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Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School
1973
Use of Earth Resource Technology Satellites in the field of resource management
Eldon Wayne Chapman The University of Montana
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Recommended Citation Chapman, Eldon Wayne, "Use of Earth Resource Technology Satellites in the field of resource management" (1973). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5943. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5943
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EARTH RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY SATELLITES
IN THE FIELD OF
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
by
E. Wayne Chapman
Bachelor of Science East Texas State University, 1954
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Resource Administration
UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA
1973
Appr^ed by:
airmsin. Board of Examiners
L / f / J UMI Number: EP36744
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ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the Soil Conservation Service, United States
Department of Agriculture for sponsoring my year of graduate study.
To Dr. Richard E. Shannon for his stimulation, guidance, support, and concern as the Director of the Master of Resource
Administration Program, I am most grateful.
I owe a special thanks to the many National Aeronautics and
Space Administration personnel and investigators who provided material for this paper.
Thanks to Mrs. Margaret Hammill not only for typing this paper, but for the help and kindness shown during the entire study.
To my wife, Pat, a warm thanks for help with this paper, but most of all for the encouragement and love she displayed during this busy year.
II TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
II EARTH RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE SERIES 5
ERTS Description ERTS Mission Operation Control Center Orbit and Coverage Mission Planning NASA Principal Investigators
III REMOTE SENSING 15
What is Remote Sensing Thermal Sensors Improved Techniques Uses and Potential Uses
IV DATA PROCESSING CENTERS 27
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Technical Application Center (NASA) Albuquerque, New Mexico Earth Resources Research Center (NASA) Houston, Texas Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Sioux Falls, South Dakota
III Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS) Purdue University Land Use and Natural Resource (LUNR) Inventory Cornell University, New York National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Springfield, Virginia
V A REPORT OF CURRENT ERTS ACTIVITIES 50
A Land Use Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data Agricultural Program Management Crop Species Identification Determining Agricultural Land Potential in Alaska Geology Oceanog raphy Soil Conservation Service Use Soil Surveys Rangeland Inventory Urban Analysis
VI CONCLUSION 61
' SOURCES CONSULTED 66
APPENDIX 72
IV LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 List of Foreign Countries with Principal Investigators for ERTS Program 14
2 Photographic Products Price List for U ,S.G ,S ., Earth Resource Observation Satellite Data 35
3 ERTS Inquiry/Order Form 36 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1 A photographic reproduction of an example of ERTS type photograph 1:1 ,000,000 scale. Color composite of Precision Processed Image (of Sal ton Sea) 7
2 Overall ERTS System 9
3 Typical ERTS Daily Ground Trace 10
4 ERTS Coverage of Continental United States 12
5 The Sun's Energy Reflection and Absorption Diagram 17
6 Computer Land Use Recognition Map 18
7 Wide Window of the Spectrum 19
8 Color-enhanced Thermal Mosaic of the Gulf Stream 23
9 ERTS Map—Missoula, Montana Area band 5 - emphasizing Agricultural Land 51
10 ERTS Map—Missoula, Montana Area band 7 - emphasizing Water Areas 52
VI CHAPTHR I
INTRODUCTION
We have sent seventeen men up to walk upon the moon. What good has it done? What benefits accrue from our efforts? In this paper
I have explored a phase of the space program designed explicitly to aid men on earth. The program is Earth Resources Technology Satellite/
Nimbus Project—ERTS.
I have worked seventeen years as a resource conservationist with the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service. With this background I have tried to glean from the wealth of
available material what I think land use managers and those who advise them should know about this and associated programs.
The following newspaper account drew only mild notice from the man in the street, but it could affect him greatly:
"The ERTS Spacecraft, nestled in the nose cone of a Delta rocket, thundered into space on Sunday, July 23, 1972, opening what scientists hope w ill be a new era in man’s surveillance of his planet’s dwindling natural resources."^
The $176 million spacecraft was put into a polar orbit 494
^News article, A. P ., Wichita Falls Record News, Texas July 24, 1972, p. 4B. n a u t i c a l miles high. It circles the globe every 103 minutes, completing
14 orbits per day and views the entire earth every 18 days. ^
I became more than passively interested in the ERTS project in
April of 1972 following a tour of the manned Spacecraft Center of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Center at Houston,
Texas. This was four months prior to the scheduled launch of the
ERTS-1 Satellite. R. Bryan Erb, a young scientist from Canada, was
in charge of a special tour for Soil Conservation Service personnel from every part of Texas. He is the head of the Application Division
of NASA in Houston. M r. Erb and others on the staff explained the
ERTS program and told us that ideas from "on the ground" resource managers were vital to the success of the program. He said they were
already working with the Soil Conservation Service on a project to see
if ERTS data could be used in the field of rangeland management. The
Forest Service would use the data gathered by the ERTS center to help
distinguish between evergreen and deciduous trees for management
purposes. Other governmental and private groups were developing
programs to determine how the ERTS data could best be used.
The development of space technology and its application to earth
resources may well become one of the more important developments
of the current scientific technical revolution. It may even become the
^National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Earth Resource Technology, Data Users Handbook, (Riverdale, Maryland: ERTS Liaison Office, General Electric Co., 1972.) p. 2-9. 3
s e v e n t h major advance in the field of agriculture
After the development of Agriculture itself, irrigation which was
developed around 6,000 years ago on the Tigris-Euphrates flood plain was the firs t major effort of man to change his environment in such a
way that it would produce more food.
Some time before 3,000 B. C. man harnessed primitive plows to
animals utilizing non-human energy—the second major advancement.
Columbus’ voyage in 1492 brought the exchange of crops and
seed stock between the old and new world—the third major advance
ment in food production.
The fourth major advancement was started with Watt’s develop
ment of an efficient steam engine. This occurred in the latter half of
the eighteenth century. It set the stage for mechanization. The steam
engine led to the development of the internal combustion engine and the
tremendously efficient tractors and other farm implements currently
in use.
During the nineteenth century there were two major advance
ments prior to ERTS. The German chemist von Liebig, the father of
modern soil chemistry, identified the importance of major nutrients
in plant growth—nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Farmers
^The following discussion is based upon: Lester R. Brown and Gail Finsterbusch, ’’Man, Food and Environment,” Chapter 3, Environment: Resources, Pollution and Society, ed. by William W. Murdock (Stcimford, Connecticut: Sinauer Associates Inc., 1971), pp. 54-55. substituted fertilizers for land as the frontiers disappeared—the fifth major advancement.
The sixth and latest significant advancement in man’s efforts to
discover ways to feed the multiplying population was in plant genetics.
This was made possible by Mendel’s experiments with the garden pea.
It continues with the Green Revolution whose main impetus is the
successful introduction of the new high yielding varieties of wheat and
rice in several of the developing countries.
The ERTS program may be the seventh wonder of agricultural
advancement. The remainder of this report provides documentation. CHAPTER II
EARTH RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE SERIES
ERTS Description
The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) program is a major step in the merger of space and remote sensing technologies into a Research and Development System, This system w ill be used to develop and demonstrate the techniques for efficient management of earth's resources. The National Aeronautics and Space Administra tion (NASA) launched an experimental satellite, ERTS-I, into orbit on
July 23, 1972, to establish the feasibility of these techniques. Another satellite, ERTS-II, was scheduled to be launched in November, 1973; however, NASA has postponed this launch until a later date since
ERTS-I is functioning so well.
These satellites take multispectral images of the earth's surface and transmit the raw data through ground stations to a data processing center at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt,
Maryland. There the raw data is converted into black and white or color photographs and computer tapes to fulfill the varied requirements of investigators and user agencies.
The knowledge gained by these early ERTS satellites points the
5 way toward development of fully operational and more effective
s y s t e m s for earth resources management. Figure 1 is a photographic
reproduction to m atch ERTS 1:1 ,000,000 scale. The photograph was
m a d e from an Apollo SO-65 color photograph with three contact
p r i n t i n g stages and two enlargements. ^
ERTS Mission
The mission of the ERTS satellites is to continously take
pictures as they circle the earth. Two sensor systems are used to
take these pictures: a four channel Multispectral Scanner (MSS)
subsystem for ERTS-I (Five Channels for ERTS-II), and a three
camera Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) system. In addition the space
craft carries wideband video tape recorders which record information
when it cannot beam it directly back to the earth.
The satellite is used as a relay system to gather data from inves
tigators all over the world and return it to the data collection system.
Remote automatic data collection platforms are equipped by specific
investigators. Data is collected and relayed to ground stations
whenever the ERTS spacecraft can mutually view any platform and
any one of the ground "stations. Each data collection system collects
data from as many as eight sensors. The sensors are manned by
experienced investigators who sample such local environmental
^ NASA, op. cit. pp. 1-1, 2-3. Ï
Lithograph Image of Salton Sea area of California/ Mexico made from an Apollo (SO 65) photograph and distributed in September 1971 edition of the Data Users Handbook as representative of expected quality of ERTS data.
Figure 1
NASA G-73 -2148 8
conditions as temperature, stream flow, snow drift or soil moisture.
D a t a from any platform is available to investigators within twenty-four h o u r s from the time the sensor measurements are relayed by the
spacecraft.
T h e overall ERTS-I/II System is illustrated in Figure 2.^ The r e m o t e ground receiving sites are located at Fairbanks, Alaska,
Gladstone, California and Greenbelt, Maryland.
Operation Control Center
The Operation Control Center (OCC) is the hub of all ERTS mission activities. It provides control of the spacecraft and all the equipment on board and operates twenty-four hours per day. The OCC computer performs spacecraft and sensor "housekeeping" telemetry processing, command generations, display processing, system scheduling and processing of Data Collection System information.®
Orbit and Coverage
ERTS-I was launched into a circular sun-synchronous orbit with
9:42 a.m. descending node (equatorial crossing). Figure 3 is a typical
ERTS daily ground trace. ^ As indicated by Figure 3 the satellite makes approximately fourteen revolutions of the earth each day.
^NASA, op. £ it., adapted and paraphrased, pp. 2-1, 2-5.
^NASA, op. c it., Appendix D, p. D-1 .
'^NASA, op. c it., Appendix I, p. 2-9. OVCMALL CWTS SYSTCM
EARTH BASED DCS COWMAN* SENSING PLATFORMS TRACKING FEEDBACK RBV DATA MSS REQUIRE IMAGES NASA MENTS ERTSPROJECT DCS DATA, HOUSEKEEPING OFFICE TELEMETRY. TRACKING OATA.PAYIOAO VIDEO DATA ORBIT DETERM GROUND DATA HANDLING SYSTEM REMOTE GROUND OPERATIONS NASA DATA RECEIVING SITES NASCOM COMMANDS USER CONTROL PROCESSING GDLDSTONE (USB) COMMANDSAND DCS T IM EVALUATION CENTER FACILITY NTTF lUSBI OTS ALASKA {USe&VKFI DCS. T IM , TRKG BACKUP USB STATIONS PAYLOAD VIDEO TAPES (MAILED FROM AIASKA_AND BACKUP VHF STATIONS GOLOSTONE OR DIRECT FROM NTTF)
ALASKA
lATCSFCI GOLOSTONE ICAIIFJ
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Figure! . Overall ERTSSvstern
R E V IS E D FEBRUARY IS. I*7Z 180 165 150 135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
^^^LASKA ^
GOLOSTONE
DAY II DAY 1 ORBIT 2 •WA*^(REPEATS e v e r y 18 DAYS) NUMBER
ISO 165 150 135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 15 30 45 M 75 W 1M 1Z8 135 150 H i 111
Figure 3 Typice! ERTS D a ily Ground Trace (Daylight Passes Only) 11
One hundred and three minutes are required for one complete revolu tion. It takes 251 revolutions to make a complete coverage cycle taking exactly eighteen days. Coverage of the United States is depicted in Figure 4.^
With the three ground stations used for ERTS, data covering the
United States (including Alaska but excluding Hawaii) is obtained in approximately eighteen minutes of operation per day.
Mission Planning
The three primary ERTS stations (Alaska, California and
Maryland) provide coverage of most of North AmeriPa and data is normally sent directly to these stations. Data recovery for the rest of the globe is performed by recording the data on the on-board wide band video tape recorders and playing the data back during subsequent ground station contacts. Daily planning of when to record data is necessary. Several constraints considered in planning the daily activities of ERTS are;
1 . On-board tape recorder capacity of 30 minutes maximum.
2. On-board memory capability for switching sensors on and
off.
3. Ground station availability and contact time duration,
4. Global landmass distribution.
^NASA, o£. c ^ .. Appendix I, p. 1-2. n
7’ ,M ,a maim
ro
Figure 4 SftTS Coverage o f Continental United States 13
5. Ground scene illumination conditions.
6. Ground cover.
Available land mass to be photographed varies from only one to two minutes per day to about thirty minutes per day.
Thus priorities are determined when best to activate the sensors.
Priorities are based upon such things as the scientific importance of the area, season of the year, lighting conditions, and time since the area was last imaged.
The mission planner makes full use of the predicted cloud cover data received from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Admin istration in planning the operations of the sensors.®
NASA Principal Investigators
As of February 15, 1972, there was a total of 321 principal investigators involved in the ERTS-I program. These included seventy-five scientists from some twenty-eight foreign countries.
Table I shows the number of principal foreign investigators by country.^
I corresponded with thirty-three of the investigators in the
United States either in person, in writing or by telephone. Examples of the projects these principal investigators are conducting are included in the Appendix.
^NASA, op. c it., Appendix K. paraphrased, p. K1-4.
^NASA, op. c it., Appendix M . 14
TABLE 1
List of Foreign Countries with Principal Investigators for ERTS Program
Number Number Country Investigators Country Invest gators F rance 11 East Pakistan Germany 8 Guatemala Brazil 5 South Africa Norway 5 Switzerland England 5 Indonesia Argentina 5 Finland Japan 4 Korea Netherlands 4 Bolivia Belgium 3 Israel Colombia 3 India Canada 2 Peru Chile 2 Sweden Australia 2 Ecuador Venezuela 2 Greece
Total Countries 28 Total Investigators 75
Appendix M of the Data Users Handbook lis t the name, address, title of research project, telephone number, and an identifying number assigned by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, for each investigator.
This handbook is an excellent source of detailed information about the ERTS program and can be purchased from NASA for about
$10.00 per copy. A copy of the current table of contents of the Data
Users Handbook is included in the Appendix. CHAPTER III
REMOTE SENSING
ERTS-I has greatly increased the capabilities of remote sensing.
It w ill be useful to review what we mean by remote sensing and discuss the use of thermal sensors. Improved techniques of remote sensing and the use and potential use w ill also be discussed.
What is Remote Sensing?
Remote sensing is the process of taking measurements of an object from a distance. Examples of remote sensors are human eyes, cameras, microwave instruments, photomultiplier tubes, solid state detectors and spectrometers.
A ll energy coming to the earth from the sun is either reflected, scattered or absorbed and then emitted by the objects on earth. (See
Figure 5.)^ Since objects have different physical and chemical properties, they tend to radiate different amounts of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Thus, a scene is made up of many small radiating elements, and every object could conceivably
^ Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, (LARS), Remote Sensing of Agriculture Earth Resources, and Man’s Environ ment (West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University 1971), p. 4.
15 16
Reflected /Direct / / , E Radiation from Atmosphere S u n lig h t /Sunlight/ /
/ y V R and E Radiation \ from Vegetation ' /|^busl ând^r \ Evapotranspiration/ / iParticles'V / Scattered • Sunlight /
% R and E Radiation I from Vegetation
I
from Ground
Energy flow tn ti.« un. is on essenlial part o f biological processes of nature. Remole r.ensing techniques make use ol thi , n> i i .on by measuring the energy reflected (R) anc -i. <, i from objects on the ground.
Figure 5 17 transmit different kinds and amounts of reflected and emitted energy.
Researchers have found striking differences in spectral response of such things as vegetation and soil and water. Closer evaluation has shown differences between different plants such as corn, soybeans or rice. These differences caused by different physical and chemical properties would enable objects to be identified by measuring the per cent of light or energy reflected. Figure 6 shows a recognition map prepared by a computer.^ The computer successfîjlly differen tiated forest (black area) from pasture (red area) from rice (blue area). Without the computer remote sensing technology would be confined basically to the interpretation of photographs, such interpre tation as grandmothers make when they identify a picture of their latest grandchild.
Man for a long time has known that wave length of the electro magnetic spectrum (Figure 7)® in use in remote sensing ranges from about 0.1 micrometers (X rays) to 10,000 micrometers (radio waves).
Also man can actually see with human eyes only a very small portion of the spectrum. This segment is from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers and
2r . Bryan Erb, ’’Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston Area Test Site,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration Programs, 4th Annual Earth Resources Programs Review, Vol. 1, Section 21, (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, January 17-21, 1972), p. 21-17.
^Kenneth F . Weaver, ’’Remote Sensing, New Eyes to See the W orld,” National Geographic, January, 1969, pp. 48, 49. Figure a. - Recognition Map of Katy, Testas area, "This recognition map was generated from the pattern recognition program and imaged from a d ig ital tape by the film recorder of the Data Analysis Station. The color code is: black forest red pasture blue rice WAVELENGTH IN METERS I METER .01 .00 0 0 0 ) .0000000001 .0000000000001 {3 9 .3 7 INCHES) 1 3 9 3 7 IN C H ) (.000039 INCH) (.0000000039 INCH) (.0000000000039 INCH)
I \ lÿriù' iri‘ )*'-
GAM MA RAYS
Iiffo «V; X-RAYS
INFRARED ULTRAVIOLET 'rfiii'dsyav* -iiü t ï=*iî«^ùiÉl '‘u, VfeJSfifc
n MICRO WAVES o!>riii)ni .... .
RADIO ASTRONOMY 'l.'fi .1 «t. !• ^0*'^ l . i • *n (0 i TELEVISION )
STANDARD RADIO . „i«_ V », , ;:. : «J i l l
V ' V y ! . ------r ONE MILLION ONE HUNDRED TRILLION ONE OUINTILLION TEN SEXTILLION FREQUENCY IN CYCLES PER SECOND
Wide window in wavelengths and frequencies that he cannot see. wave emissions of icebergs near sea lanes. Radar, Generated by matter’s atomic and molecular ac bouncing pulses off the earth, yields topographic of the spectrum tivity, radiation streams from every object in the maps. Infrared sensors warn when volcanoes “ run Viewing the world with the naked eye, universe in units of energy called photons. Remote a fever,” a prelude to eruptions. Satellites photo man peers through a narrow slit—the sensors can span this entire spectral range. Radio graph weather in visible light; X-rays give doctors visible-light portion of the electromagnet telescopes gather “ noise” from the depths of the and dentists inside information. Gamma rays ic spectrum. Most radiant energy travels universe, and radiometers detect natural micro striking scintillometers locate radioactive ores
Figure 7 20 a n d is referred to as the visible portion. These wave lengths or frequencies quantify the colors of the rainbow—violet, indigo, blue, g r e e n , yellow, orange and red.
