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Mongolica Pragensia 13-2.Indd Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’13 6/2 MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 1 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 2 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’13 Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture Volume 6, No. 2 Special Commemorative Issue in Honour of Prof. Jaroslav Vacek on His 70th Birthday Publication of Charles University in Prague Philosophical Faculty, Institute of South and Central Asia Seminar of Mongolian and Tibetan Studies Prague 2013 ISSN 1803–5647 MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 3 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 Th is journal is published as a part of the Programme for the Development of Fields of Study at Charles University, Oriental and African Studies, sub-programme “Th e process of transformation in the language and cultural diff erentness of the countries of South and Central Asia”, a project of the Philosophical Faculty, Charles University in Prague. Th e publication of this Special Issue was supported by the Embassy of the Mongolian Republic in Prague. Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’13 Linguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Religion and Culture Volume 6, No. 2 (2013) Th is special issue was prepared by Alena Oberfalzerová and Daniel Berounský © Editors Editors-in-chief: Jaroslav Vacek and Alena Oberfalzerová Editorial Board: Daniel Berounský (Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic) Agata Bareja-Starzyńska (University of Warsaw, Poland) Katia Buff etrille (École pratique des Hautes-Études, Paris, France) J. Lubsangdorji (Charles University Prague, Czech Republic) Marie-Dominique Even (Centre National des Recherches Scientifi ques, Paris, France) Marek Mejor (University of Warsaw, Poland) Tsevel Shagdarsurung (National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) Domiin Tömörtogoo (National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) Reviewed by Prof. Václav Blažek (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic), Prof. Tsevel Shagdarsurung (National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) and Dr. Michal Schwarz, M.A., PhD. (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic) English correction: Dr. Mark Corner (HUB University, Brussels) Institute of South and Central Asia, Seminar of Mongolian Studies Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University in Prague Celetná 20, 116 42 Praha 1, Czech Republic http://mongolistika.ff .cuni.cz/?page=home Publisher: Stanislav Juhaňák – TRITON http://www.triton-books.cz Vykáňská 5, 100 00 Praha 10 IČ 18433499 Praha (Prague) 2013 Cover Renata Brtnická Typeset Studio Marvil Printed by Sprint Publication periodicity: twice a year Registration number of MK ČR E 18436 ISSN 1803-5647 MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 4 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 CONTENTS Daniel Berounský Demonic tobacco in Tibet – Nyima Woser Choekhortshang Th e Ya-ngal family of Tibetan Royal priests in Dolpo. Part III – Veronika Kapišovská Oral narratives of the encounter between Agvaandandar Lkharamba of Alashaa and Danzanravjaa, the Fift h Noyon Khutagt of Gobi – Rachel Mikos, Hidden in plain sight: Th e story of “Mother Mongolia” – Miriam Löwensteinová, Yu Sunbee Scenic impromptu of Kim Sakkat – Review Section – Nicola Schneider, Le renouncement au féminin: Couvents et nonnes dans le bouddhisme tibétain [Renouncement of the Feminine: Convents and Nuns in Tibetan Buddhism]. Presses Universitaires de Paris Ouest, Nanterre 2013, 436 pp.; Paperback: 25 €; ISBN 978-2-84016-133-2 – Reviewed by Rachel Mikos – Delaplace, Grégory, L’invention des morts. Sépultures, fantômes et photographie en Mongolie contemporaine, Centre d'Études Mongoles et Sibériennes- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris 2008, 374 pp.; 29€; ISBN 978-2-9518888-4-6, ISSN 0766–5075 – Reviewed by Jonáš Vlasák – Scherrer-Schaub, Cristina, ed., 2012, Old Tibetan Studies: Dedicated to the Memory of R.E. Emmerick. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 254 pp.; ISBN 978-90-04-15517-6, price 101€ – reviewed by Daniel Berounský – MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 5 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 6 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 Demonic tobacco in Tibet Daniel Berounský, Charles University Summary: In this paper, the subject of tobacco in Tibet is seen primarily through the genre of didactic literature discussing the evil of tobacco (tha ma kha’i nyes dmigs). Th e introductory parts attempt to summarise the bits and pieces left in the literature on attitudes towards tobac- co in Tibet from an historical perspective. Th e myth of the origin of tobacco and the alleged ancient prophecies about tobacco are then discussed. Th ey lead to the conclusion that a num- ber of these texts probably originally concerned