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Introduction to Tibetan History

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Introduction to Tibetan History བོད་དང་བོད་མིའིབདེན་པའི་ལོ་རྒྱུས་ཀི་ཉིང་ཁུ། TIBET AND ITS PEOPLE –AN ESSENCE OF TRUE HISTORY A presentation of the facts from 127 BCE to 1959; Chinese occupation of Tibet, The Middle-Way Approach, striving for a peaceful resolution on the issue of Tibet and Tibetan Democracy in Exile An Educational Supplement to Build Awareness of Tibet’s Cultural, Religious and Political History Compiled by: Kalsang Gyatso Kunor Compiler’s Note The situation in Tibet, under the Chinese Communist rule, is as grim as it was more than 60 years ago when the Chinese Communists first began their era of devastation in Tibet. As each new Tibetan generation ages without ever setting foot in Tibet, and because of my regular contacts with people from different countries, I have been urged to compile a brief factual history of Tibet that includes reliable original documents and authentic pictures from various sources. In an incident while I was working in a middle school students there ,during a project discussion, said that the “the Tibetans demanded independence from China and the Chinese government kicked them out of Tibet, “ rather than realizing that Tibet was independent and the Tibetans were asking the Chinese to leave Tibet. In a second incident, while meeting a Chinese student to help him with a class assignment, the student, without any hesitation, proclaimed “Tibet is a part of China. Tibetans peel off human beings and drink blood, but now Tibetans are very happy under the Chinese rule,” all in our introduction! I told him “I am really sorry that your government has misled you with wrong information about Tibet. We will find a time to discuss about this later.” Many people know His Holiness the Dalai Lama as a great Tibetan leader as well as a global icon of peace and compassion, but many are ignorant of the truth about Tibet. Even amongst the Tibetans, many, especially the younger generations need to know what Tibet was and what it is now. Again, during one of my visits to a middle school, I saw a student project display of a map of Tibet which showed Tibet as the portion called “Tibet Autonomous Region” and includes only the province of U-Tsang. The other two Tibetan provinces of Kham and Amdo were excluded while the Chinese names of “Sichuan” and “Qinghai” were there instead. Also, the map stated the Tibetan population as a little more than 2 million rather the 6 million of historical Tibet. This project was done by a Tibetan student. I believe the student had been directed to one of the many websites of distorted Tibetan history created by either the Chinese government or authors with their own political agenda.. This compilation is mainly aimed at providing facts about Tibet and its people for all walks of life, including the hardcore Chinese communist leaders in Beijing. I believe that everyone has the right to access true information, especially, as my examples above illustrate, school age children. First part of this book, A Brief History of Tibet – 127 BCE to the 1959 Chinese Occupation of Tibet, was partially funded by a high school student foundation. This grant also made copies available to the libraries of several high schools and middle schools for educational and cultural understanding. Since there are no funds available for this present version, Tibet and its People – An Essence of True History, it is only accessible on this website. There is no profit motive and suggestions and corrections are welcome. Readers are also suggested to read the books and visit the websites given at the end of each topic for further details. 2 Finally, I would like to thank all the sources mentioned in the bibliography and the copyright permissions at the end of this book. I would also like to thank Dr. Lori J. Cayton for editing, Patrick Grady, Emily Miller and Colleen Muldowney for valuable suggestions and Ellen Pryor, Tenzin Monlam, my son Tenzin Lobsang Kunor and Sangay Puri for technical support for the first 121 pages. I am solely responsible for any shortcomings on the following pages. I hope this book is of some use to all those who wish to learn about Tibet and that it helps achieve the undeniable truth which Tibet and the Tibetan people have long searched for. September 24, 2011 Kalsang Gyatso Kunor 3 President.Rajendra Prasad of India met the Fourteenth Dalai Lama in New Delhi, just after the Dalai Lama’s flight from Tibet in March 1959 The Dalai Lama visited the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in New Delhi in September 7, 1959 4 Contents 1. Introduction to Tibet and its Culture བོད་དང་བོད་མིའི་རིག་གཞུང་ངོ་སོད། 7 2. Tibetan