A computer may be programmed by researchers to recognize patterns of objects of interest. This programming can then be applied to the digital form of the scanner data. The computer can be programmed to print symbols for a ssimple point which has the pattern or fingerprint of the object of interest. For example, it can be instructed to print C = Corn, S = Soybean, R = Rice or - = stubble or pasture. It can be told to print no symbol when it does not recognize the response; therefore, printing no symbol for roads, houses, trees and other objects for which it was not programmed.
Thermal Sensors
Since the days of Galileo and his telescope, man has continued to augment his senses with instruments. Often he learns lessons from the animal world. For instance we are all fam iliar with the often cited excimple of the bat guiding itself with a form of what we call radar. We know the dog’s sense of smell, for some odors, is a thousand times more sensitive than ours. There is another not so fam iliar example of remote sensing from the reptile world depicted in the following scene.
"In the dark of the night, a deer mouse scurries softly across a forest floor. Virtually invisible and soundless, he seems safe from danger—but the unerring strike of a 21
rattlesnake brings his journey to an abrupt end. Faint radiations of heat from the mouse reaching to sensitive pits in the viper’s head, have betrayed the exact location of the tiny mammal’s warm body. ” 4
Just as the rattlesnake had no difficulty perceiving temperature differences of a few tenths of a degree a foot away, one of man’s more sensitive devices can feel the heat from an ice cube a mile aw ay I
Already a crystal of idium antimonide in a plane at 20,000 feet can see a tiny fire, only one foot across, long before a wisp of smoke shows. Since 1965 the U.S. Forest Service has been using such a device in hopes of reducing the nation’s losses from 110,000 forest fires a year. ^
The heat sensing technique is being adapted for use on a world wide scale using the ERTS program. Another very practical use of heat sensors aboard the ERTS and Nimbus satellites is the sensing of the sharp boundary between the 75° Gulf Stream and cooler waters.
Veteran tanker captains, wise to the Gulf Stream’s might, ride its five knot current, thus saving as much as eight hours in a run from
Miami to New York.
In an experimental tracking technique, a radiometer in Nimbus
II, a NASA weather satellite, was used to locate the Gulf Stream.
It was linked to a computer which calculated temperatures for five
^Ibid.
^Stuart E. Jones and Jay Johnston, "Forest Fire: The Devil’s Picnic," National Geographic Magazine, July, 1968, pp. 100-127, 22 mile square areas; and an optical device that converted them into a color-enhanced mosaic (Figure 8).®
It shows land as green, cool water as yellow and the warmer
Gulf Stream as red. ERTS and future satellites might read 200 foot squares and pick up subsurface temperatures from instrument carry ing buoys, thus yielding heat maps useful for navigation.
Improved Techniques
Continuous technical advancements in remote sensing equipment and techniques have made the ERTS program possible. Remember the initial bad quality of the television pictures returned during the first trips to outer space? We strained our eyes to see the first "Giant
Step for Mankind" when Neil Armstrong first set foot on the moon
July 20, 1969, from the Apollo II lunar module.^ Then on each succeeding mission the television pictures improved. It is this type of improvement in photography and other sensors that is enabling over
300 principal investigators for ERTS to better carry on their projects.
Another advancement in sensing technique is the development of an Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS). Mounted in satel lites it w ill send back temperature soundings of earth’s atmosphere to aid in weather analysis. Since the longer IRIS looks the more it
leaver, o£. c it., p. 58
7 "Space," The World Book Encyclopedia, 1970, XVII, 572K. rrjn
c u u
U lU
m u A*
Figure 8 - Color-enhanced Thermal Mosaic of the Gulf Stream 24 s e e s , it is designed to stare at a single point for 10 seconds, then jump its eye ahead to the next target area. These types of instruments now measure the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun and by use of a computer convert the information gained into numerical values which are reconstructed as an ultraviolet map. Vapor clouds from the sun have been measured showing temperatures hotter than 2,700,000® F.
Since our atmosphere absorbs most ultraviolet rays, earthbound instruments could not have detected the solar activity. This is just another bit of new information scientists are evaluating in attempting to better understand the earth's resources.
Aerial cameras today achieve focal lengths (distance from lens to film ) of 20 to 60 feet by means of folded optics; that is, by bouncing the light between m irrors inside the camera before it reaches the film . Since a longer focal length increases scale and thus magnifies detail, such cameras with improved films can pinpoint objects smaller than a Volkswagen from altitudes of 100 to 300 miles. At Cloudcraft,
New Mexico, an A ir Force electro-optical device known as AN/FSR-2 could spot an orbiting basketball 20,000 miles up. It is but one of a variety of powerful space surveillance sensors. To make an aerial- photography map of the United States would require three years and
1 ,500,000 photographs, A satellite could do the same job in three weeks with only 400 photographs; the cost would be approximately
$750,000 compared to $12,000,000 for aerial pictures. When Gaspard 25
F e l i x Tournachon, who called himself Nadar, snapped the world’s firs t a e r i a l photograph while ballooning over Paris in the late 1850’s, he c o u l d hardly have imagined such refinements as these. 8
U s e s and Potential Uses
A year long in-depth study entitled ” Potential Benefits to be
Derived from Application of Remote Sensing of Agricultural, Forest, and Range Resources" was conducted in 1967. This study was conducted under terms of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eco nomic Research Service for the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. The scientists conducting the study were Donald J.
Belcher, Director; and Research Associates Ernest E. Hardy, Ronald
L. Shelton, and Eugene L . Schepis of the Center for Aerial Photo graphic Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. This 165 page report is the most comprehensive and best work on the subject
I found in my research.
They concluded that remote sensing for Agricultural use applica tion showed more economic importance than for range or forestry.
This study identified 160 potential areas which can benefit from remote sensing application.8 One hundred and seventeen of these areas were in the field of agriculture application, seventy-two in
^Weaver; op. c it. pp. 51-73.
^Appendix A, B, C. 26 r a n g e land application and seventy-one in forestry application. Where p o s s i b l e , dollar values were placed on annual benefits to the United
States and to the world. The interested U.S.D.A. agency was also l i s t e d for each area of application.
The authors conclude that the areas of application that show potential for the most significant benefit to the well-being of man are:
1 . Resource evaluation and planning
2. Rural transportation development
3. World food budget
4. Educational application
5. Soil classification and mapping
6. Disaster application
7. Discovery of new species of economic plants
with tolerance or resistance to disease and insects
8. Medical research, through applications to unique
problems in fields of veterinary medicine CHAPTER IV
d a t a pro cessing c e n te r s
How does one get the information gathered by the ERTS program
into the hands of those people who need it to make resource manage
ment decisions and plans? NASA is not only using its data center, but
several other centers to disseminate this data. As Norman Cousins
said:
"Facts are terrible things if left sprawling and unattended, They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw material, crying to be processed into the texture of logic.
It is the job of the trained data processers in the various data
centers to classify this wealth of information about our resources.
There is the task of determining who can use the information, what
information is available, and how it can be obtained. The following
Data Centers are attempting to do this,
NASA Data Processing Facility
The NASA Data Processing Facility (NDPF) system is a vital
^R, Bryan Erb, The Earth Around Us As Viewed from Space, (Unpublished paper presented at the Soil Conservation Society of America Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, 1972),
27 28 portion of the overall ERTS project. There are three types of image processing performed in NDPF; Bulk, Precision, and Special, All d a t a is Bulk processed while only selected data is Precision or
S p e c i a l processed, The images from video data tapes are recorded on 70 mm film . The images which are requested by investigators are e n l a r g e d (if required), printed, inspected, logged and distributed.
The NDPF information system serves as a data base to generate cata logs of image coverage, microfilm, abstracts, and Data Collection
System data for distribution to investigators,
It is anticipated that close to one-half million master images w ill be processed and stored at the NDPF each year. An efficient storage and retrieval system aids the investigator to select only those images that are of significance to him, Investigators have access to all NDPF data through several files. These aids include:
Browse Files: Complete microfilm files of all available images arranged by date and location, with a data base query and search system and image viewing equipment.
Coverage Catalogs: Listing in two separate catalogs of all U,S, and non-U,S, images that are returned over each 18 day coverage cycle. These catalogs are updated and distributed on a regular schedule.
Data Collection System Catalog: Listing of information available from the remote, instrumental data collection platforms.
^NASA, op, c it,, paraphrased Appendix E, 29
T echnology Application Center
A NASA Regional Dissemination Center providing bibliographic service is maintained at the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque,
New Mexico 87106: telephone (505) 277-3118, 3111 , The center has access to all reports produced and collected by NASA except raw data collected by NASA’s Earth Resource Aircraft Program. It provides a complete bibliography on remote sensing in three volumes ($125.00) from 1962 to the present, and it is updated annually; provides micro fiche or hard copy of included reports at cost and also provides bibliographic services including searches. It also sells Gemini and
Apollo photos.^
Earth Resources Research Data Facility
This facility located at Houston, Texas 77058, at the Manned
Spacecraft Center maintains reports, photos, magnetic tapes of raw data and reports produced from NASA Earth Resource A ircraft
Program. This material is available for use at the facility only; however, special arrangements can be made for reproduction of material. The telephone number for this facility is (713) 483-7681
The Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS)
The Department of the Interior operates an EROS Data Center
^NASA, op. cU., Appendix Q,
^NASA, op. c it., Appendix Q. 30 in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The purpose of this data center, operated by the Topographic Division of the Geological Survey, is to provide access to the ERTS imagery, USGS aerial photography and
NASA aircraft data. The data is available to the general public, domestic government agencies at all levels, as well as to foreign governments.
A new facility is being built at a site north of Sioux Falls, South
Dakota which could become one of the world's better photographic laboratories. It is being constructed to provide one million copies of hard data per year from the ERTS program and an additional 500,000 copies from the other programs. This capacity can be increased appreciably when required. (Glen Landis is the current manager.)
The temporary location of the center is at 10th and Dakota Avenue,
Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57198. The commercial telephone number is (605) 339-2270 and the FTS number is (605) 336-2381 . They accept telephone orders from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., and visits from
7:45 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Central time. An information booklet "The
EROS Data Center" United States Department of the Interior Geolog ical Survey USGS: INF-72-24 provides information about the center and procedures for ordering data.
The following more detailed information was furnished the Soil
Conservation Service by M r. Landis. 31
Organization Chart EROS Data Center USGS Sioux Falls, S, D,
User Assistance Director & Training _____
Research & Evaluation Computer Center Branch Administration
Thematic Photographic Mapping Laboratory
Data Management
Receipt Cataloging Request & & Storage_____ Dissemination
"The laboratory output w ill be black and white or color film , and photographic paper with a maximum enlargement of 50" X 96". The laboratory will be 100% clean. All people w ill be garbed, including shoes. The geographic or UTM coordinates w ill be used for location. A computerized reference system has been set up which is called GEOREF. This gives data on accessions. It is designed so that someone requesting imagery by telephone w ill have all the necessary data in 5 minutes. Three types of accessions are in the data base. The firs t of these are block accessions. These are existing USGS data back to 1945 and coincides with their quad coverage. The second is strip accession. This includes such imagery as the NASA high-altitude photography for the Corn Blight study. The third type of accessions are individual photographs. ERTS and ERTS simulated U-2 imagery fall in this area. It is hoped that all NASA photography regardless of the source w ill become a part of the negative files at Sioux Falls. They may also consider having new negatives made of the pre-1945 photography which is made on nitrate film and storing these at Sioux Falls, 32
The computer at the end of the day w ill review all orders, collate them, and determine which photographs from each roll must be obtained for user needs. User codes w ill be assigned as individuals order material from the Sioux Falls laboratory. An area of great interest was the User Assistance and Training Section which is designed to help the uSer with interpretive expertise. This user assistance and training section w ill be a clearing house for information on how to use the small-scale imagery.
Dr. Don Kulow is responsible for the training. Plans are being
made to hold seven two week courses. These courses w ill be for
agriculture, forestry, oceanography, hydrology, geography, geology
and a multidisciplinary analysis. The course tuition will be commen
surate with course cost. In addition there w ill be offered, from time
to time as needed, basic remote sensing course and an adveuiced
scientific remote sensing course.®
A general Resource Training Course was conducted in November,
1972. Two have been conducted in Panama and one in Brazil thus far.
The next session planned in early spring of 1973 is for State Land
Planners. Another session w ill start April 16, 1973, primarily for
Federal Resource Managers. Then on June 2, 1973, a four week
training session w ill start for international resource managers.
®Trip Report from Jerome A. Gockowski, Director Cartographic Division, to William M. Johnson, Department Administration for Soil Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Subj; USGS-EROS Facility, March 27, 1972.
®Ibid. 33
Several training sessions are planned for other foreign countries.^
The core of the Data Center is an IBM 360/30 computer with
65,000 bytes of core storage and 116 million bytes of on-line disk storage. This is the device by which the imagery, photography and other data are stored and retrieved. It is the device by which searches are conducted and it is the management tool for scheduling photo processing. Processing time for most requests is one week.
When the new facility is completed a larger computer w ill be installed.
The center has special equipment for the manipulation of the imagery such as densitometers, additive color viewers, photo quantizers, zoom transferscopes and stereoviewers. The scientific staff is available for consultation on the use of this equipment and on interpre tive problems.
Browse Films
"Copies of ERTS imagery, aircraft program imagery and photography and USGS photography produced on 16 mm film are available for purchase. These films are not intended for basic research. They are designed to provide prepurchase evaluation of such things as areal (sic) cover age, cloud cover and sensor angle. The film is supplied on an open reel and each film is designed so that it can be cut and mounted by the user for microfiche presentation.
Prices
'Table 2 is a current price list and Table 3 is an example of an ERTS Inquiry/Order Form . Money orders or drafts should be made payable to the U.S. Geological Survey, In
^Bob Reese, Training Director, EROS, telephone conversation, February 20, 1973. 34
addition to the cost of the reproduction there is a charge for any required interim step product. For example, if you order a black and white positive print from an original color positive transparency, it w ill be necessary to produce a negative as an interim step. Any such interim product w ill be retained by the Data Center and made a permanent part of the collection."®
I -aboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS)
LARS was established in 1966 at Purdue University. Its primary objectives were to develop remote sensing techniques and investigate applications of these techniques in the field of agriculture.
LARS was funded jointly since its inception by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Recently the center has expanded its objectives to include investiga tions in geology, hydrology and geography as well as agriculture.
After this expansion it appropriately changed its name from Laboratory for Agricultural Remote Sensing to Laboratory for Application of
Remote Sensing It has been one of the leading factors in the develo- ment of the ERTS program.
In July 1967, LARS officials convened a seminar-workshop at
Purdue University to consider the general theme "Remote Sensing and Agricultural Development." At tinis meeting twenty-five leaders
®U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey, The EROS Data Center. USGS: INF-72-74 (Washington, D.C, : Government Printing Office, 1972) p. 18.
g LARS, op. c it., p. 5. 35
TABLE 2 ...... U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY EROS DATA CENTER
photographic products pr ic e l is t June 22, 1972
The reproduction w ill be printed on standard paper stock unless the o rd e r specifies other materials.
PRODUCT PRICE 1 to 25 Over 25* Black and white paper prints Contact size: 70 mm $ 1.25 1.00 5 in . X 5 in . 1.50 1.00 9 in. X 9 in. 1.75 1.25 10 in . X 12 in** 2.50 2.50 20 in . X 24 in .* * 3.00 3.00 Enlargements *** 10 in . X 10 in . 1.75 1.25 20 in . X 20 in . 3.50 3.00 30 in . X 30 in . 4.50 3.50 40 in. X 40 in. 9.00 8.00 Black and white film transparency Contact size: 16 mm (100 ft. roll) 15.00 15.00 35 mm (100 f t . r o ll) 20.00 20.00 70 mm 2.50 2.50 5 in . X 3 in . 2.75 2.75 10 in. X 10 in. 3.00 3.00 Color paper prints Contact size: 70 mm 4.00 2.50 10 in . X 10 in . 7.00 3.00 Enlargements *** 10 in . X 10 in . 7.00 3.00 20 in. X 20 in. 12.00 9.00 30 in . X 30 in . 17.00 13.00 40 in. X 40 in. 25.00 •20.00 Color film transparency Contact size: 16 mm (100 f t . r o ll) 20.00 20.00 35 mm (100 f t . r o ll) 25.00 25.00 70 mm 4.00 2.50 10 in . X 10 in . 7.00 4.00 Enlargements ;*** 10 in . X 10 in . 7.00 4.00 20 in. X 20 in. 15.00 8.00 30 in . X 30 in . 19.00 15.00 40 in . X 40 in . 27.00 22.00 Transformed prints from either convergent or transverse low-oblique photographs 3.50 3.00 *Quantity prices apply only to those prints ordered in excess o f 25 of the same i . e . , 26 co n ta c t p r in ts .c o s t: 25 @$1.75 each = $43.75 +.1 at $1.25 » $45.00. ** Photo indexes *** For an intermediate-size enlargement, use the price listed for the next larger size. 36
TABLE 3
CRTS INQOIRT/OROER FÙRM (please print or type)
OaU to b« rurniehed by: IHOS DATA CtNTER
Sloux SD 57198 Commercial: 605-339-2?/0 FTS 605-336-2381
ADDRESS: Commerci&l FT5 _____
AREA(S) OF IKTERE3T ir you have a map available with geographic or UTM coordinates, please provide the geographic location by one or the following: Latitude and longitude of a point (if you are interested In a small area)*
______Latitude and longitude of the center and radius in miles (if you are Interested in a larger^ generally circular area) Latitude and longitude of up to eight corners of a polygon (if you are interested in an irregular area)
•you may describe a specific area by geographic name if the coordinates are unknown, i.e., I am interested in a 10 mile radius circle centered on the city of Atlanta, Georgia. Explain on the reverse of this form.
DATA DESIRED (System Corrected Imagcs-BulK) Black and White Bands Circle the desired band(s) on each sensor — Return Beam Vldicon 1 2 3 Kultispectral fanner 1 2 3 ^ C ir c le th e p ercen ta g e o f maximum clo u d co v e r a c c e p ta b le 10 20 30 4o 50 60 70 6o 90
WHEN YOU PLACE THE ORDER, WE WILL FURNISH THE LATEST PHOTOORAPH(S ) OBl'AINED OVER TOUR AREA OP INTEREST UNLESS YOU SPECIFY OTHERWISE.
