini ......................................................................... 290 TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS OF VESPERTILIONINE BATS................................. 290 SYNOPTIC LIST OF VESPERTILIONINAE (EXCEPT Myotis) IN THE ARCHBOLD COLLECTIONS...... 297 INTRODUCTION This paper is the eighth and last of a tanical material assembled have also ap- series of publications devoted to the study peared. and determination of a large number of The present work on the Vespertilioninae Microchiroptera assembled by Mr. Richard has been facilitated by the use of specimens Archbold, which are deposited in The generously lent by the curators at the mu- American Museum of Natural History, seums at Chicago, Cambridge and Wash- New York. ington. In addition, numerous photo- The bats in question form a part of a graphs of types, made by the kind per- large collection of mammals assembled by mission of the authorities at various Eu- Mr. Archbold during the decade 1930-1940, ropean and Australian museums, have mainly by means of his own expeditions aided materially in establishing the exact to Madagascar, New Guinea and Australia, characteristics of species inadequately de- but also through the work of collectors scribed. whom he sent from time to time to Celebes, One new species, Pipistrellus anthonyi, Borneo, Java and Sumatra. is described. Our interest in the oriental region has Preliminary papers relating to the Ves- centered upon the mammal fauna of the pertilionidae have been published in which island of New Guinea. But in order prop- the subfamilies Miniopterinae, Murininae, erly to study the mammals of that island Kerivoulinae and Nyctophilinae were suc- it has been necessary to work intensively cessively dealt with.1 Myotis, the most with those of Australia on the one hand and primitive genus of the remaining subfamily, of southeastern Asia and the East Indian the Vespertilioninae, had been previously islands on the other. reviewed.2 But it was found in practice Reports based upon the fruits of Mr. that the remaining vespertilionine genera Archbold's tireless collecting have been were often too closely integrated one with published with considerable regularity, the another to permit satisfactory treatment field of research extending far beyond mam- 11941, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LXXVIII, and other Art.9. malogy to ornithology zoological 2 1941, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LXXVIII, departments. Numerous papers on the bo- Art.8. 221 222 Bulletin American Muse'um of Natural History [Vol. LXXX one by one. Instead, a procedure is here species," based upon populations relatively adopted under which the subfamily is re- homogeneous both morphologically and viewed as a whole, and the interrelation- functionally, whose individuals normally ships of the genera are pointed out, as far interbreed freely and breed rarely or never as understood. In many instances the data with other species even when they inhabit upon which certain species or races have the same environment-despite this knowl- been founded are so vague that it has not edge and theory and the understanding that been possible to reach a conclusion regarding one should deal with their status. I do not hesitate to assert large samples statisti- that many of the names will go into syn- cally, in practice the museum student is still onymy. This action should occur, how- compelled to found his assumptions or ever, only after ample facts have been "conclusions" upon quite small samples or marshaled in proof. As much evidence is often upon random individuals taken from needed to prove synonymy of a species as different localities. To a great extent also to demonstrate the distinctness of a new he must rely upon other men's observations. one. It was with the above mentioned idea Thus he still builds "species" upon mor- of an inclusive review of this very complex phological distinctions seen in single speci- subfamily that the work following was mens (types). But he is nevertheless aware undertaken. of his handicaps and awake to the short- Despite the modern concept of "the comings of methods which he must use.' ALPHABETICAL LIST OF GENERA DISCUSSED Particular Attention Has Been Paid Those Printed in Bold-faced Type Baeodon.. 283 Mimetillus.. 265 Barbastella.. 263 Myotis. 229 Chalinolobus. 260 Nyctalus........ 254 Corynorhinus.231 Nycticeius ....... 283 Dasypterus. 290 Otonycteris.. 289 Discopus...... 233 Philetor ....... 265 Eptesicus. 271 Pipistrellus........ 233 Euderma...... 232 Plecotus ....... 229 Glauconycteris. 263 Rhinopterus... 279 Glischropus... 253 Rhogeessa..... 283 Hesperoptenus......... 268 Scoteinus... 280 Hi,stiotus.279 Scotoecus. 283 Ia...... 259 Scotomanes... 288 Idionycteris..... 231 Scotophilus........ 283 Laephoti&.279 Scotozous. 259 Lasionycteris.. 229 Tylonycteris....... 266 Lasiurus.... 290 Vespertilio.... 270 THE PRIMITIVE VESPERTILIONID Cases are numerous in the Vespertilioni- domed, with postpalatal spine; basicranial dae of parallel or convergent development region with cochleae and bullae only from relatively independent genetic lines. moderately large, without basial pits. The primitive, unspecialized vespertilionid Dentition: upper incisors, two each side, skull may be considered to have possessed bifid; lower incisors, three each side, trifid, the following characteristics: moderately not at all or weakly imbricated; canines full braincase; zygomatic arches strongly not approximated, without accessory cusps; built and bearing small postorbital proc- upper and lower premolars three in each esses; rostrum fairly slender, elongate, not jaw, subequal in height and in cingulum especially broadened at lacrimal level and 1 Reference: The symposium on species held at the tubercles. joint meeting of the Amer. Societies of Ichthyologists, without pronounced supraorbital Herpetologists, Vertebrate Paleontologists, April, Palate rather narrow, weakly arched or 1942. 1942] Tate, Results of the Archbold Expeditions. 47 223 lengths, except p4 which were less blade- tragus was simple, unnotched and prob- like and more molariform; m3 with Z-pat- ably much like that of simple types of tern complete; m3 with posterior triangle Pipistrellus. The wing was probably at- scarcely reduced. tached to the terminal part of the meta- In the skin one may expect none of the tarsus. This type of attachment is com- special adaptations of ears, feet and wings mon throughout the Chiroptera. Attach- which have been developed by certain of the ment to the wrist (some Myotis) or to one genera and subfamilies. The ears were of the phalanges of the fifth digit (Murina) simple, separate and of moderate size. The may be considered new modifications. PRINCIPAL ADAPTIVE CHARACTERS OF THE VESPERTILIONINAE Upon the basic pattern above described bat otherwise considerably specialized, certain modifications have been imposed, e.g., in Histiotus. not once only, but so often that it is diffi- cult to avoid the idea that hidden trends PREMOLARS or tendencies are present. The customary change in the premolars One of the earliest, most widespread of happens through the sharp reduction in these modifications came in connection with size of the third and second teeth; here seizing and masticating food: most vesper- the teeth of the upper jaw precede those of tilionid bats tend to shorten the face, jaws, the lower. The upper third premolar dis- palate and toothrows. This process comes appears, then the lower third; next the about by shortening of the bones of the upper second tooth goes. Although the face with the result that the fronts of the lower second premolar remains in many orbits continually approach the roots of genera fairly large, in the Nycticeini and the canines. In extreme cases the anteor- others it may become exceedingly small. bital foramen may reach a position almost over the canine.