History 127 BC to 1959 Chinese Occupation of Tibet and Into Exile 56 ཕི་ལོ་མ་བྱུང་གོང་ལོ་ ༡༢༧ ནས་ཕི་ལོ་ ༡༩༥༩ ལོར་རྒྱ་དམར་གིས་བོད་བཙན་བཟུང་ བྱས་པ་བར་དང་བཙན་བྱོལ་དུ་ཕེབས་པའི་བོད་ཀི་རྒྱལ་རབས་ཕོགས་བསྡུས། 3. Reconstruction in Exile 110 བཙན་བྱོལ་ནང་བསྐྱར་གསོ། 4. Justification of Tibetan Independence 135 བོད་རང་བཙན་གཙང་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཁིམས་མ䍴ན་ཁུངས་སྐྱེལ། 5. The Middle-Way Approach: A Framework for Resolving the Issue of Tibet དབུ་མའི་ལམ། 173 6. Government Resolutions and International Documents on Tibet 207 བོད་སོར་གཞུང་ཁག་གིས་གོས་ཆོད་དང་། རྒྱལ་སིའི་ཡིག་ཆ་གལ་ཆེ་ཁག 7. Major Tibetan Non-Governmental Organizations 208 བོད་མིའི་གཞུང་འབེལ་མ་ཡིན་པའི་ཚོགས་པ་ཁག 8. List of Global Tibet Support Groups 209 འཛམ་གིང་ནང་བོད་དོན་རྒྱབ་སྐྱོར་ཚོགས་པ་ཁག་གི་ཐོ་གཞུང་། 9. Environmental Devastation in Tibet as a Result of Chinese Occupation 210 རྒྱ་ནག་གི་བཙན་འཛུལ་གིས་རེན་པས་བོད་ནང་ཁོར་蝴ག་གཏོར་སྐྱོན། 10. Current Situation in Tibet 218 བོད་ནང་གི་ད་辟འི་གནས་鮟ངས། 11. Non-violent Self Immolations by Tibetans 221 བོད་པས་རང་ལུས་མེར་སེག་་ཞི་རོལ། 12. Conclusion མཇུག་སོམ། 313 5 On December 7, 1950 while addressing the Indian Parliament India’s first Prime Minister Shri Jawaharlal Nehru said “….surely, according to the principles I uphold, the last voice in regard to Tibet should be the voice of the people of Tibet and nobody else”. 6 བོད་དང་བོད་མིའི་རིག་གཞུང་ངོ་སོད། 1. Introduction to Tibet and its Culture` 7 a) Maps of Tibet showing Historical and Contemporary Boundaries 8 b) Geographical Position 9 c) Rivers 10 d) Lakes 11 e) Mountains 12 f) Environmental Conditions 13 g) Racial Origin of Tibet 15 h) Religion 16 i) The Founders of the Tibetan Religious Schools 17 j) Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism 22 k) The Land of Avalokitesvara’s Followers 23 l) Discovering the Fourteenth Dalai Lama – A Search for Reincarnation 24 m) Government 29 n) Governmental Structure 30 o) Tibetan National Flag and its Explanations 33 p) Tibetan National Emblem/Seal 35 q) Tibetan National Anthem 36 r) The Currency of Independent Tibet 38 s) Language and Literature 39 t) Provinces of Tibet 41 u) Art & Architecture (Potala, World Heritage Recognition, and Mandala of Yamantaka) 42 v) The Prophecies 45 w) An Outline of Tibetan Culture 46 x) Suggested Readings 52 7 Map of Tibet showing Historical and Contemporary Boundaries Tibet lies at the center of Asia, with an area of 2.5 million sq km. (965,000 Sq miles). The earth’s highest mountains, a vast elevated plateau and great river valleys make up the physical homeland of six million Tibetans. It has an average altitude of over 4,000 meters (14,000 feet) above the sea level and is appropriately known as the ‘Roof of the World’. The landmass of Tibet is comprised of three provinces: U-Tsang (Central Tibet), Kham (Eastern Tibet) and Amdo (North Eastern Tibet). These three Provinces have been firmly bound with common Tibetan writing, Buddhism and leadership for centuries. Tibet and its Neighboring Countries before the Chinese Occupation of Tibet in 1959 8 Geographical Position Tibet lies west of China, north of India and Nepal, east of Persia (Iran) and south of Russia and Mongolia. It is the highest country in the world. On its border with Nepal stands Mount Everest; and common to the border of Nepal, Indian State of Sikkim, and Tibet is Kanchenjunga. Between Bhutan and Tibet lies Mount Chomo Lhari. Other great mountains such as Kailash, sacred to the Buddhist and Hindu alike, Tsari, Yalha Shambo, Chomo Kharak, Kangkar Shameh, Nyachen Thanglha and Machen Pomra (Amne Machen) are studded about Tibet like precious jewels. At Tachienlu in the east, an iron bridge divides China from Tibet, and a white stupa known as Chorten Karpo marks the limit of Tibet’s northern frontier at Karchu. The southern border of Tibet is formed by the Himalayas; the western border by Karakoram Range; and northern by the Altyn Tagh range, which borders on Tur- kestan. Tibet is also referred to as Gangri Rawai Korwai Shingkham “The Abode of Mountains 9 Rivers The Rivers of Tibet are the sources of many of Asia’s most important waterways. There are four rivers, all having descriptive names, that rise near Mount Kailash in the west. The Sengye Khabab (Out of the Lion’s Mouth) flows through Kashmir to become the Indus in Pakistan; the Langchen Khabab (Out of the Elephant’s Mouth) flows southward to become the Sutlej in western India; the Macha Khabab (Out of the Peacock’s Mouth) becomes the sacred Ganges (though Gangotri, in India, is the accepted source for Hindus); and the Tachok Khabab (Out of the Horse’s Mouth) flows eastward and joining the Kyichu River south of Lhasa, forms the Brahmaputra, which winds through Assam and Bengal in India.
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