TRANSPARENCIES SCALE UNITS UNITS UNIT PRICE*» UNIT PHÎ.TF,**
C o n tact (70mm) 1:3,369,000 91.25 92.50 Enlargemant (9*9) 1:1.000.000 1.75 3.00
EnlsrK.ement (18 x 18) 1 :5 0 0 ,0 0 0 3.50 —
Enlargement (40 x 40) 1 :2 5 0 ,0 0 0 9,0 0 ... M lcro flln i (l6tnm) 100 f t . r o l l — ------.15.00 T o ta ls ------(enter in line A below) («nter In lin* B below)
For more than 25 photographs of one frame in an order there is a reduction in unit price. This reduced price may be obtained from the Data
I w ish to o rd e r a c o lo r c o m p o site, i f a v a ila b le (DO NOT SEND MONEY UNTIL NOTIFIED OF AVAILABILITY BY THE DATA CENTER) I w ish to o rd e r Scene C o rre c te d Images ( P re c is io n ) (DO NOT SEND HONEY UNTIL NOTIFIED OF AVAILABILITY BY THE DATA CENTER)
I wish to place a standing order for repetitive cover (You will be contacted by the Data Center to surange details. (DO NOT SEND MONEY FOR A STANDING ORDER)
PlIVnNC IWSYAOCTIONS PRICE CALCnATION
Check whether preduet should he* A. Total frOTi A (ahove) I
!• ____ Vadedfed (keproduetiooe w ill seca a lly he dodged e le c tr e a le e lly or m sauslly to I . Total fro# B CshWu)* 9
achieve e trnifem d ea slty over the Image area. Check th is item i f C. Total crat of reprod wet lama (A + E) %
you plan to woe the image for radiometric amalyeia, im which eaae Plua Coat of Shipplag ______lagwlar Nail g the demeity dlatrlbwcioa im the orlglmai material w ill he preeervod.) » . ______Air M all (92 o IZ o f lin e C) *
P. Total price of order (C * D ^ ») #.
2. Priât to* Paymemt Made By*
Aceeutuate highlighted areas Pmrehase Order No,
Acceateata shadowed aceaa „ .Cnvsrumawt Aceeomt No.
) Special reguiremsers: 37
TABLE 3 cont.
ORDERING ERTS IMAGES FROM THE EROS DATA CENTER Tmrroducclgn
On Sunday. July 23. 1972, the Earth Resources Technology S atellite (ERTS-A) was launched Into a sun aynchronous polar orbit around the earth. The (atelllte has the capability for producing coverage of most of the earth on an IS-day repetitive cycle. The sensors on board the spacecraft transalt inases to NA The ERTS-A S en so rs The ERTS-A spacecraft carries two types of Imaging sensors: the Return Beam Vldicon (REV) cameras and the M ultl-Spectral Scanner (MSS). The Return Beam Vldicon cancres are television cameras mounted side by side In the spacecraft and bore-sighted to simultaneously photograph the earth beneath the spacecraft In each of three spectral regions: .475 to .575 micrometers (blue-green. Band 1); .580 to .680 micrometers (red. Band 2); and .690 to .830 micrometers (near Infrared. Band 3). The Individual frames of RBV Images cover approximately 100 X 100 nautical miles and overlap by 10% along the spacecraft track. They arc converted from electronic signals to black and white photographic positives on 70 mm film by Electron Beran Recorders (EBR's). These original Images, called System Corrected Images (bulk), have a scale of approxim.ately 1:3,369.000. .‘tsster. reproducible copies of all System Corrected Images (bulk) collected by the sp.acccrnft and processed by Goddard Space Flight Center are supplied to the EROS Data Center Ir. the 70 ess format. Selected frames of the RBV images are being further processed by the Goddard Space Flight Center Into images called Scene Corrected Images (precision processed). In this process, the images are matched to ground control points with known locations, and the Images corrected to a truly orthographic projec tion. A Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid Is super-irposed on the issage. System Corrected Images (precision processed) are prepared at a scale of 1:1,000,000 with an Image area of approximately 7 1/2" x 7 1/2" on a 9" x 9" format. Including marginal data. . Master reproducible copies of all scene cor rected Images produced by Goddard are supplied to the EROS Data Center In the 9" x 9” format. The M ultl-Spectral Scanner (MSS) Is a line-scanning device which uses an oscillating mirror to slmultaiieously scan the terrain passing beneath the spacecraft In four spectral bands: .5 to .6 micrometers (band 1); .6 to .7 micrometers (band 2); .7 to .8 micrometers ( band 3): .8 to 1.1 micrometers (band 4). As In tlie case of the RBV’s, the electronic signals arc converted to 70 mm System Corrected Images (Bulk) at Goddard Space Flight Center, and master reproduclbles are slilpped to the EROS Data Center. The Image scale is approximately 1:3,369,000, and the.swath width Is approximately 100 nautical miles wide. Altliough the scanner data arc acquired in a continuous swath, in the process of electronic signal to Image conversion the Images ere divided into frames to correspond with tlie frame coverage of the RBV cameras. Some scenes of RBV and MSS Images w ill be selected by NASA for the creation of color composite images. Three spectral bands from either the RBV or MSS images will be registered and sequentially exposed through appropriate filters onto color film at a scale of 1:1,000,000. The Image else is approxi mately 7 1/2" X 7 1/2" on an overall format of 9" x 9". All color composites that are produced by Goddard Space Flight Center w ill be supplied to the EROS Data Center as a master reproducible color negative Image. It should be noted that not all scenes acquired by the spacecraft will be produced as color com posite images. Image Products Available The Individual frames of system corrected (bulk) RBV and MSS Images are available at contact scale Approximately 1:3,369,000 on a 70 am format) or as enlargements at a scale of 1:1,000,000 with an Image area of approximately 7 1/2" x 7 1/2" on a 9" x 9" format; at a scale of 1:500,000 with an image area of approximately 15" x 15" on 20" x 20" m aterial; and at a scale of 1:250,000 with an image area of approximately 30" x 30" on 40" x 40" m aterial. Repro ductions can be provided on resln-co.ited paper at all scales above or on film as positive or negative images at the 1:3,369,000 or 1:1,000,000 scales. For the selected frames that have been precision processed by Goddard and master reproduclbles supplied to the EROS Data Center, Scene Corrected Image (precision processed) reproductions arc available at 1:1,000,000; 1:500,000; and 1:250,000 with Image sizes corresponding to those listed above. Reproduc tions are avouable on paper at the above scales or on film as positive or negative iauges at the 1:1,000,000 scale. For those RBV or MSS scenes that arc color composited by Goddard and supplied to the EROS Data Center, color reproductions arc available at 1:1,000,000 1:500,000; and 1:250,000 as paper prints with image sizes corresponding to the above. After every 18 days, the Goddard Space Flight Center prepares a complete computer printed listing of photography acquired and a 16 ssa "b ro w se" m ic ro film of representative images acquired during the previous 18 days. The microfilms are not Intended for analysis purposes, but are instead intended to pro vide a visual Index to the coverage and a capability for cloud cover assessment by the user. The Band 2 RBV and MSS image from each scene w ill appear on the microfilm. A typical microfilm will Include microfilm copies of the coaqiuCer listing and up to 1,000 RBV images and 1,000 MSS Images. The microfilms are available for purchase from ttic Data Center on open reels suitable for snuntlng by the user In a cartridge of his choice or In microfiche jackets. These microfilms represent the only Index availedle for distribution iruHcatins the coveraee of the ERTS Satellite. Flaclng an Order You may place an order with the Data Center for reproductions of the System Corrected Images (bulk) by completing the attached form. Your cooperation In following these steps will be appreciated: (1) Please print or type all of the Information on the form; (2) give your complete address including ZIP code; (3) give a telephone number wl.ere you can be reached during normal business hours. Enter the number In the blank marked "commercial" If the telephone given is not a Federal Telecoomunlcatlons System number; (4) describe your geographic area of Interest as accurately as possible per the instructions on the form. If you give geographic coordinates. It will be helpful If you also describe the area of your Interest by place names, etc. to allow the staff to verify that there Is no confusion in the description; (5) since the space photographs contain varying amounts of cloud cover dependent on the local meteoro logical conditions at the time of photography. Indicate the maximum amount of cloud cover that would be acceptable to you. Should you require that the scene be cloud ftee, we may have to wait for several additional orbits before processing your order; (6) select and circle the RBV or MSS spectral bands d e s ire d (s e e ERTS-A s e n s o rs a b o v e ). Each band c i r c l e d I s , o f c o u r s e , a separate photograph; therefore, if you circle four different bands, you will re ceive four sep'irate frames of photograpliy; (7) determine the size of the reproductions desired and enter in the units column the total number of frames In volved. Note that there are separate columns for paper prints and positive transparencies. Be sure to enter the Information In the appropriate column; (8) complete any special printing Instructions you may wish to give In the square at lower left. If you do not have any special printing instructions, and therefore do not mark items 1 or 2 under printing Instructions, our laboratory personnel will use their own judgment In attempting to make the best print possible; (9) multiply the number of units by the unit price and enter In the total price column. If you desire reproductions at several different sizes. Indicate accordingly; (10) If you wish to purchase a microfilm of a complete 18-day satellite coverage. Indicate by entering a "1" In the appropriate units column In tlie microfilm line; (11) add the total price columns down and carry the grand total to the price computation area at the lower right of the form. If you wish your prints forwarded by air mall, add the surcliarge as required and submit a check or money order payable to the U.S. Geological Survey In the con ret amount; (12) if you wish to order color composites or precision Images, if either are available, indicate same in the appropriate squares. Be sure thar your geographic area of Interest Is indicated at the top of the form. Do not enclose any payment for these Items as they may not be available. You will be informed by the Data Center of availability and price; (13) if you wish to place a standing order for repetitive coverage of a given area. Indicate same In the appropriate square. You will be contacted by a member of the Data Center staff to work out details of your request and methods of paym ent. Members of the Data Center staff will exercise judgment in completing your order. For example, if your area of Intereat has not yet been covered or was "weathered in" at the time of coverage, they will place an order to be filled from the first reasonably clear photography obtained. After the satel lite has made several repetitive coverages, they w ill select the most recent good quality coverage of your area unless you specify Interest In a s p e c if i c season of the year (Indicate so under special requirements). The EROS Data Center has substantial holdings of images acquired by aircraft throughout the United States. We invite your Inquiry regarding availa bility of suitable coverage of your area of Interest. If you have any questions regarding the above information or about the EROS Data Center in general, we invite your telephone call to: 605-339-2270 from non-Federal Telecossaunication Systems telephones or 605-336-2381 from FTS telephones. n U S COVCRMMNt FmNIIMG OFflCt: S72 RfOiO" MJ I 38 in agriculture from government agencies, industry, farm and private organizations considered the following t o p i c s : 1 . Agricultural Remote Sensing: Where are we? 2. What are the potential needs and applications of remote sensing techniques to agricultural develop ment and management problems? 3. Remote sensing: a tool in river basin planning. 4. The use of remote sensing and systems analysis in the development of resources in the Wabash River Basin. This group prepared the following lis t of potential applica tions: Category A These tasks appear to be feasible with present equipment and techniques. 1 . Map of bodies of water (lakes, rivers, streams) 2. Winter wheat acreage map 3. Green vegetation map 4. Map of roadways 5. Measurement of relative surface temperatures 6. Bare soil map (light colored, dark colored soils) 7. Detection of plant stress Category B These tasks are more difficult but it seems reason able that they can be accomplished. 1 . Map of wet soil areas 2. Map and measurement of crop species 3. Topographic maps 4. Map and measurement of forest types 39 5. Gross characterization of soil permeability 6. Map and measurement of crops severely damaged by wind and hail Category C These tasks are difficult but perhaps possible. 1 . Measurement of crop cover density 2. Measurement of available soil moisture 3. Detection and measurement of crop disease areas 4. Detection and measurement of areas of insect infestation 5. Prediction of crop yields 6. Detection of plant nutrient deficiencies 7. Weed surveys 8. Detection and location of certain water pollutants The group concluded that remote sensing techniques would be helpful both in the developed and undeveloped nations, The key to the contribution which remote sensing and automatic data processing technique can make to agriculture is the timeliness with which vital information can be made available to the decision makers, the planners, the producers. Cornell University Center for Aerial Photographic Center Ronald L . Shelton and Ernest E, Hardy from the Center for Aerial Photographic Studies at Cornell University present a very good paper outlining Cornell's Environmental Inventory and Planning Tech nique. "^0 The staff of the Center for Aerial Photographic Studies at ^^Ronald L. Shelton and Ernest E. Hardy, Cornell Environmen tal Inventory and Planning Technique, (Unpublished paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry, Washington, D. C., 1971). 40 Cornell University has been involved in helping several agencies and states in establishing techniques for environmental inventory and planning. The Cornell staff helped the Office of Planning Coordination for the State of New York conduct the New York State Land Use and Natural Resource (LUNR) Inventory. Using these techniques New York State has probably developed the most complete, up-to-date and useful inventory of its Statens land use and natural resources of any large area in the world. The infor mation categorized by this inventory is readily available to all decision-makers within the state at a reasonable cost. LU NR is an information system showing detailed land use plotted on maps and coded for computer data handling for all of New York State. The primary element of the LU NR Inventory is land use data derived from interpretation of aerial photographs which were taken in 1967 and 1968. The Inventory makes available 130 categories of land use information in map overlays, computer-tabular and computer- graphic forms. The computerized portion of the land use data establishes a format to which a wide variety of supplemental informa tion can be added. The state was divided into checkerboard type squares each representing 247.1 acres (1 square kilometer). It took 140,000 grid squares to cover the state. Each square has a computer number enabling a potential user to call out the veist amount of information 41 r e c o r d e d about any particular square. Four types of supplementary information were recently added to the computer data bank. They were the statewide generalized soil types, geological types, economic viability of agricultural lands, eind a pilot study information on depth to bedrock. Each of the 140,000 cells were also coded according to their primary and secondary county and minor civil division location. This enables automatic retrieval of data by counties and semi-automatic retrieval of data for cells by minor civil divisions. Thus a county could ask for and receive a print out showing any of the above coded information. The printout could be for the entire county or for any one of the 247,1 acre cells involved. In addition a computer map overlay with the various uses plotted on it could also be printed for the potential user. This inventory system is a good example of the category levels III and IV described by the interagency steering committee on land use classification systems for use with remote-sensor data discussed in Chapter V. In fact, the interagency committee made full use of the lessons learned in developing the LUNR system as several of the same scientists were involved in both ventures. The LUNR Inventory classifies land uses as follows: Agricultural land (A) use is classified first as active (in commercial use) or inactive (fairly recently removed from agriculture). 42 Active areas are delineated according to use by major enterprises: orchards, vineyards, horticulture, cropland inten sively used for cash crops, and land used more extensively for crops related to dairy poultry, pasture and specialty farms. Each includes headquarters areas. Forest land (F) is classified as forest brushland, forest lands (mature stand where 50 per cent or more of the trees are over 50 years old and over 30 feet high) and Plantations, Water resources (W) information includes mapping of water and wetland areas, a count of farm ponds and other water bodies, and a measure of miles of shoreline of lakes, rivers and streams. Residential land (R) use is based on a housing density gradation from single farm residence to high density urban housing, noting apartment buildings, rural hamlets, and areas of vacation homes and cottages (only along lakes, rivers and other water bodies and courses). Commercial and Industrial land uses (C and I) were broadly categorized, Much detailed information on this subject is already available from other sources and can be added later to the system if needed. This inventory only delineated central business districts (Cu), Shopping Centers (Cc), Resorts (Cr) 43 and Strip Development (Cs) for Commercial Areas. It mapped Industrial areas into Light manufacturing and Industrial Parks (II) and Heavy manufacturing (Ih). Outdoor Recreation land use (OR) was recorded for which specific areas have been developed and which constitute the predominant use of land. This classification conforms in general to the outdoor recreation inventories of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. It lists: OR-1 Golf Courses OR-2 Ski Areas and other winter sports OR-3 Swimming pools and developed beaches OR-4 Marinas, yacht clubs and boat launching sites OR-5 Campgrounds, public and private OR-6 Stadiums, race tracks, amusement parks OR-8 Fairgrounds OR-9 Public parks OR-13 Rifle and skeet shooting OR-16 Other private and community recreation facilities Extractive Industry land use (E) areas were divided into surface and subsurface mining areas» Open mining was divided into Stone Quarries, Sand and Gravel Pits, and Other Mining; Undergound Mining was divided into Oil and Gas Wells, Salt Mining, Other and Abandoned Mines and Wells. Public and Semi-Public land uses (P) were divided into: P-1 Educational P-2 Religious P-3 Health P-4 Military 44 P-5 Solid Waste Disposal P-6 Cemeteries P-7 Water Supply Treatment Facilities P-8 Sewage Treatment Plant P-9 Flood Control Facilities P-11 Correctional Institutions P-12 Road and Street Equipment Centers P-16 Welfare Centers P-T7 State Office Building Campus P-18 Plum Island Animal Disease Research Center P-19 Groundwater Recharge Areas Transportation land use (T) is divided into Highways, Rail ways, Airports, Barge Canals, Marine Shipping, and Communi cations and Utilities, Each has three to nine subdivisions. Nonproductive land (N) includes only areas without any observable present use that would place them in one of the preceding categories. They include Sand and Exposed Rock C liff, Rock Slopes and Slide Areas, In addition to the New York project the Cornell staff has helped numerous agencies, states and even foreign countries to establish techniques for environmental inventory and planning, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Colorado, Arizona, Illinois and Missouri all have used the Cornell developed technique. In their paper Messrs. Shelton and Hardy summarized some of the concepts used in developing these natural resource inventories. They divide the discussion into eight general headings: Design, Classification, Data Acquisition, Geograph ical Referencing, Data Processing, Data Storage, Data Retrieval and 45 Application. Design covers the basic questions and concepts that ought to be considered before proceeding to examination of alternative techniques. Classification, data acquisition and geographical referencing constitute the elements of an inventory. Data processing, storage and retrieval outline the data system. Application concerns the uses to be made of the information which must at some point justify the entire project. Cornell's work on these projects was conducted prior to the launch of ERTS. The LUNR Inventory System used conventional panchromatic aerial photography interpreted by people. It was pointed out that at the time when the New York Project was being done the automatic photo interpretation and multi-spectral sensing was not practical or available. However Messrs. Shelton and Hardy and others from Cornell have active research projects in which they are utilizing ERTS data. ^ ^ In A pril, 1971 they submitted "A Proposal for Evaluation of Satellite Imagery as an Information Source for Inventorying Land Use and Natural Resources" to NASA. They point out that the LUNR Inventory of New York State can serve as a most useful base for evaluating the ERTS' Imagery, National Technical Information Service (NTIS) The Commerce Department's NTIS is the central source for the 11 Ernest E. Hardy, personal letter, January 17, 1973. 