opium and that the phonetic similarity of the expressions for “fi nal” (tha ma) and “tobacco” (tha ma kha) etc. played a role in later interpre- tations of the prophecies as speaking about tobacco. Th e paper concludes with a translation of the ban on cigarettes issued by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1918. It is already a decade since fate brought me close to Jaroslav. He was a person with a kind of halo above his head; dean of our faculty and a linguist, one who was fl uent in so many languages. My humble level of knowledge and simple interest in things Tibetan created a kind of fear of him. Th en a sur- prise came from his side. He showed his personal warmth and off ered me an unprecedented level of help in establishing Tibetan Studies at Charles Uni- versity in a manner which is not common at all. Despite our almost idyllic relationship, there was always one matter which blotted my copybook in his eyes. I am a smoker and everybody knows Jaro- slav as a serious adversary of smoking habits and tobacco in general. Some colleagues from our institute even used to hide from him when smoking like schoolboys or schoolgirls. Dear Jaroslav, I must confess that I used to off er cigarettes to those mem- bers of our institute who were attempting to quit smoking. I frequently brought snuff from Tibet and India as a gift to our colleague Jugderiin Lu- vsandorji. With such a confession of my shortcomings I dedicate to you this paper, revealing the crimes I have committed. I wish you further bright years without that demonic poison. Tshe ring! Lo brgya! (Long life! One hundred years!). MMongolicaongolica PPragensiaragensia 113-2.indd3-2.indd 7 99.. 33.. 22014014 221:14:401:14:40 8 Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’13/2 Tobacco in Tibet and in Tibetan texts Th e reports about tobacco in Tibet appear in three types of sources. Firstly there are texts explaining the evil (nyes dmigs) of tobacco,1 quite commonly grouping tobacco together with chang, garlic and onion. Th ese texts make use of prophecies (lung bstan) about the evil of tobacco. Tobacco is spoken of as appearing in a future era of degeneration, according to these texts. As a matter of course they are written exclusively by monks and represent their viewpoint. Secondly, there are offi cial documents represented by decrees concerning the banning of tobacco or monastic rules (bca’ yig) composed for particular monasteries.2 Th irdly, there are the observations of visitors to 1) Only the restricted number of such texts available to me is used in this paper. Th ey comprise those written by Gelukpa masters Chu bzang Ye shes rgya mtsho (1789–1856), and brief notes by Gung thang Dkon mchog bstan pa’i sgron me (1762–1823) and Cha har dge shes alias Blo bzang tshul khrims (1740–1810) from Inner Mongolia. Th e works of Nyingmapa masters available to me are those of Gar gyi dbang phyug (1858–1930) and Brtul zhugs gling pa (20th Century). As for the Bonpo sources, this paper makes use of a rather lengthy work by Skyang sprul Nam mkha’ rgyal mtshan (b. 1770) from eastern Amdo. In an ear- lier article (Berounsky 2007) I translated the extracts on tobacco from the guide-book to the holy mountain Dmu ri in Th e bo region of Amdo, written in the 20th century by Bon- po master Tshul khrims rnam dag. Now it is clear that this follows the text by Nam mkha’ rgyal mtshan, oft en almost verbatim. In my previous article, the author of Gelugpa text is mistakenly mentioned as Dharmabhadra. Th is was due to the scribal error contained in the version of the text I used at time (giving Chos bzang instead of the correct Chu bzang). Rather atypical are poems on tobacco by Dza ya paṇḍita (1642–1708/1715?) and similar poems by Blo bzang ’ jam dbyangs rgya mthso (1786–1816). Th ere are also two modern texts on tobacco written for Tibetan journals by Nor brang o rgyan (2006) and the Bonpo doctor Rmog ru g.yung drung thar (1999). Th ese two texts combine the traditional approach to tobacco, but also add a modern perspective giving the statistics of smokers and mention- ing the dangerous outcomes of using tobacco from the perspective of modern medicine. Two titles in the Kawaguchi’s collection of Tibetan texts in Japan (http://61.197.194.9/ Database/kawaguchi_titles.html, accessed 25/11/2013) remain rather enigmatic. In the cata- logue available online, references to the works of two early Nyingmapa masters (who lived before the spread of tobacco) appear. I have not been able to consult them so far. Th ese are: 1. (Call No.25, Ref. No. 0573, Folios 1a1–57a7) Gter ston Sangs rgyas gling pa (1340–1396) Th a ma kha’i nyes dmigs; 2. (Call No.22, Ref. No. 0570(3), Folios 26b3–28b4) Gter ston Ratna gling pa (1403–1479) Th a ma kha’i nyes pa khol du phyung ba’i lung bstan. I suppose that they contain the prophecies concerning the time of degeneration, as discussed in the subchapter on prophecies in this paper, and in fact do not necessarily mention tobacco.
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