46 public sale of government sponsored research and development reports. It also sells government analyses prepared by Federal Agencies, their contractors or grantees. The agency is required by law to price its products and services for cost recovery. In 1971, NTIS supplied the public with more than two and one-half million documents and microfiche. It fills about 8,000 orders a day. The public may subscribe to an NTIS service and w ill receive information of new data in the designated profession or acquire business information within weeks of its release. Weekly Government Abstracts; One of the services provided is a Weekly Government Abstract (WGA) service. See the Appendix U for an example of material included in the Weekly Abstract. Other subjects covered by WGA along with yearly subscription rates are: Building Technology ($17.50) Computers, Control and Information Theory ($22.50) Environmental Pollution and Control ($22.50) Management Practice and Research ($17.50) Material Sciences ($22.50) Transportation ($17.50) There is a discount rate of $3.00 for each additional title when two or more are ordered on one form. Government Reports Topical Announcements: The WGA w ill eventually replace the semi-monthly "Government Reports Topical Announcements" (GRTA) which covers many other subjects. The 47 a n n u a l subscription rate for the GRTA is $7.25. Microforms; You may comfortably carry fifty 300 page micro fiche volumes in your coat. There are about 98 pages on each 4 x 6 inch film sheet. Modern microfilm is on reels, about the size and shape of 16 mm movie film , each reel containing the equivalent of 2,200 printed pages. Portable fiche and film readers, book size and weighing as little as five pounds are available from under $100.00. Readers which also print selected pages for permanent storage are priced from $400.00. Practically all periodicals (one company has a collection of more than 6,000) and vast varieties of historic and contemporary information are available on microforms. You may subscribe to a microfiche service which w ill automatically send you information of selected categories in microfiche. You receive the complete documents rather than just the abstracts. They are distributed semi-monthly at 35(# per fiche. Regular prices are 95(# per fiche for non-subscribers. To get the same material in regular print would cost $3.00 to $3.75. Other information: Quite a bit of the data furnished is available on magnetic tapes. Most tapes are highly specialized in such cate gories as Cartography, Estimating Tunneling Cost, Water Require ments for Municipalities, and the United States Budget. NTIS is the national marketing coordinator for various 48 Information Analysis Center Services. These services are sponsored and partially financed by the Department of Defense, the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Commerce. A ll these Centers have a requirement to become 50 per cent self-sustaining through public sales of products and services. These Centers are divided into three principal categories: Technical Inquiry Services, Data Books and Research Reports, and Current Awareness Bulletins. Ten such centers are listed prim arily in the fields of chemicals and metals. One center which has application to the subject of this paper is the Infrared Information and Analysis Center. It covers infrared sources, characteristic radiation from natural and man-made objects, optical properties of materials, infrared detection materials and elements, laboratory components and techniques, infrared spectra, lasers and masers, m ilitary infrared systems and components. NTIS provides references to scientific and technical documents, inqui ries on current research and development, answers specific technical questions, publishes bibliographies and state of-the-art reports, conducts the annual Infrared Information Symposia and Department of Defense Conference on laser technology. Numerous other information services are available from "Translation from Mainland China Press" (annual subscription rate $225.00) to "Environmental Awareness Reading L ist," (annual 49 subscription rate $16.00). ^^ 12 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Informa tion Service, NTIS, Information Service, (Washington, D. C.; Government Printing Office, 1972), pp. 1-16. CHAPTER V REPORT OF CURRENT ERTS ACTIVITIES Most of the ERTS Principal Investigators said it was s till too early to report any real progress or evaluation of ERTS data; however, all seemed quite optimistic about the usefulness of the information. Figures 9 and 10 are copies of ERTS maps of the University of Montana area. These maps help to explain the advantage of using cameras which record different wavelengths. Figure 9 was taken with a multispectral scanner which recorded wavelengths of 0,6 to 0,7 micrometers (band code 5), This band highlights the agricultural land shown below Flathead Lake, Figure 10 was taken with cameras using wavelengths of 0,8 to 1 .1 micrometers (band code 7), This band enables you to determine the water areas more easily than any of the other three multispectral scanners on board ERTS-I, A Land Use Classification System for Use With Remote Sensor Data For many years, agencies at various governmental levels have been collecting data about land, but for the most part they have worked independently and without coordination. In early 1971 an Interagency Steering Committee on Land Use Information and Classification was 50 51 F ig u re 9 EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE MAP Scale 1:500000 (l”=approx. 8mi.)Date 10 Aug. 72 Multispectral Scanner Band 5 (0.6 —0.7 micrometers wavelengths) Missoula, Montana Area 52 F ig u re 10 EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE MAP Scale 1:1,000,000 (!"-approx. 16 mi.) Date 10 Aug 72 Multig>ectrai Scanner Band 7 (OS—1.1 micrometers wavelengths) Missoula, Montana Area 53 formed. The committee was composed of representatives from the Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of Interior, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Association of American Geographers, and the International Geographical Union. ^ The Committee conducted a Conference on Land-Use Information and Classification in Washington, D. C. on June 28-30, 1971. At this conference they received inputs from over 150 representatives of federal agencies, state and local governments, universities, institutes and private concerns. Cn the basis of this conference the committee developed a proposed land use classification system that w ill be used with remote sensing, including the ERTS program. There w ill be minimal reliance on supplemental information at more generalized first and second levels of categorization. Level I will generally use the map scale of 1:1,000,000 or 1 inch is 16 miles. Classification level II will combine high altitude and satellite imagery with topo graphic maps and use a ratio of 1:100,000 or 1 inch is 1 .6 miles. Level III w ill combine medium altitude remote-sensing (1:24,000 scale or 1 inch is 2,000 feet) with detailed topographic maps and substantial amounts of supplemental information. Level IV w ill utilize low-altitude imagery with most of the information derived ^ US Department of the Interior, A Land-Use Classification System for Use with Remote-Sensor Data, Circular 671, (Washington D. C. : Government Printing Office, 1972), pp. 1-16, 54 f r o m supplemental sources and a very large scale such as 1 inch is 400 to 500 feet. The classification system proposed for Levels I and II is as follows: Level I Level II Level I Level II (Digit) (Digit) Urban & Built-up 01 Residential 01 Commercial & Services 02 Industrial 03 Extractive 04 Major Transport Routes & Areas 05 Institutional 06 Strip & Clustered Settlement 07 Mixed 08 Open & Other 09 Agricultural 02 Cropland & Pasture 01 Orchards, G roves, Bush Fruits, Vineyards & Horticultural Areas 02 Feeding Operations 03 Other 04 Rangeland 03 Grass 01 Savannas (Florida type) 02 Chaparral 03 Desert Shrub 04 Forestland 04 Heavy Crown Cover (40% and over) 01 Light Crown Cover (10% to 39%) 02 Water 05 Streams & Waterways 01 Lakes 02 Reservoirs 03 Bays & Estuaries 04 Other 05 Non-Forested 06 Wetland Vegetated 01 Bare 02 55 (Continued) Level I Level II Level I Level II (Digit) (Digit B a r r e n Land 07 Salt Flats 01 Sand (other than beaches) 02 Bare Exposed Rock 03 Beaches 04 Other 05 Tundra 08 Tundra 01 Permanent Snow & Ice Fields 09 Permanent Snow & Ice Fields 01 Agricultural Program Management The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is involved with experiments being conducted in eighteen counties in fifteen states using ERTS imagery. M r. James F . Davis, Chief of their Aerial Photography Branch, says, "We do feel that remote sensing procedures can be developed and perfected to yield real, live information which would be very useful in the management of agricul tural programs; crop inventory; acreage measurement; and many other ways, ii2 Crop Species Identification Donald H. Von Steen, Head, Remote Sensing Research and Development Branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Statistical Reporting Service is conducting an ERTS research project. In this ■James F . Davis, personal letter, January 18, 1973. 56 project he is utilizing the imagery from the ERTS satellite, from aircraft and from ground sources to develop techniques of crop species identification for use in estimating yield data.^ Determining Agricultural Land Potential in Alaska C. Ivan Branton of the Agricultural Engineering Department of the University of Alaska, Palmer, Alaska feels that there is a great potential for use of ERTS imagery or digital tapes in Alaska. Here the ERTS data w ill be useful in locating areas with agricultural potential Geology Dr. Robert M. Weidman, University of Montana Geology Profes sor, is using ERTS data to study the past growth of fracture systems in the rocks underlying Montana, He says he hopes this information w ill be useful in better understanding the relationships of geological formations to the state’s mineral resources Oceanog raphy Fabian C. Polcyn, Research Engineer from the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, has a project to demonstrate the ^Donald H, Von Steen, personal letter, January 9, 1973. Ivan Branton, personal letter, January 9, 1973. ^Robert M . Weidman, personal interview and news article Missoulian, Missoula, Montana, February 18, 1973. 57 feasibility of using ERTS-I data for the measurement of water depth. He is also studying the use of ERTS data to support the Inter n a t i o n a l Field Year for the Great Lakes, a synoptic study of the Lake O n t a r i o and its basin during A p ril, 1972 to March, 1973. He says it is too early at this time to give any conclusive results.® The secrets of the deep may not be so secret anymore. Whan a s c h o o l of fish change course deep below the surface of the water man w ill know. Sensors in the ERTS linked to a computer w ill be able to monitor this change and promptly notify man.^ Soil Conservation Service Use The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) is one of eleven USDA agencies serving on the USDA Earth Resources Survey Committee established in December 1969. A, C, Orvedal, Assistant Director, Soil Survey Interpretations^ and Jerome A. Gockowski, Director, Cartographic Division from the Washington Office, w ill serve on this committee. The SCS has a committee to deal with SCS interest in remote sensing. In addition to M r. Orvedal and M r, Gockowski, J. W. Hass, D. M. Whitt, V. M. Bathurst, G. B. Welsh and N. F. Bog ne r serve on this committee. Administrator Ken Grant Issued Washington Advisory INTRA-15 ^Fabian C. Polcyn, personal letter, February 1, 1973. ^"Zerox,” N.B.C. telecast, March 21, 1973. 58 Re: Remote Sensing on May 26, 1972, to the SCS offices. It contains a three page concise status report of SCS involvement in remote sensing. It is included as an Appendix L to this paper. The Soil Conservation Service in Texas has been working closely with NASA at Houston for the past two years. Don Pendleton, a Range Specialist, has been assigned practically fuU time to study the use of ERTS Data in range analysis. Soil Surveys Mathews, et reported 90 per cent accuracy in soils mapping using remote sensing and computer prepared maps. They make use of thirteen wavelength bands ranging from .4 to 2.50 um^ taken from multispectral scanners from an aircraft flown at 3,000 feet of altitude. They concluded that remote sensing using automatic data processing can be successfully used to aid in mapping soils. Delbert L. Mokma, research associate at Michigan State University, heads an investigation entitled "Use of ERTS data for a multidisciplinary analysis of Michigan Resources; Task III - Evalua tion of Soils, Soil conditions and Landforms." The other parts of this project being studied by other research scientists at Michigan State , L. Mathews, et , Application of Multispectral Remote Sensing to Soil Survey Research in Southeastern Pennsylvania, (unpublished paper presented before DIV. S-5, Soil Science Society of America, New York, New York, August 17, 1971). ^micrometers = 10"“® meters. 59 are Task II, Agricultural Crops and Task I, Forest and Related Natural Resources. M r. Mokma reports due to bad weather conditions and late arrival of digital tapes that he has no results to share. Several other abstracts of recent work on Soil Studies by remote sensing are included in the Appendix N. Rangeland Inventory George Bentley of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior is the principal investigator for the follow ing ERTS research project: Discipline: Agriculture (Rangeland) Title: Predict Ephemeral and Perennial Range Quantity and Quality During Normal Grazing Season He w ill test the usefulness of ERTS imagery for a number of resource management problems facing the BLM at four sites. These sites are: Arizona Sites: (San Simon, Mar ana) California Sites: (Coachella Valley, Sand Hills) Oregon Site: (Southeastern) AlcLska Site: (Seward Peninsula)^ ^ He is presently serving on a range analysis team with the follow ing team members: Denny Parker, Range Specialist, Lockheed ^^Delbert L. Mokma, personal letter, February 1 , 1973. ^ ^Gordon Bentley, personal letter, February 12, 1973. 60 Electronics Company (LEO); John M . Dialer, Photo Interpreter, LEO; Edwin P. Kan, Data Processing Specialist, LEO; and Roger Trejo, Geologist, LEG. The objective of this interdisciplinary team is to determine the utility of ERTS-I data for mapping several broad vegetation types in a Houston Area Test Site. Urban Analysis Steven J. Prestin, Research Assistant at the University of Minnesota, is studying the use of ERTS-I imagery to up-date and refine existing statewide land resource information systems. He says preliminary analysis suggests that with appropriate changes in opera tional definitions the existing land use classes can be further refined; also that additional detail appears most feasible in urban, forest, wetland and extractive classes. ^ ® 12 Don Pendleton, personal letter, November 28, 1972. ^^Steven J . Prestin, personal letter, February 12, 1973. CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION The development of civilization has been, is, and I believe, w ill continue to be an act of w ill. Man does not have to continue to do environmental damage to the "space ship earth." He does not have to continue, if he w ills otherwise, the fast rate of population growth. He can, if he so w ills, better use technology to help solve resource problems. He can raise the standard of living for all the people on earth. Consider these space altitude records. ^ Only twenty-nine years ago, in m id-1944, a German A-4 rocket reached an altitude of 118 miles. This broke the altitude record of .71 miles (3,762 feet) set by a three inch rocket in 1750 near London, England. On November 1, 1962, Russia’s Mars I rocket reached a peak of its solar orbit for a new record of 242,000,000 miles. The U.S. Pioneer X rocket launched March 2, 1972, passed the 1 ,000,000 mile mark on April 8, 1973, on its voyage to set a new altitude record. It w ill reach an altitude of 1,800,000,000 miles by 1980 after which it ^ Norris McWhirter, Guinness Book of World Records,(New York, New York: Bantam Books, Inc., 1973) p. 145. 61 62 will pass out of the solar system’s gravitational field. Now that we have developed the technology of such amazing space feats it is time to turn from the spectacular to th e practical. Through Congress the American people are insisting that future space probes be used to provide direct benefit for man. They are not content to continue to fund the space program merely to stay up with or ahead of the Russians. It is the tremendous potential of space sensor technology to gather data in order to better manage the natural resources of the entire world that has excited the scientific community. The NASA Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-I) is the most significant action yet taken toward realization of that potential. Almost the entire field of remote sensing is now focusing on ERTS-I. On May 14, 1973, the Sky lab Spacecraft is scheduled to be launched. The Skylab experiment w ill have in addition to the same type sensors on board ERTS-I a thermal sensor which w ill greatly expand its capabilities to monitor earth’s resources. It is also scheduled to have on board a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imaging system.2 The RBV system on board ERTS-I had to be discontinued shortly after launch due to a faulty switch ^News Article, A .P ., The Missoulian, Missoula, Montana, May 9, 1973. ^R. Bryan Erb, personal telephone conversation, October 26, 1972. 63 It has become quite evident to me during the course of preparing this paper that a cadre of the best scientists not only in our country but around the world are at work on the ERTS Project, Though ERTS-I has been circling the globe less than a year, long range plans built on knowledge gained from the entire space program have been well made. These plans have and are involving the people who must put the data gathered to work for the betterment of us all. Involvement is the key word. I think through this ERTS program, governmental agencies and private industries are devising techniques to better gather, classify, store and share all types of resouce data. The costly duplications of efforts of several public and private groups are no longer being tolei— ated. We have only begun to explore the vast capabilities of the mechanical wonder called the computer in the field of resource manage ment, (In California seven rice fields known to contain 1,221 actual acres were measured, ERTS-I and a computer came up with 1,218 acres.)'^ The Land-Use and Natural Resource Inventory of New York State^ as it is improved and adapted for use with ERTS and future programs seems to me to be a vital step in a worldwide inventory, an inventory that must be dynamic with built-in up dating provisions, an ^Soil Conservation Service, NASA Meeting on Remote Sensing, (Meeting held at Hyattsville Cartographic Unit, Hyattsville, Maryland, March 21 , 1972, Washington: Soil Conservation Service, 1973) p. 1 . ^Shelton & Hardy, op. c it. 64 inventory that can help us to measure Gross Human Welfare rather than merely the Gross National Product. It is significant that all across our country, cities, counties and states are considering and enacting land use planning actions. The Congress of the United States is debating national land use planning bills. It is considering and enacting resource ménagement recommen dations of the Public Land Law Review Commission.® Professional Societies such as the Soil Conservation Society of America are conducting National Land Use Policy Conferences. ^ Universities are conducting Land Use Planning Short Courses such as the one scheduled at the University of Montana on July 23 through August 3, 1973. They are organizing into regional consor tiums such as the Rocky Mountain Universities to better coordinate land use planning projects.® ^A Report to the President and to the Congress by the Public Land Law Review Commission, One Third of the Nation's Land, Wayne N. Aspinall, Chairman (Washington, D.C.; GPO, 1970). ^"National Land Use Policy, Objectives, Components, Imple mentations," The Proceedings of a Special Conference Sponsored by the Soil Conservation Society of America, Des Moines, Iowa, November, 1972, (Ankeny, Iowa, 1973). ®Land Use Planning Program—Progress Report, Robert F. Wam bach; Chairman, Land Use Planning Committee, University of Montana School of Forestry, Missoula, Montana, March 9, 1973. 65 The data being gathered and evaluated by ERTS project coordi nators and others w ill no doubt play a big role in the efforts of man to exert his w ill toward better land use planning and resource manage ment. SOURCES CONSULTED Books: Murdock, William W ., Environment, Resources, Pollution and Society. Stamford: Semauer Associates In c,, 1971. McWhirter, Norris, Guinness Book of World Records. New York; Bantam Books, Inc., 1973. 66 67 Government Publications: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Data Users Handbook, NASA Earth Resources Technology Satellite, Doc. 71SD4249, Riverdale, Maryland: ERTS Liaison Office, General Electric Co., 1972. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 4th Annual Earth Resources Program Review, Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, 1972. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Trip Report: USGS-EROS Facility, March 27, 1972. U.S. Department of Commerce, Geological Survey, Circular 671-A Land-Use Classification System of Use With Remote-Sensor Data, Washington, D, C.: Government Printing Office, 1972. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, NTIS Information Services, Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1972. U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey, The EROS Data Center, Washington, D. C .: Government Printing Office, 1972. 68 Magazines; Applegate, Karen, "Crop Report from 500 Miles Up," Farm Journal, August, 1972, p. 6. Jones, Stuart E. and Johnson, Jay, Forest Fire: The Devil’s Picnic," National Geographic, July, 1968, pp. 100-126. Weaver, Kenneth F ., "Remote Sensing, New Eyes to See the Old W orld," National Geographic, January, 1969, pp. 48 , 49. 69 Newspapers: The MlssouUan, (Missoula, Montana), N ^ s article: "Satellite Pictures of Montana—, ” February 18, 1973. The Sunday MissouUan, (Missoula, Montana), News article: "Sl^lab— All The Comforts of Home." May 6, 1973, Wichita Falls Record News, (Wichita Falls, Texas), News article: "New Era May Be Opened by Launch of Satellite," July 24, 1972 70 Other Works: A Report to the President and to the Congress by the Public Land Law Review Commission, One Third of the Nation’s Land, Wayne N, Aspinall, Chairman, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970. Gockowski, Jerome A ., Trip Report to William M. Johnson, Deputy Administrator for Soil Survey, Subj: USGS-EROS Facility, March 27, 1972. Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing of Agriculture Earth Resources, and Man*s Environment, West Lafayette, Indiana,: Purdue University, 1971. Lcind Use Planning Program—Progress Report, An Intercampus Memorandum from Robert F. Wam bach. Chairman Land Use Planning Committee, University of Montana, School of Forestry, Missoula, Montana, March 9, 1973, Mathews, H. L ., "Application of Multispectral Remote Sensing to Soil Survey Research in Southeastern Pennsylvania," Unpublished paper presented before DIV S-5, Soil Science Society of America, New York, New York, August 17, 1971, National Land Use Policy, Cbjectives, Components, Implementations, The Proceedings of a Special Conference Sponsored by The Soil Conservation Society of America, Des Moines, Iowa, November 27-29, 1972. Reese, Bob, Personal interview, February 20, 1973, Shelton, Ronald L and Ernest E. Hardy, "Cornell Environmental Inventory and Planning Technique," Unpublished paper presented at the 37th Annual meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry, Washington, D, C ,, 1971, "Space," The World Book Encyclopedia, 1970 Vol. XVII. 71 Personal Letters: Bently, Gordon, personal letter, February 12, 1973. Branton, C. Ivan, personal letter, January 9, 1973. Davis, James P ., personal letter, January 18, 1973. Erb, R. Bryan, personal letter, November 6, 1972. Hardy, Ernest E ., personal letter, January 17, 1973. Mokma, Delbert L . , personal letter, February 1, 1973. Pendleton, Don., personal letter, November 28, 1972. Polcyn, Fabian C ., personal letter, February 1, 1973. Prestin, Steven J ., personal letter, February 12, 1973. Von Steen, Donald H., personal letter, January 19, 1973 APPENDIX Page A. Remote Sensing Agriculture Applications 74 B. Remote Sensing Forestry Applications 82 C. Remote Sensing Range Land Applications 88 D. B ill Stockton, "New Era May Be Opened by Launch of Satellite," Wichita Falls, TexcLS, Record News, July 24, 1972, Sec. B, p. 4B. 94 E. Karen Applegate, "Crop Report from 500 Miles Up," Farm Journal, August 1972 95 F . John W. Rouse, J r. and Stephen Riter, ERTS Experiments; A Summa ry in the Disciplines of Agriculture and Forestry, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 1973. 96 G. James F . Davis, personal letter. 111 H. Donald H. Von Steen, personal letter. 112 I. C. Ivan Branton, personal letter. 113 J. Noel Larrivee, "Satellite Pictures of Montana—," MissouUan, Missoula, Montana, February 18, 1973. 114 K. Fabian C. Polcyn, personal letter. 115 L. Kenneth E. Grant, SCS and Remote Sensing, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D. C. Advisory INTRA-15, May 26, 1972. 116 72 73 M. Delbert L. Mokma, personal letter. 120 N. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Abstracts of Recent Work on Soil Studies by Remote Sensing, 1973. 122 O. Gordon Bentley, personal letter 126 p. Don Pendleton, personal letter 127 Q. Steven J . Prestin, personal letter 128 R. Ernest E. Hardy, personal letter 129 S. R. Bryan Erb, personal letter 130 T. William H. Spealman, Report of Meeting on Remote Sensing, NASA and SCS, Hyattsville, Md., March 21, 1973. 132 U, U.S. Department of Commerce, NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Weekly Abstracts, January 29, 1973. 135 V. NASA, Earth Resource Technology Satellite, Data Users Handbook, Table of Contents, November 17, 1972. 136 W. Howard Benedict, "Skylab—A ll the Comforts of Home," The Sunday MissouUan, Missoula, Montana, May 6, 1973. 139 74 Appendix A ARrlcultural Applications Estimates of annual gross benefits of remote sensing to agricul^ ture, based on value of savings and/or Improvements. N * no source of estimate available P = based on project staff Judgment H = supported by published information or from experts In the field. * = no estimate of savings or improvements attempted. The values estimated are based on anticipated savings and/or Improvements. They were established on a unit basis, and then multiplied to represent the sum of all units within the Industry World benefits, when claimed, were generally calculated on the basis of values assigned for the U.S., with the unit value of benefits reduced. 75 Source of Interested Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual World Disaster Applications mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 1. Flood control plan SCS ning ERS 2. Flood damage eval SCS uation ASCS PCIC 3. Evaluation of storm P ASCS 30 120 damages PCIC 4. Drought prediction sys- P ARS 200 600 terns 5. Air pollution control H ARS 500 1,000 6. Epidemic analysis and P&H ARS 500 1.500 mapping 7. Control of wildlife P 10 ft habitat 8. Weed control H ARS 885 2,400 9. Famine control P CGC 56 ft 10. Disease damage assess- H ARS 1,659 4.000 ment & control 11. Insect damage assess- H ARS 2,000 6.000 ment & control 12. Evaluation of damage H ARS 400 to ornamentals 13. Water pollution control N ARS » 14. Identification of peri- N ARS ft meter areas of nematode infections 15. Survey of damage from wildlife browse N ft 16. Census of non-crop weed H ARS 50 areas 17. Conservation needs in ventory H SCS « 18 . Disaster warning H 200 600 76 Source of Interested Resource Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual World Evaluation Applications mates Ag;ency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 19. Soil mapping (Ira- H SCS 863 5,000 provements) 20. Soil mapping (sav- H SCS 10 30 Ings) 21. Analysis of soil H SCS 125 375 deficiencies 22. Resource evaluation H SCS 4 23. Recreation resource ana- N ERS * « lysis and development SCS 2^. Watershed planning and H SCS control 25. Evaluation of applica tions of new technology P ERS 10 26 . Topographic studies N « « 27 . Detailed plane leveling P SCS 125 * for Intensive cropping 28 . Erosion hazard analysis H SCS 500 * 2 9. Irrigation needs Inven- P ERS 250 1 .000 tory SCS 30. Plant ecology analysis N * « 31. Detection of salinity & P ARS 100 « other special soil fea SCS tures 32 . Seasonality studies of N ARS growth rates 33. Recreation site evalu - P SCS 10 atlon 3^. Surveillance of algae H ARS 15 and aquatic weed plant growth 35. Bird cover and habitat P ARS 100 300 analysis 77 Source of Interested Resource Evaluation Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual Worl4 Applications (Cent.) mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 36. Detection of areas of P ARS 100 500 unusual plant growth 37. Water Impoundment H SCS 5 area studies 38 . Runoff and seepage H SCS 500 analysis 39. Sedimentation studies H SCS 1 40. Water quality evaluation N ARS * 41. Climatic analysis N ^ « 42. Agricultural geography N 43. Crop inventories N SRS * 44. Census applications H SRS 1 45. Drainage planning H SCS 2 46. Calculation of discharge P SCS 10 capacity of valleys 78 Source of Interested Agricultural Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual Worlj Policy Applications mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 47 . Land classification H ERS 12 40 48. Land cover mapping H 14 » 49. Tax assessment mapping H 82 « 50 . Ownership mapping (see « ft plat mapping) 51 . Nuisance mapping N ft 5 2. Compliance control H ASCS 13 ft mapping 5 3. Regional planning and H ERS 2 development 5 4 . Sequential urban agrl • P ERS 2 cultural contact anal ysis 55. Watershed development H ERS 10 studies 56. Agricultural -Soclo- H ERS 2 logical applications 57 . Rural & suburban zoning P ERS 5 58 . Rural area development H •RCDS 1 59. Land use comparison and H ERS 6 trends 60. Market needs surveys N C&MS 61. Plat mapping H 150 300 62. Population density maps N % ft 63. Adjudication N DIG K ft 64. Highway route planning P 1 ft 65. Mapping world agrlcul- P PAS ft tural land area 79 Source of Interested Agricultural Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual Worl^ Management Applications mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars)" 6 6 . Crop prediction and P SRS Inventory 67. Analysis of planting dates H ARS 6 8 . Harvest production in- H SRS formation 69. Transpiration analysis P ARS 70. Site classifications P SCS 10 71. Predetermination of H ARS 1.190 3.000 irrigation requirements 72. Control of transporta- H SCS 890 3,000 tlon of irrigation water 73. Capital needs mapping P ERS 10 ft 74. Field patterns and organ N * ft izations analysis 75. Water supply location P SCS 50 ft 76. Farm practices analysis P ERS 5 ft 77 Commercial farm field P SCS 180 500 layout 78 Tree crop area census P SRS ft ft 79 Intensive localized uses P ARS 200 ft (egg counts, livestock disease Identification, etc.) 80 Water-borne and water re-P ARS 50 lated Insect control 81 Large area landscape N planning 82 Domestic animal census SRS ft 83 Farm building layout 125 400 studies 80 Source of Interested . Agricultural Management Esti- V USDA Annual U.S. Annual Vforltf Applications (Cent.) mates Agency Benefits Benefits --- — (Millions of Dollars) 8Z(. Census of land im 50 provements 85. Location of structural materials 86 . Mechanization feasi bility studies 87. Rural road maintenance 140 500 88 . Locating disease and ARS * ■ « insect resistant species 89. Controlling spread of N ARS noxious plants 90. Prediction for pro- H SRS 375 cessing industry 91. Forecasting climatic P 100 300 changes 92. Reduction of losses from H 35 misuse of insecticides, fungicides, etc. 93. Detecting heat in stor.? N age 94. Inventory of grain N CCC storage 95. Livestock disease iden- H ARS 750 3,000 tlfication 96. Predetermination of egg N hatch-ability 97. Prevention of marketing N C&MS losses of agricultural products 98. Reduction of soil ero- H SCS 400 Sion losses from water and wind 99. Evapotranspiration con- N ARS trol 81 Source of Interested Agricultural Management Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual V’orld Applications (Cent.) mates Agency Denefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 100. Off-shore temperature measurements 101. Scheduling field crop 160 storage & processing Miscellaneous Applications In Agriculture______ 102. Rural roads— MrInten- H 15,000 ance & construction 103. Educational uses of N remote sensing 10k. Operation of World N ERS Food Budget 105. Integrated transpor- N IADS tatIon systems In developing agricultural economies 106. Recording agricultural N history 107. Planning cultural de- N velopment projects 108. Sample design P SRS 10 109. Publication uses N SCS « 110. Plant species explor- N ARS « atlon 111. Development of aquatic N ARS agriculture SCS 112. Weather prediction and N modification 11 Veterinary research— N ARS based on heat sensors 11 Selective breeding of ARS stock 82 Appendix B Forestry Applications Estimates of Annual gross benefits of remote sensing to fores try based on value of savings and/or Improvements. N « no source of estimate available. P * based on project staff Judgment, H « supported by published Information or from experts In the field. • *s no estimate of savings or Improvements attempted. The values estimated are based on anticipated savings and/or Improvements. They were established on a unit basis, and then multiplied to represent the sum of all units within the Industry, World benefits, when claimed, were generally calculated on the basis of values assigned for the U.S., with the unit value of benefits reduced. 83 Source of Interested Forestry Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual Worli Policy Applications mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollarsr 1. Assembly of hlstor- N PS leal records 2. Water pollution con- P PS,SCS 10 trol— related to for- ARS estry 3. Forest areas evaluation P PS — for purchase, exchange, etc. 4. Transportation planning N PS 5. Cadastral applications H PS 6. Evaluating soclologl- N ERS cal aspects of econ omic development 7. Wildlife management N PS,SCS 8. Watershed analysis and P PS,SCS control programs 9. Ownership mapping N PS 10. Tax mapping and evalu- H PS atlon 11. Evaluation of change P PS,ERS In land use 12. Mapping forest areas N PS 13. Compliance Investlga- H PS tlon and control Forest Resource Applications 14. Forest land use survey P PS,ERS 7 98 15. Forest soil survey H PS,SCS 98 300 16. Forest inventory H PS 9 125 84 Source of Interested Forest Resource Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual WorU Applications (Cont.) mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 17. Recreational resource N PS,ERS evaluation 18 . Forest site classlfl- H FS 10 150 cation 19. Forest mensuration N FS « 20. Forest ecology class- N PS * Ifloatlon 21. Fish habitat classl- H FS,SCS 300 flcatlon 22. Fish Inventory N FS,SCS * 23. Heat classification of P FS 20 plantation sites 24. Stream pollution anal- P FS,SCS ysls ARS 25. Snow depth measurement FS,SCS (Included In agriculture) 26. Studies of near-tundra N areas 27 . Valley discharge anal- H PS,SCS ysls 28 . River basin planning H PS,SCS « 29. Scenic area evaluation N PS,ERS * 30. Planning vegetative P PS 50 types for game production 31. Documentation of climate N FS,ARS _ * 32. Offshore temperature N FS . f t analysis 33. Mapping mineral-deflc - N FS,ARS lent & toxic areas 34. Land use Inventory H FS,ERS 39 85 Source of Interested Forest Management Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual Worlo Applications______mates Agency Benefits Benefits (M lliions of Dollars) 35. Forest cover mapping H PS,ERS 3 39 36. Site evaluation for H PS 6 ft reforestation 37. Accessibility rating P PS « ft 38. Delineation of dlsas- F PS 20 ft ter-prone areas ft 39. Topographic evaluation P PS 2 Mo. Engineering aspects— P PS « ft roads, mill sites, etc. Ml. Inventory of disease H FS 150 2,000 and Insect damage ARS M2. Control of harvest op- P PS eratlons M3. Location and design of P PS 10 100 tree windbreaks MM. Recording mist levels N PS,ARS * ft M5. Mist level as Indicator N PS * ft for spray programs ERS M6. Measurement of recrea • N PS tlonal use ERS M7. Stream flow control N PS M8. Locating desirable seed N PS sources ARS M9. Inventorying harvest of P PS,ERS specialty products CMS 50. Location of recrea N PS tional use sites ERS 51. Maximization of recrea- N PS tlonal use ERS 52. Location of major dis- N PS turbance uses, such as pipe lines 86 Source of Interested Forest Disaster Esti USDA Annual U.S. Annual World Applications mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 53. Fire detection H PS 120 54. Inventorying fire H FS 39 damaged areas 55. Studying patterns & N PS forms of fires 56. Directing fire con- N PS trol work 57 . Tracking thunderstorms PS (covered under fire de tection) 58 . Evaluation of combus- N PS tion levels (predeter mination of fire hazard) 59. Location and evalu- H PS 60 atlon of Insect damaged areas 60. Location and evalu- P PS tlon of erosion areas SCS 61. Evaluation of storm P PS 50 damage 62. Disease detection, sal- H PS 50 vage and control 63. Air pollution damage H PS 20 evaluation and control ARS 64. Location and evalu- N PS ation of wildlife browse 65. Analysis of areas of P PS 14 specialized control 66. Location and évalua- P PS 1 tlon of parasitic plants 67 . Delineation of sites H PS 28 for restocking 87 Source of Interested Forest Disaster Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual World Applications (Cont.) ' mates Ac;ency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 68 . Studying relation N FS ships between forest areas & climate 69. Detection of diseases PS and insects at crit ical points 70. Monitoring volcanic activity 71. Search & rescue oper FS ations 88 Appendix C Range Land Applications Estimates of annual gross benefits of remote sensing to range land, based on value of savings and/or improvements. N = no source of estimate available. P = based on project staff judgment. H = supported by published Information or from experts in the field, * = no estimate of savings or Improvements attempted. The values estimated are based on anticipated savings and/or lnq)rovements. They were established on a unit basis, and then multiplied to represent the sum of all units within the In dustry. World benefits, when claimed, were generally cal culated on the basis of values assigned for the U.S., with the unit value of benefits reduced. 89 Source of Interested Range Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual Wor3d Resource Applications mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 1. Range land classifi- H SCS,PS 8 40 cation 2. Area inventory H SCS,PS 25 250 ASCS 3. Locating irrigable areas H SCS 1,500 10,000 4. Running inventory H SCS,PS 4 40 of range 5. Livestock inventory H SCS,PS 130 1,000 6 . Delineating crop N SCS,PS * * production areas 7. Monitoring shifts in N ERS,PS land use SCS 8. Reconnaissance soil surveys H SCS 15 150 9. Soil classification H SCS 220 25,000 1 0 . Soil salinity analysis P SCS 10 100 11. Estimating range carry- H PS, SCS 500 5,000 ing capacity 1 2 . Analysis of soil moisture N SCS conditions 13. Compliance control H ASCS,PS 14. Providing census N SRS information 15. Providing hydrologie N PS,SCS information 16. Range resource inventory P ERS,PS 10 100 SCS 17. Conservation needs N SCS Inventory 18. Plat mapping of ranches N 19. Boundary identification P ERS 90 Source of Interested Range Resource Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual W o r W Applications (Cont.) mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars 20. Mapping global range H -- areas 21. Estimating ultimate H SCS,PS yield potential 22. Determination of trend P SCS,PS 10 100 In condition 23. Improving weather P -- 20 200 forecasting 24. Wildlife Inventory H PS,SCS 75 ft 25. Mapping areas of P SCS 10 ft mineral Imbalance 26. Mapping vegetative N -- zones 27 . Mapping cover and P PS condition 28 . Identifying areas of high N ERS response to Inputs 29. Evaluating tundra range H ' 300 30. Identifying areas of high N ARS ft oxygen consumption 31. Monitoring soil moisture N ARS,SCS utilization 32. Monitoring feedlot and N CMS marketing activities 33. Assessing plant pop- P ARS 50 ulatlon changes ^ 34. Classifying the ecology N ARS,SCS of plant populations 35. Wildlife habitat P PS,SCS 50 250 studies ASCS 36. Quantitative and quail- N SCS tatlve Improvement of water supplies 91 - Source of Interested Range Resource Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual World Applications (Cont.) mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 37. Mapping blomes Range Land Hazards 38 . Locating and mapping P ASCS 50 250 disaster areas 39. Locating and control- H ARS,PS 160 800 Ing Insect epidemics 40. Detecting diseased H , ARS 90 500 livestock 41. Locating and control- H ARS,PS 23 120 Ing plant diseases 42. Pire control N PS * * 43. ControlIng noxious P ARS 4 40 plants 44. Rodent and predator N ARS control 45. Weather modification P -- 1,000 10,000 46. Locating and monitor- N ARS « * Ing air pollution Range Management Applications 47 . Locating temporary PS,SCS 110 1,000 grazing areas 48. Selecting wintering PS,SCS 55 areas 49. Detecting loss of PS,SCS 55 crop vigor 50. Planning physical set PS,SCS 350 ting of ranch facilities 92 Source of Interested Range Management Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual World Applications (Cont.) mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars) 51. Grazing cover enhance- P SCS 300 1,500 ment 52. Overgrazing and compac- N SCS * * tion 53. Management of range P --- 50 250 stock movement 54. Integrated pasture use N * * and development pro grams 55. Determining land traf- N * • ficabllity for range use 5 6 . Stock handling and N • 500 transportation develop ment 5 7 . Assessing maintenance H 4 * needs of facilities 58 . Evaluating compatability N SCS,PS • * of stock to range 59. Locating special use P SCS,PS 10 * areas 60. Plnanclal reliability N ERS • • mapping 61. Measuring of light N ARS • * intensity (ecology) 6 2 . Wildlife research N PS,SCS • * 63. Analysis of sand (and N • * surface) movement Policy Applications 64. Land use Inventory P ERS 6 50 65. Planning P All 2 10 93 Source of Interested Range Policy Esti- USDA Annual U.S. Annual Wor]« Applications (Cent,) mates Agency Benefits Benefits (Millions of Dollars y 66. Analysis of range N FS,SCS development potential 67. Tax base mapping H « 68. Legal aspects - adjudi- N PS,DIG « cation, etc. 69. Economic classification H ERS ft 70 . Irrigation resource H SCS ft analysis— 71 . Utility planning and P REA 10 development Miscellaneous Applications 72 . Identification of ARS narcotic plants 94 Appendix New Em Bé'Upëned B y I x J { y I 5!LK STOCKTON for a critical 11 second burn to scanner will make m easun- AP Science W riter put ERTS in circular orbit. m ents in visible green and red LOMPOC, Calil. (AP) - The Since the first satellites rock and two infrared bands. U nited States EKTS Spacecraft, eted into space 15 years ago, D aring passes over the N orth nestled in the nose cone of a scientists have dream ed of or Am erican continent, data will Delta rocket, tliuiidered into biting instrum ents to m onitor be relayed directly to receiving space Sunday, opening what earth on a global scale, helping stations at Fairbanks, A laska, science hopes will be a now era m an m ore wisely m anage natu G oldstonc, Calif, and G reenbelt, in man’s survcilance of his ral resources like crops, for Md. Elsewhere, data will be planet’s dwindling natural re ests, w ater supplies and fish stored in a tape recorder. s o u r c e s . e r i e s . At G reenbelt, com puters will Hiding on a plum e n[ brilliant The sam e instrum ents, it w as convert the data to photograph orange flam e, the 107 - f o o t , 225,- realized, also could help im ic im ages which scientists have 000 poundrocket roared aloft at prove m aps, aid geology stud learned to overlay to extract as 11:06 a . m . P D T —12 m i n u t e s ies and spot pollution and land m uch information as possible late—from a launcn pad beside use changes. from a spacecraft pass. the Pacific Ocean at Van- Viewing earth from tlic dis Agriculturists hope to glean denberg Air Force fiaso here. passionate distance of space, information about Irrigation The white rocket, bellowing the experts have found, gives a and land use planning, range great clouds of sm oke, rose ^ new perspective on the planet’s m anagem ent and crop diseases. few feet fiDrn the launch pad, s u r f a c e . Geologists hope to study gla hovered m om entarily as the en 'The A pollo 9 astronauts orbit ciers and volcanoes, spot earth gines reached full thrust, then ing earth in 1969 paved the way quake fault system s and identi clim bed rapidly, .disappearing for ERTS with four cam eras fy land form ations that m ight 10 seconds later through a thick mounted on their spacecraft hide oil and m ineral deposits. o v e r c a s t 800 feet above the hatch. The cam eras took pic W ater resources experts w ant g r o u n d . tures of the ground Iflü m iles to inventory surface w ater in The original countdowi w as below using colored filters sim? lakes and rivers, m easure sno\v halted when a faulty tem pera ilar to those aboard ERTS. Sci levels, predict floods and pin ture reading was noted in the entists used the photographs to point pollution problem s. D ella rocket’s third stage. The perfect the data-handling tech L i k e w i s e , oceangraphers problem w as corrected and the niques they plan for ERTS hope ERTS will spot developing countdown resum ed. data, which is expected to be coastal pollution problem s as T h e }176 million spacecraft received for at least a year w e l l as chart shoreline was destined for a circular, f r o m the butterfly-shaped changes, warn of icebergs, lo nearly polar orbit 507 m i l e s spacecraft. cate schools of fish and nieas-, above the earth. From there, a Aboard ERTS are three tele ure ocean cuiront behavior. trio of television cam eras and a vision cam eras equipped with NASA officials reported that radiation testing device w ere to colored filters and a radiation 30 countries now have plans to begin a historic m onitoring of scanning device. The television use ERTS data and that alm ost earth’s surface. cam eras will take pictures in 300 scientists w ant to use the National Aeronautics and the blue-green, red and near-in inform ation in studies of one Space A dm inistration officials frared bands. The radiation kfnd or another. have called ERTS, short for Earth Resources Technology Satellite, the most im portant j earth satellite ever launched. i Scientists hope the spacecraft! w ill give them for the first tim e the capability to m onitor on a global scale . siit h things as crops, w ater supplies, forest and even schools of fish. They hope ERTS will find oil and m ineral deposits, bring better land use and m ap geological f e a t u r e s . Four m inutes after the fiery liftoff the D elta first stage en gines dropped off and the first stage separated and fell away. The second stage engine ignited MONDAY for a five-minute burn that MO*Ml NO Wlrlflta SFalld Srrnrh Sfrna Page 4B JU LY 34. If/1 hurled the spacecraft into a WICHITA FALLS, TEXAS sllghlly egg-shaped m rbil above the north and .south jioles. Finally at 12:03 p.m . the sec ond stage engine w as to restart 95 Aopendtx E H 't «n orbiting crop reporttr. This sat- (olMto will also record what's happening to our natural resources and pollution levels A *AU4 JOUtNAl Augu« 1ST* Crop report from 500 miles UP Aam , NASA ■ Later thh summer a big "eye" experiments conducted on the in the sky w ill photograph and Apollo 9 spacecraft that each type "seose” your farm every 18 days o f plant refiects light waves in a from 560 miles in space. The pho unique pattern," he explains. tos may become more valuable to Yield studies w ill concentrate on you than daily weather and market com, milo, alfalfa and wheat. V. I. reports on (be radio. Meyers, director o f the remote The eye is the hrst Earth sensing institute in South Dakota, Resources Technology Satellite w ill try to rate crops for yield (ERTS-A), scheduled fo r launch based on information from ERTS. ing in August by the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis "We’re trying to remove the hu tration. It w ill Carry T V cameras man error from yield predictions and sophisticated sensors that re as much as possible.’’ he explains. cord light waves reflected from One satellite study deals with earth. The satellite’s orbit w ill cover early detection of insect pests. virtually the entire world. W. G. Hart, USDA-ARS entomolo Scientists hope the pictures and gist at Weslaco, Tex., w ill start by sensing data can be used to measure studying the movement pattern of crop acreages, predict yields, spot the citrus black fly. insect and disease infestations, and D. W. Fryrear, ARS ag engineer check soil moisture conditions. at Big Springs, Tex., w ill study The project Is experimental, but ERTS pictures o f wind erosion. the satellite idea could provide You'll even be able to buy pic fast, accurate crop reports, not only tures that cover your farm, for for U S. crops but also for crops about $2, when the Interior De in other countries, That informa partment establishes a distributiori tion could help U.S. farmers make center In Sioux Falls, S.D., but acreage adjustments in producing don’t inquire yet. crops fo r world markets. So far, scientists see only two C. L. Wicgand, USDA-ARS soil problems with this year’s tests: The scientist at Weslaco, Tex., compares satellite can’t see through clouds. ERTS to the weather satellite of And the cameras cover such a wide 10 years ago. "Now the Weather field o f view— 10,000 square miles Bureau wouldn’t think o f making per frame—that it could be diffi forecasts without satellite data," he cult to draw specific information says. from small acreages. Wiegand w ill try to measure But if all goes well, sometime acreage of five crops— cotton, cit next year a second satellite will go rus, carrots, cabbage and onions— up. That one w ill be a manned for comparison with already estab Skylab with improved cameras and lished estimates. "We know from equipment. IWREN APPLEGATE 96 Appendix F ERTS EXPERIMENTS compiled by John W. Rouse, Jr. and Stephen Ritcr Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 This collection of summaries of ERTS experiments TITLE: EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF ERTS vas compiled by asking each Principal Investigator to MEASUREMENTS OF MAJOR CROPS AND prepare the entry for his own experiment. Because of SOIL ASSOCIATIONS FOR SELECTED time constraints It was not possible to obtain SITES IN THE CENTRAL UNITED STATES summaries of a ll experiments, however, we endeavoured (U N 630; MMCfOSO) to Insure that all major programs In the continental United States were Included. The summaries were then PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: grouped according to discipline and arranged in alphabetical order. The disciplines are: Dr. Marion F. Baumgardner I . AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY Laboratory for Applications I I . ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY/ECOLOGY of Remote Sensing I I I . CARTOGRAPHY/GEOGRAPHY/DEMOGRAPHY Purdue University IV. GEOLOGY W, Lafayette, Indiana 47907 V. -HYDROLOGY/WATER RESOURCES VI. INTERPRETIVE TECHNIQUES DEVELOPMENT V II. METEOROLOGY SUMMARY. The objective of this experiment V III. OCEANOGRAPHY is to evaluate the u tility of ERTS-1 IX. SENSOR TECHNOLOGY measurements for use in identifying, locating, characterizing and mapping Since many of these experiments are truly inter differences in soils and vegetation over, a disciplinary, the discipline assignment is In some wide range of clim atic, geographical, an4 cases arbitrary. The titles and names of principal ecological conditions. Six test sites were Investigators for experiments for which no summary was selected within the latitudinal range from available were grouped with their apparent discipline. 32*30’N to 48*00’N and longitudinal range from 86®10'W to 102"4U'W. Both non The list of experiments was provided by the supervised and supervised computer cla ssi National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) fication programs w ill be used in the and Included a ll approved ERTS projects as of July analysis of MSS digital data. The experi 1972. Release of this list by NASA was for informa ment is designed to test the feasibility tion purposes only'and in no way implies official and applicability of these techniques in endorsement of this- Special Issue. Since ERTS Is a (1) identification and delineation of soil dynamic program experiments were added and deleted orders, great soil groups and soil associ after the closing date for this issue. ations; (2) seasonal and geographical changes in spectral characteristics of We acknowledge the aid of the numerous principal In v e stig a to r s who prepared the summaries and who we soils and vegetation; (3) spectral char acterization of the conditions of natural think have contributed towards making this Issue a vegetation and cultivated crops under nor valuable research source. mal and stress conditions. One of the anticipated benefits of this experiment is I . AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY the development of methodology for compar ison of spectral responses from sim ilar soils and vegetative cover anywhere in the w o r ld . TITLE: WETLANDS MAPPING AND MONITORING WITH ERTS TITLE: TIMBER INVENTORY - LAND USE IN HUELUA, SPAIN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR; PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Richard R. Anderson American University Dr. Em ilio De Benito Dept, of Biology, Hurst Hall Univ. Polltecnlca De Madrid Washington, D.C. 20016 CludAd U n lv ecslta rla Madrid 3, Spain 97 TITLE : INVESTIGATION OF SEASONAL TITLE: STUDY APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA TO CHANGES IN THE RANGELANDS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THE MISSISSIPPI BOTSWANA, PARTICULARLY THE DELTA WESTERN KWENENG DISTRICT. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: R .n . BENNISON C.W. B ouchlllon AGRICUI.TURAL RESEARCH STATION PRIVATE BAG 33 M ississippi State University GABORONE, BOTSWANA. P.O. Drawer GH State College, Misa. 39762 SUMMARYt Ranching and C attle grazing have always been the mainstay of Botswana's economy. In order to Improve and develop agricultural methods. It Is necessary to build an accurate veget ation map of the country. ERTS photo graphy w ill be used In conjunction with existing gx'ound surveys and aerial TITLE: IDENTIFICATION OF PHENOLOGI- photography to achieve this, to Identify CAL STAGES AND VEGETATIVE areas suitable for development and those TYPES FOR LAND USE C L A SSIFI areas where counter measures are needed CATION IN WILDERNESS AREAS to combat erosion and degradation of the SUBJECT TO IMMINENT DEVELOP land. Particular Importance Is attached, MENT to the Western Kweneng d istrict, Central Southern Botswana, where Intensive PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: conventional studies are in progress. C. Ivan Branton Institute of Agricultural S c i e n c e s University of Alaska Palmer, Alaska 99645 SUMMARY; This experiment is planned to explore the suitability of data from sat ellite mounted sensors for use in the i- dentification of vegetative communities and the phonological stage of these asso ciations. Natural vegetation is being used as an indicator of soil conditions TITLE: PREDICT EPHEMERAL AND PERENNIAL RANGE and site lim itations. On site observa QUANTITY AND QUALITY DURING NORMAL tions plus low and medium height aerial GRAZING SEASON (MMC # 147) photography is being utilized for a de tailed study of six plots, within the test PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: area. All are located along a N-S line between the 149® and 151® W. M eridians. Mr. Gordon Bentley Detailed resource information from con Bureau of Land Management ventional photography w ill be compared to Box 723 satellite imagery and spectral patterns Riverside, California 92502 obtained from it with a color additive projector viewer. A computer program de SUW1ARY: This experiment w ill test application veloped under a cooperative project w ill of s a te llite and high flig h t imagery to several be used to develop maps from significant resource management problems confronting the spectral patterns observed using ERTS-A- Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Livestock MSS s e n s o r . I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t ERTS forage in deserts of the southwest is based upon imagery w ill facilitate classification ephemeral plants highly reactive to variable and land use planning in wilderness amounts of precipitation. A fast, effective tool for determining forage production over A1 a s k a . large complex areas is needed. Livestock graz ing perennial plants on rangelands throughout the west are being managed under sophisticated grazing formulas. A tool is needed to evaluate effects of grazing rotation. Vegetation of Alaska is virtually unmapped. A means of de TITLE: SOIL SURVEY, CROP INVENTORY, SOIL MOISTURE lineating broad classes of vegetation is needed. AND SALINITY STUDIES The composite representation of color infrared from ERTS data w ill be used to delineate vege PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: tation differences due to climate, grazing, etc. using visual techniques. Multispectral data Dr. T. De Meeater from ERTS sensors w ill be subjected to a density Lab o f S o il S cience slicing process to determine the usefulness of Agriculture University more sophisticated analysis procedures. Positive Dulvendaal 10 results of this study could greatly Improve the Wageningen. The Netherlands data gathering and analysis capability of BLM. 98 TITLE: PHENOLOGY SATELLITE EXPERIMENT R e g io n o f Nebraslca utilizing sequential MSS imagery obtained from ERTS-A. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: C haracteristic and repetitive relationships Dr. B. E. DeChler among near-surface hydrology, soils and Division of Acmospherlc Sciences vegetation within this region provide a Cornell University unique potential for the successful study Ith a ca , New York. 14550 of soil and range resources with remote SUMMARY: The general objective of this experi sensing techniques. Since eolian sand is ment Is to develop techniques fo r Id e n tify in g the primary geological material within the phenological changes and plant types on a broad 20,000 square m iles composing the Sand s c a le as an aid to y ie ld r e a liz a tio n and crop H ills, soil and vegetation patterns result management. F oliage development (Green Have) and mainly from differences in topography and veg eta tio n sen escen ce (Brown Wave) are the two hydrology and are not complicated by gross phenological stages being observed as a function lateral changes in the lithology of surface of time. The 24 primary test sites are located in four corridors: The Appalachian Mountain, sediments. Mappable areas of Typic M ississip p i V a lle y , Rocky Mountain and C o lu stia Ustipsamments, Entic H aplustolls, Aquic Valley. The natural vegetation being used as a H aplustolls, Typic Haplaquolls and asso phenological Indication In the first two corri ciated range sites often occupy several dors is oak and northern hardwoods. Prairie hundred acres to several square m iles. grassland is the indicator being utilized in the The basic hypothesis to be tested is that two w estern c o rr id o rs. ERTS-I MSS data w ill be topographic features and the phenology and used to obtain spectral signatures characterizing physiology of plants composing the vegeta the "green and brown wave". REV data w ill a lso tion w ill allow interpretation of soil be used to obtain a time-lapse picture of the advance o f the "Waves". Ground observations are areas, range sites, range condition and being taken at six to nine-day intervals along degree of forage utilization from reflec with detailed weather observations. These data tance recorded in MSS imagery from ERTS-A. w ill be used with observations from existing phe If this hypothesis is correct, it w ill nological networks in an effort to identify pheno be possible to use satellite data in man logical events and assess their usefulness as aging extensive areas of rangeland in the p red icto rs for crop and fo r e s t manages:ent proce Sand H ills Region. dures. This i s a coordinated study by members of two a g r ic u ltu r a l research com m ittees and u t i li z e s the personnel and facilities of 18 State Agricul tural Experiment Stations. TITLE: PROPOSAL TO USE ERTS DATA FOR A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF MICHIGAN RESOURCES; TASK II — EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL TITLE: AGRICULTURAL-LIVESTQCK STUDIES CROPS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Oscar Dominguez Inta-Instltuto Nacional De Dr. A. H. Elllngboe Technologia Agropecuaria P r o fe s s o r C hile 460 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Buenos Aires, Argentina Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan SUMMARY: This experiment is designed to de termine the potential usefulness of remote sen sing from satellites for estimating the agricul TITLE: EVALUATION OF ERTS-A IMAGERY IN tural resources of Michigan. The specific objec MAPPING AND .MANAGING SOIL AND RANGE tives include: 1. the verification that major RESOURCES IN THE SAND HILLS REGION agricultural crops can be identified by M. S. S. OP NEBRASKA (MCC # 0 2 0 ) techniques from satellites, 2. a determination of how much updating of signatures is required from PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: one fly-over to the next to positively identify a crop, 3. to develop, apply and test the accuracy Dr. James V. Drew of M. S. S. techniques for crops acreage estim a Department of Agronomy tion from satellites, 4. the correlation of varia University of Nebraska tions in M. S. S signatures from space with ground Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 truth data on factors thal offset yield, 5. the pro curement of information for studies of the econo SUMMARY: This study involves an interpre my of operational spaceborne crop acreage esti tation of soil mapping units and range mation application. The test area includes most condition classes within the Sand H ills of Southern Lower Michigan. Several intensive 99 study sites have been selected within this large SUMMARY : This research is concerned with devel test area. This project is cooperative between oping ground truth and image class grouping Michigan State University; The University of criteria for the definition of site-vcgetation units as a basis for natural resource inventory Michigan. Willow Run Laboratories; and the Agri and monitoring using remote sensing techniques. cultural Stablization and Conservation Service, A classification system of related ecological U. S. D. A, Extensive ground observations of the units w ill be developed on different hierarchical test areas have been made with particular refer levels consistent with natural groupings and ence to conditions that affect crop signatures. com patible w ith th e amount o f d e ta il observable and/or in ter p r e ta b le from th e imagery. Ground truth data being acquired includes vegetation characteristics, (dominence, cover, structural features), soil characteristics, and physio graphic characteristics of each distinguishable image unit. TlTLSi USK 0? ERTS-A DATA FOR FAO IBTBBRASED B2S0DRCS SUBVET (sa-9603) PEIRCIPAL IBVESTIGATOSi TITLE: WIND EROSION OF SOUS Dr. G.E. Flschnieh PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Assistant Direotoi^'^leneral Agrooulture Department MR. D. W. FRYREAR FAG, Rome, I t a ly USDA, BIG SPRING FIELD STATION P. 0. BOX 909 BIG SPRING, TEXAS 79720 SOMNASTi Various Divisions of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 6WNARY: The aerial extent and the spread of wind Bone are interested in using the immgeiy from eroded soils in the Texas Southern High Plains w ill ERTS-1 for their on-going projects or projects be evaluated using ERTS-1 data. Soil cover and %diich w i l l oome in operation during 1)73. Data soil color characteristics from ground truth data from these projects w ill provide the ground—truth w ill be related to ERTS imagery. The results w ill information for comparison. It is expected that be used to more a c cu ra tely and tim ely ev a lu a te th e the results of this experiment w ill provide an wind erosion status of the test site.' indication of the usefulness of ERT&-1 data for performing integrated resource surveys in developing countries. If the anticipated success is realised, the production of 1/ 250,000 soale resource maps of largo areas of the countries' selected w ill be possible. Such information would have a great impact on the development TITLE; IDENT. AND QUANTIFICATION OF CROPS, planning procedures in these countries. There DYNAMICS OF LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE fore, FAC proposes to assess the usefulness of CENSUS space imagery for integrated resource survey. The space imagery w ill be used to supplement PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR; existing cove raw. The test w ill be carried out by field staff Tin collaboration with the Readf- Humberto C. Garucl quarters' staff] in various projects in Sudan, Direccion Nacional De Economie Colombia and the Philippines. The fields of Y Sociologla Rural activities involved are pasture lands, location Paseo Colon 974-3 Piso-of:143 of desert locust breeding spots and tracing Buenos Aires-Argencina locust migration, and land, water and forestry resources. TITLE; EVAULATION OF THE POTENTIALS OF THE ERTS TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL SURVEY AND CROP INVENTORY AS FOLLOW-UP OF AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH A LONG-TERM AERIAL SURVEY TITLE: USE OF EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGICAL PROJECT SATELLITE (ERTS) DATA IN A NATURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ir. D. Goosen International Institute for Aerial Ernest B. Fish Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC) Watershed Management Department ENSCHEDE - The Netherlands College of Agriculture University of Arizona SUMMARY: The site for the experiment is the Tucson, Arizona 85721 Province of Badajoz, Spain. For the past 6 years the 100 IT C , In eollaborntion with the Spanish Authorities, has TITLE: INVENTORY OF FOREST AND RANGELAND AND prepared soil maps of about 1,000 sq. km within the EETECriON OF FOREST STRESS (NMC # 226) site area. Apart from the panchromatic aerial photo- g ra ^ s of 1956, new photography (panchromatic, infra red, normal- and false-color) of a selected area has PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: been used since 1970 for the. research on the correla tion between soil surface colors and gray (rcsp, color) Mr. Robert C. Heller tones on these film types. U. S. Forest Service Crop inventories Within the tcst-arca have started in Pacific Southwest Forest and Range 1971, Ejqperiment Station The objectives of the experiment are two-fold: P. 0. Box 245 a) Scientific/technical; b) educational. Berkeley, California 94701 a) The great variety in parent material of the soils gives rise to many different soil surface colors In the area. It is intended to obtain experience in the SLKMARY: As indicated in the title , there are handling of small-scale data, with the aim to design a routine In processing the imagery and tapes as a three disciplines being investigated. One is the identification of forest and land use types near useful tool in survey and crop inventory. the Atlanta, Georgia, area.. In tliis study we hope b) To incorporate EHTS images and other data in the to be able to identify changes in forest bounda soil survey course of the Institute^ in the practical fieldwork and in the advanced courses' applied research. ries and to identify 13 major land use types associated with tlie national Forest Survey, The secpnd site, in the Black llills of Scxith Dakota, is e3q>ericncing a serious pine bark beetle epi demic. Pine trees are killed singly and in blocks of IÇ to 1,000 trees; the dying trees diange from a normal green color to bright yell ex»' and offer resolution targets of varying sizes. We hope to discover whether these discolored patches can be detected from satellite altitudes. Also, we have in s t a ll e d th ree DCT's a t t h is s i t e to m onitor 80 separate biophysical phenomena. Finally, at our TITLE: DETECTION & MONITORING FOREST INSECT rangeland site near Colorado Springs, Colorado, we INFESTATIONS IN THE SIERRA NEVADA are mmitoring rangelands and identifying the type MOUNTAINS IN CALIFORNIA and productivity and also the infringements summer recreational homesites are making into the forest (MMC #027) and rangeland biome. All satellite and underflight PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: aircraft imagery w ill be examined.in five different ways: (1) by human interpretation, (2) by optical Dr. Ralph C. Hall oxnbining, (3) by microdensitometric analysis, Natural Resources Management Corporation (4) by ccnqiuter analysis, and (5) by the combina Research & Development Division tion of analog and digital processing-such as 2150 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704 SPARC. SUMMARY: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the feasib ility and develop methods of early detection and evaluation of forest insect infestations through the use of ERTS imagery. To determine the extent to which space-acquired data alone can be used to successfully detect forest insect infestations and evaluate morbitity in terms of: minimum size of detectable infestation, in acres; intensity of infestation, expressed in TITLE: AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT general classes (none, lig h t, medium or heavy); stage of infestation (incipient, active, old); PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: kind of insect & nature of damage (defoliation, bark beetle, e tc .); to determine the extent to Dr. Anwar Hossain which accuracy of detection can be improved by Planning Commission the concurrent use of high-altitude aerial Dacca, Bangladesh photography and ERTS imagery through multi-stage sampling procedures; to determine the accuracy with which different kinds of insect infestations can be differentiated from one another and from areas which have been subjected to fires or logging; to compare the effectiveness of color and color IR in detection; and to compare the effect of the season of the year on detectability. The long term objectives arc to develop space data acquisition methodology which w ill elimin TITLE: GEO-BOTANICAL SURVEYS; WOODLAND AND FOREST ate the present need for expensive, patchwork VEGETATION aerial and ground surveys; to provide a con tinuously up-date basis for operational pro PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: grams of investigation, control, and salvage; and to permit frequent evaluation of the econ Dr. John A. Howard . omic and ecological impact of existing and im University of Melbourne pending infestations as a basis for determining Parkvillc, Victoria broad research and control strategies. A u stra lia 101 TITLE: STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF TITLE: REGRESSION OF FOREST GROWING STOCK ERTS-A DATA TO: AGRICULTURE CHARACTERISTICS ON IMAGES OF AND FORJ-STRY-MISSISSIPPI SATELLITE PICTURES (MMC ><4 58 0) DELTA ALLUVIAL PLAINS REGION PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR; PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Kullervo Kuusela Dt , Frank M. I n g e l s Forest Research Institute Department of E lectrical Unioninkatu MO A Engineering 00170 Helsinki 17, Finland M ississippi State University M ississippi State, SUMMARY: The investigation is concerned M ississippi 39762 with the inventory and classification of forest growing stock. The data of first SUMMARY : This project is a study and hand interest is the correlation between evaluation of ERTS-A remote sensing capa the tonal qualities of various satellite b ilities with regards to agronomy, grass p i c t u r e s (b a n d s ). auid f o r e s t c h a r a c t e r lands, and forestry. The area to be istics measured in the field. The final studied is in the M ississippi Delta re interest is to estimate the benefit ob gion located near the Delta Branch Exper t a i n a b l e from ERTS A p i c t u r e s f o r f o r e s t iment Station at Stoneville, MS. Test inventory purposes. Test site is located plots containing at least 50 acres of in northern Finland around the point with grassland, hardwood timber, or various latitude 68°N and longitude 26 E. type crops w ill be utilized in achieving p r o p e r MSS s i g n a t u r e a n a l y s i s . T he c o u n try level ASCS w ill cooperate in obtain ing necessary ground truth data about these test plots. From this information NASA-MTF-GRL w ill construct plots showing hardwood forests; weed infested acres; crops, their type, size, and estimated yield; and any other significant outputs which can be derived from ERTS-A MSS data. The MSU research team w ill identify and locate possible intermediate and low level users of this information. Efforts w ill TITLE; DEVELOPIIENT OF A fJULTISTAGE then be directed toward deriving a format FOREST SAAIFIINQ SYSTEM USING for this information which is optimized EHTS-1 IMAGERY with respect to user interests, and ac quainting possible users with the capa PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR! b ilities of remote sended data. The re sult of the project w ill be an.objective P h i l i p G. L a n g le y evaluation made in cooperation with sample Earth Satellite Corporation users of significant applications of ERTS- 2150 Shattuck Ave. A d a t a . Berkeley, C alif. 94704 SUMMARY: The objectives of this in vesti gation are to develop (1) advanced m ulti stage sampling techniques which most fu lly use the data available from ERTS-1 imagery, (2) coordinate transforms for transferring TITLE: WHEAT: ITS WATER USE, PRODUCTION AND ownership boundaries from maps to ERTS-1 DISEASE DETECTION AND PREDICTION imagery, and (3) machine methods for ex tracting forestry related features from PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: ERTS-1 imagery that would be useful in formulating sampling probabilities for Dr. E. T. Ranemasu forest surveys. Sample ground data ob Evapotranspiration Laboratory tained from an ownership of 500,000 acres Kansas State University w ill be used in the final stage of a trial Manhattan, Kansas 66506 forest survey to deterndrie if data ex tracted from ERTS-1 imagery can be used to SUMMARY: Objectives of the Investigation are: reduce the variation inherent at the first (1) to evaluate the effect of water stress, disease stage of sampling. To accomplish th is, and leaf area on the reflectance characteristics the property boundaries w ill be annotated of wlieat, (2) to evaluate disease losses In terms on the ERTS-1 imagery to establish a of yield and water use, and (3) to predict disease severity and economic loss. Detailed ground sample frame. Sampling probabilities w ill be formulated from data extracted through measurements, which Include soil moisture, leaf the interpretation process. Estimates of area, reflectance, leaf-water potential, and total forest volume w ill be obtained using disease severity are being made on test sites In Riley, Finney, Harvey and Russell Counties. Data aerial and ground data already in hand. collection platforms are placed In commercial Tests w ill be performed to determine if wheat fields. Transmitted data are soil moisture, ERTS imagery can be used to significantly maximum and minimum tem perature, r e la tiv e hum idity, reduce the variation encountered at the hours of free moisture and reflectance. These first 'stage. Tests to determine the data are to be used to predict disease severity relative effectiveness of different inter 30 days In advance. pretation systems w ill also be performed. 102 DESERT PLANT SPECIES IDENTIFICATION BY TITLE: A STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF TITLE: ERTS-A DATA FROM THE WABASH RIVER BY SPECTRAL SIGNATURES BASIN (SR I 049) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. C harles H. Lowe Dept, of Biological Sciences Dr. David A. Landgrebe Laboratory for Applications of University of Arizona Remote Sensing Tucson, Arizona 85721 Purdue U niversity West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 SUMMARY: This interdisciplinary study is to test the applicability of automatic digital data processing techniques for identifying, classifying and mapping natural and nanmade resources in the Wabash River Basin using ERTS-A m ulti- spectral scanner data. The natural cover TITLE: RBlOTE SENSING IN IOWA AGRICULTURE type categories which are to be investi gated are: vegetative species including PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR; major crop types, forest and woodlots; soil types; and water resources. The • John P. Mahlstede crop type analysis is of interest to the Iowa A gricu ltu re Experiment S ta tio n Agricultural Stabilization and Conserva Iowa State University tion Service (ASCS) and the Statistical Asies, Iowa 50010 Reporting Service (SRS) within the U. S. Department of Agriculture and was planned in cooperation with these agencies. Forest and woodlot mapping experiments are of major interest to the Forest Service and the soil and watershed exper iments are being conducted in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) TITLE: TO ASSESS THE VALUE OF SATELLITE and the Purdue U niversity Agronomy IMAGERY IN RESOURCE INVENTORIZATION Department. Manmade structural features ON A NATIONAL SCALE (SR - 9 6 1 6 ) are to be studied in an urban land use analysis of Marion County (Indianapolis), PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Indiana in cooperation with planning and Dr 0.6. Malan zoning and m etropolitan development National Physical Research Laboratory agencies for that county. Council for Scientific and Industrial The test site area encompasses 33,100 R e s e a r c h square m iles of the Wabash River Basin P.O. Box 395 from which subsites w ill be selected for Pretoria, Republic of South Africa detailed analysis. Digital pattern recog nition techniques using both the spectral SUMMARY: This m ultidisciplinary experiment and temporal measurements made available involves also the Soil and Irrigation by the repetitive coverage of the ERTS Research Institute and Botanical Research m ultispectral scanner w ill be utilized in Institute of the Department of Agricult the analysis. ural Technical Services, Geological Survey of the Department of Mines as well as the Department of Planning in coopera tion with several university departments of Geography and Regional Planning. The investigation w ill involve visual interpretation with ground control of single and multiband ERTS-1 MSS and RBV imagery which w ill be supplemented by simultaneous high-level colour infrared and conventional aerial photography of selected sites. ERTS-1 imagery w ill be critically correlated with the results of completed detailed and general surveys within the primary test sites: Central Transvaal, Northern Natal, Northern Free State and Western Cape Province. TITLE: EVALUATION OF REMOTE SENSING AS A MANAGEMENT By extrapolation of the results ob TOOL IN CONTROLLING PINK BOLLWORM IN COTTON tained within these areas to relatively unexplored areas, it is hoped that PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: synoptic national coverage by ERTS-1 imagery w ill contribute significantly Dr. Lowell N. Lewis towards the revision, completion and Citrus Research Center acceleration of national soils, plant Agricultural Experiment Station ecological, agricultural land capability, University of California geological and land use surveys at scales Riverside, California 92502 of 1 ; 250 000 and smaller. 103 TITLE: SURVEYING NATURAL AND CULTURAL with long histories of operation and ex RESOURCES tensive current programs, or are current remote sensing sites. Multi-stage data PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: are being collected, from ground truth, Dr. Fernando de Mcndonca progressing through low, intermediate and Institute de Pesquisas Espaciais- high altitude aerial coverage to satel INPE lite imagery. Direct image analysis tech Caixa Postal 515 - Sao José dos niques, including level slicing and en Campos Sâo Paulo- B r a z il hancement methods, have been developed to accomodate the vast amount of data avail SUMMARY: An area of about 1,000,000 km^ able. The objective of this study is to w ill be covered with ERTS sensors (4 MSS develop the base system for specific channels and 3 RBV channels) that w ill research directly related to realization p ro vid e images (P re c is io n and Bulk) and of operational satellite remote sensing magnetic tapes. The area comprises the of the specified earth resources in the State of Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Paranâ, Great Plains. E s p îr ito Santo and Rio de J a n e iro and ex hibits a big variation of soil types, plant coverage, agricultural practices and c o n d itio n s and c lim a te . The area is of paramount importance to the economy of the country. The purpose of the in vestigation w ill be to study the viabil ity of scientific uses and economical substitution of the conventional methods o f surveying n a tu ra l and c u ltu r a l r e sources by satellite data. Six repeti tive coverages were required to make possible the estimation of the dynamic changes in the ground features through out a year of experiment. Recent aero- photogrammetric survey carried out by B r a z ilia n Agencies and INPE a ir c r a f t TITLE: USE OF ERTS DATA FOR A MULTI equipped with several sensors w ill be used as support of the orbit data. Visu DISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF MICHIGAN al and automatic photointerpretation RESOURCES; TASK I -- EVALUATION studies w ill be carried out, establish OF FORESTS AND REI.ATED NATURAL ing keys for development of an improved RESOURCES automatic data processing system. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Wayne L. Myers Assistant Professor Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan TITLE: EFFECTIVE USE OF ERTS MULTISENSOR SUMMARY: The purpose of this project is to DATA IN THE GREAT PLAINS assess the potential for application of ERTS data (MMC#119) in management of Michigan's forests and related natural resources. This is a three-part program. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: The objective in the first phase is to assess the Victor I. Myers utility of manually interpreted satellite imagery D ire c to r , Remote Sensing In s t itu t e South Dakota State University in hardcopy form for evaluating gross character Brookings, South Dakota 57006 istics of natural resources and large scale stresses such as the red-humped oakworm out SUMMARY: The'purpose of this scientific break on the Manistee National Forest. The experimen t i s to. investigate data from objective in the second phase is to conduct a test ERTS sensors i n order to develop capabil- of automated type recognition, cover mapping, ities for an o perational system, using and area computation. The best satellite data s a t e l l i t e sens or data, in the assessment for Lower Michigan will be processed on the and management of earth resources in the Northern Great Plains. Rangeland, crops, digital and/or analog computer facilities at W il s o ils and p a tt cm recognition will be low Run Laboratories. The features under study studied with s pecific emphasis on season- in this second phase will be much smaller than al di fTerences which occur in a progress - those in the first phase, so the effects of limited ive manner re ated l to latitude. Repeti- resolution will become much more obvious. The t i ve s a t e llit e imagery w ill afford the final phase is dependent on the productivity of the opportunity to record the time discrim- first two phases. Assuming tliat the above inves inan t pa rame to rs influenced by growth stages and hen ce to assess the in flu e n c e tigations produce reasonable success in evaluating of maturity an d other plant conditions, the composition and condition of more or less Eight primary test sites are being studi- extensive forest stands, the application of ERTS ed. These areeither experiment stations data to urban forestry will be explored. 104 TITLE: A STUDY TO EXPLORE THE USE OF ORBITAL REMOTE DISCIPLINE: AGRICULTURE SENSING TO DETERMINE NATIVE ARID PLANT DISTRIBUTION TITLE: TESTING THE FEASIBILITY OF DETECTING PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: POTENTIAL LOCUST BREEDING SITES (MMC 032) William G. McClnnlea PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona Mr. D. E. Ped g ley 1201 E. Speedway Centre for Overseas Pest Research Tucson, Arizona 85721 College House, Wrights Lane London W8 SSJ, England SUMMARY: Sites for breeding by the Desert Locust are determined by (a) the occurrence of rains sufficient to wet desert soils to a depth of at least 10 cm so that moisture absorbtlon by eggs laid In the soil can lead to successful Incubation; and (b) the subsequent growth of vegetation sufficient to be used as food and shelter by both parents and newly-hatched nymphs. Current methods of ground and aerial survey for breed ing sites are Incomplete and expensive. An alterna tiv e method w i l l be te s te d u sin g ERTS-1 to lo c a te areas In the desert of south-western Saudi Arabia that have been recently wetted by rain or where vegetation has becoTC greener. Changes In colour and albedo w ill TITLE: ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ERTS DATA FOR be compared with changes In soil moisture and SOUTHEAST ASIAN AGRICULTURE vegetation routinely monitored at a set of 50 sampling points by a survey team operated Jointly with the PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Locust Research Station of the Saudi Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources. If detection Is Prof. J. Arthur McNair proved feasible, then an operational earth resources H ollister Hall satellite would greatly aid routine surveying and Cornell University forecasting, thereby allowing the limited number of Ithaca, New York 14830 conventional survey and control teams to be more effectively deployed, particularly during periods of plague upsurge. TITLE: INVESTIGATIONS USING DATA FROM ERTS-A PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: TITLE: OBSERVATIONS OF PLANT GROWTH AND ANNUAL Prof. P.R. Pisharoty FLOODING IN THE INLAND DELTA OF THE NIGER Indian Space Research RIVER, W. AFRICA Organization C/0 Physical Research PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: L a b o r a to r y Ahmedabad-9, India D r. Norman H. Macleod American University SUMMARY: This experiment is con Mass. & Neb. Aves.,N.W. c e r n e d w it h th e u s e o f ERTS p i c t u r e s o v e r Washington, D.C. the area 8*N to 30°N, 65"E to 8S"E and 0"*1S*N to 42*E to 5S*E. Pictures w ill be analyzed with sophisticated equipments like microdensitometer, optical mixers, IBM 360/44 computer etc for use in the fields of Agriculture, Forestry, Ocean ography, Hydrology, Cartography 6 Geology. The Principal Investigator has drawn Co investigators from various Government Institutions in India dealing with the TITLE: DETECTION OF PLANT DISEASES AND NUTRIENT above disciplines. These Institutions DEFICIENCIES; SOIL TYPES ; AND MOISTURE normally collect ground observations on a routine basis in their respective PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: fields. The main objective of the stud ies of the pictures w ill be to gather as D r. W.L. Parks much information as possible about crops, Agronomy D ept. water and mineral resources and their University of Tenn. changes with the time. To a lim ited ex Knoxville, Tenn. 37916 tent, special ground and aircraft obser vations w ill be made for the determina tion of around truth. 105 TITLE; AGRICULTURE/GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOCY/SOIt T IT L E : INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF NATURAL SURVEY lAND USE - THEMATIC MAPPING VEGETATION AND RELATED RESOURCES IN AN LAND FORM ANALYSIS IN SPAIN ARID ENVIRONMENT (MMC# 311) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Carlos Roquero Barry J. Schrumpf F.scuela Tecnlca Superior Rangeland Resources Program De Ingenleros Agroncoos Oregon State University U niv. P o llte c h n lc a De Madrid C orvallis, Oregon 97331 Madrid, Spain SUMMARY: I n c o r p o r a tio n o f ERTS -1 d a ta I n t o vegetation Inventory procedures w ill be investigated. Kinds and amounts of vegetations representing shrub-, grass-, and woodlands of southern Arizona w ill be determined through a m ultistage sampling technique u tiliz in g ERTS Imagery at the firs t stage. Studies of relationships of vegetation distributions to geomorphic characteristics of the landscape, and of plant phenological patterns to vegetation identification on sa te llite Imagery are expected to contribute to ERTS data Interpretation. Comparison w ill be made of the fa c ility with which landform identifications can be made using low sun angle monoscop Ic versus high sun angle stereoscopic techniques. Apparent spectral TITLE: MONITORING VERNAL ADVANCEMENT AND signatures of some vegetation types w ill be RETROGRADATION (GREEN WAVE EFFECT) determined from digital MSS data. Collaboration OF NATURAL VEGETATION IN GREAT Is planned w ith personnel from the Arizona PLAINS CORRIDOR (MMC # 6 6 7 ) Regional Ecological Test Site; Forestry Remote Sensing Lab, U.C., Berkeley; and the PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Environmental Remote Sensing Applications Lab, O.S.U., C orvallis, Oregon. Dr. J.W. Rouse, Jr. Remote Sensing Center Texas A5M U niversity College Station, Texas 77843 SUMMARY: This experiment is concerned with the phenological parameters of the TITLE: METHODS OF UTILIZING MULTISPECTRAL Mixed Prairie region of the central U.S.-> SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR WILDLAND RESOURCES extending from south Texas through North EVALUATION IN THE GREAT BASIN. Dakota. Natural vegetation systems, pri marily rangeland species are being used PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: as phenological indicators. Eight pri mary and two secondary test sites are Dr. Paul T. Tueller employed; at least one site in each of Renewable Resources Center six adjacent states forming the north- U niversity of Nevada Reno south Great Plains Corridor. The vernal Reno, Nevada 89502 advancement and rétrogradation (green wave effect) of natural vegetation is SUMMARY: The principal objective is to investi being charted as a function of time us gate the usefulness of MSS and RBV imagery from ing both ground observations, including the ERTS s a te llite as supplementary tools for the biomass sampling, and spectral signatures management of renewable natural resources in the from the ERTS-A MSS sensor. Detailed Great Basin. A key w ill be developed to broad records of weather conditions at each natural vegetation units within the Great Basin site are also being acquired. A comput and these units w ill be related to soil order er program has been developed to locate and landform. Spectral reflectance on RBV and the test site data within the total MSS MSS imagery w ill be compared to vegetation data frame, to compute the mean and co maturation over large land areas for a complete variances of the test site data by se growing season. This w ill hopeful Iy_give an lected subareas of the site, and to plot indication of dynamic events affecting manage the "green wave" characteristics from ment such as range readiness, fire fuel e sti the MSS data. The analysis w ill employ mates or phreatophyte a ctivity along stream MSS images and digitized records. The channels. A map of natural vegetation in results are expected to be directly ap Nevada w ill be composed for use by resource plicable to rangeland management in the managers. Sp#cific bands, dates and color Great Plains, and to provide information enhancements w ill be evaluated to determine relevant to crop management decisions, Optimum combinations for feature recogni such as optimum planting periods. tion and mapping. 106 TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILITY OF ERTS DATA ned to be completed in the coffee regions IN PLANNING AND INVESTIGATION OF WATER of the States of Parana, Sao Paulo, Minas resource DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE Gerais and Espirito Santo which total ap LOWER MEKONG BASIN (KHMER REPUBLIC, proximately 620,000 square kilom eters and LAOS, THAILAND AND REPUBLIC OF VIET represent about 95% of the Brasilian cof NAM). fee production. The experiment is broken into two phases: a preliminary phase and PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: an application phase. The first w ill in volve the estimation of the viability of Mr. W.J. van der Oord coffee identification, with distinctions Executive Agent in vegetal growth, planting systems, and Mekong Committee the determination of the appropriate spec c /o ECAFE tral band/s for the proposed inventory , Ban gk o k , Tha il a n d and well as the establishment of the most suitable time during the season for the SUMMARY : The primary purpose of the inves most distinct coffee images, by analysis tigation is to assess the extent to which and comparison with images from the d if data from earth resources satellites can be ferent sensors. This phase w ill be execut used to compile timely and accurate agricul ed in a test area contained between the tural statistics for the planning of water parallels 22°00' and 2)000'S and longitü resources development projects in the Mekong de SlOQO' and 52°00'W est. If positive re basin. The imagery obtained will also be suits are partially or fully obtainedfdur processed, where appropriate, for mapping of ing the preliminary phase, an application areas inundated by overbemk flooding of the phase w ill be Initiated in the form of a Mekong and its tributaries, land use inven survey using the satellite imagery, in tories in potential reservoir sites, and the coffee regions mentioned above. Cor - supplementing daily station reports for flood relations w ill also be completed between forecasting. No special, sophisticated data the fiéld conditions, the orbital images handling is envisioned. Positive prints, and the coffee inventories in the regions e n la rg e d AX-^X in p r o j e c t i o n w i l l be e v a lu concerned completed using aerial photogra ated, cross-checked and studied for key sig phs of the scale 1:60,000 taken in 1965 natures. A series of ground truth sites and the scale 1:25,000 taken in 1971 and has been established at the Mekong Committee 1972. This experiment w ill receive tech experimental farms - five locations in the nical assistance from the Food and Agri basin - which w ill radio coded data, as re culture Organization of UN. quired, and at the extensive system of hydro logie and meteorological Network stations, which report daily to the Secretariat by radio. Once key signatures are identified, an experimental computer analysis and colour overlay study will be made. It is antici pated that the scale and level of detail of ERTS imagery, together with the full and repetative coverage of the entire area of interest, w ill provide the Mekong Committee with critical planning data that can be obtained otherwise only at far greater TITLE: CRCff inEMTIFICATION M) ACREAGE MEASURENEOT expense, and in some areas not at all under UTILIZING ERTS-1 IMAGERY existing circumstances. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Donald H. Vcwi Steen Statistical Reporting Service Ü. S. Department of Agriculture W ashington, D. C. 20250 TITLE: COFFEE INVENTORY. DEVELOPMENT OF SlfMARY: Tlie objectives of this investigation are INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES. to develop techniques of crop specie identification PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR; and acreage measurement utilizing space imagery. Three sources of infomaCion w ill be used, satel Marcos Henrique V elloso l i t e , a ir c r a f t, and ground. The ground data w i ll come fnan a probability sample of the study areas M inistry of Industry and Commerce, in Missouri, South Dakota, Kansas, and Idaho. The Brasilian Coffee Instltute-GERCA, aircraft data w ill come from two randomly selected Service of Photointerpretation, flight lines in each study area. Each source of Rua Miguel Pereira,55, Humaita, 20000 Rio de Janeiro - GB information could tlteoretically provide an unbiased B r a s i l . estimate of tlie crop acreage for each study area. It is assuned and critical that the satellite and . aircraft imagery provide enough resolution to be SUMMARY: This experiment is designed to able to identify all areas within the primary sam test the viability of the interpretation pling unit. The first major effort w ill be to of orbital images for studying the dyna compare the results from the three data sources. mic aspects of coffee production such as The second major effort w ill be to evaluate alter the variations in planted areas, variat native ways of using this information in a multi ions in production and use of modern te stage sample design. The other approach is to use chniques of planting using repeated short concepts of multiple frame sampling. In this ap term inventories. The experiment is desig proach, we would attesft to combine all three 107 sources o f data where the ground data w u ld always TITLE; TIMBER RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM (TRIS) be complete; satellite data could be cmiylete or IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (SR 229) incomplete (cloudy or p a rtly cloudy) and the a ir craft could be either coaylete or partially com PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: plete. Thus an estimate of the study areas w ill be available regardless of the cloud conditions. The Arthur M. Moll three information sources in e ith e r m ultiple frame Bureau of Indian Affaire or multistage sampling, together with related costs W ashington, D. C. 20242 w ill point to the most efficient way to use the data. Hopefully, an optimal combination of all SUMMARY: Bureau of Indian A ffairs, Bureau of Land sources w ill show a marked improvement over any Management, and State of Washington propose to use one source fo r making crop acreage estimates. aircraft imagery and subsequent satellite imagery from ERTS-A to evaluate remote sensing as an infor mation tool in the high quality forest of the Pacific Northwest. Change detection will be very important in monitoring the effects of management on the forest. Cultural developments w ill be monitored as to the effects on the environment. In the area of protection, a warning system w ill be developed for environmental stress and hazard conditions. Preservation, where practiced, will reveal ecological considerations. This proposal w ill give Che land manager broad delineation of the vegetative resources by ERTS-A imagery. The operational demonstration is to show TITLE: USE OF ERTS DATA FOR A MULTI the utility of these delineations for cost effec DISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF MICHIGAN tive inventory sampling schemes, defining data RESOURCES; TASK III--EVALUATION needs, and developing the resource data into timely OF SOILS. SOIL CONDITIONS AND and meaningful Information for the land manager's d e c is io n s . LANDFORMS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. E. P. Whiteside Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan SUMMARY: The objectives of this subproject are TITLE: REFLECTANCE OF VEGETATION, SOIL, AND to develop and apply techniques for using remote WATER (AG #339) sensor information as a complementary method to aerial photography and field observations for iden PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: tifyin g and mapping soils and land form s and for relating soil conditions and land forms to land use Dr. Craig L. Wiegand and potential land uses. USDA - Agric. Res. Ser. P. 0 . Box 267 Basic soils information is needed for site Weslaco, Texas 78596 selections and management decisions having to do with regional and local planning in rural, suburban SUMMARY : Emphasis is on developing an operational and urban areas. Soil and landform maps of vary system of ERTS data analysis suited to the needs ing degree of detail, from current medium inten of the USDA. Objectives deal with discriminating sity (4" = 1 mile) to reconnaisance surveys (. 04" = among various crop and soil conditions, their 1 mile) of two test sites representative*of m orai- temporal analysis, and acreage estimates. Scien tific objectives compare ERTS data-indicated leaf nal and outwash areas of major soil associations area indices with analytical model estimates, and in terminal and interlobate moraine areas in determination of whether or not chlorophyll concen southern Michigan will be compared with ERTS-A, tration differences in grain sorghum can be RB 57, and C 46 remote sensor imagery at two or detected from orbiting satellites. Hidalgo County three different times of the year. Results of has been selected as a test site. Ground truth- studies on these test sites will be applied to pro ing is done on 200 160-acre sample sites to obtain duction of gene: al soil and landform maps of county estimates with which to compare ERTS estimates and to supply training fields. MSS representative areas within one or two ERTS digital tapes are the main data source. The maxi fram es. mum likelihood ratio is the primary pattern Improvements in the accuracy of soil maps recognition algorithm employed. or in the economy of obtaining this information Since LAI is a well-known indicator of plant would be immediately applicable to environmen maturity and vigor, inferences about the health tal maintenance or improvement in suburban and and probable yield of crops should be possible rural areas. In conjunction with Task I, Forest from satellite-acquired data. The expertise and Related Natural Resources and Task II, gained in data handling and analysis should Agricultural Crops, the data from Task III may result in progress toward operational systems for beneficial use of spectral data in agricul be useful in Regional Land Use Planning and tural applications. Land Evaluations. 108 T m £ : IVMTO USE, SOIL MAPPIMS, SOID-BEDRDCK This experiment *iH be executed In close coo REIATICNSHIPS, EROSION, DRAINAGE, peration with the ZDA (Zuyderxec Development SALINITY Lr4ITATICNS, fOREST DENSm A u th o rity , Kampon, Tho N e th e rla n d s), l o r o b ta i- AND OOMPOSmCN. ning groundtruth, the ITC (International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences, Enschede, The Netherlands), and LARS (Labora PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: tory for Agricultural Remote Sensing, Purdue, Prof. N.J. Yassoglou USA), for the processing of the required RBV Athens Faculty of Agriculture pictures and MSS iaiages'. Botanioos Athens, Greece and NHC/Denocrltus, Athens, Greece. SUMMARY: This ejç)eriitent is ccxicemed with the land use patterns of tlie rural areas of Greece, I I . ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY/ECOLOGY the study of the major soil units of the country in terms of their relationships to parent rock, geomorphology and their lim itations such as salinity, erosion and drainage. Estimates of forest cover, composition and density of certain TITLE: ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC ENVIRON stands are also made. MENTAL ANALYSES UTILIZING Existing and new detailed grovnd truth data are ERTS-I IMAGERY conpared with MSS images and ocnputer processed data to develop feature recognition patterns for PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: the studied land forms. ' Ihe techniques vhich w ill be developed and the obtained information w ill be Dr. D. M. Anderson eiq>loited for more detailed stu^ of the rural Chief, Earth Sciences Branch resources of the country. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 SUMMARY: This investigation is designed to achieve five objectives: a. analyze and map the sediment deposition in harbors, inlets, and docking facilities in Cook Inlet: b. map the perm afrost areas of Alaska as inferred by vege tative patterns and other indicators; c. compare A STUDY, OF WHEAT IN THE ATLANTIC tonal and textural perm afrost patterns visible TEMPERATE ZONE (PHENOLOGY, VIGOR, PESTS AND DISEASES, AND YIELD; on ERTS imagery with that of M ariners 6, 7 and COMPARISON WITH DATA FROM INDIANA, 9# d, correlate snow cover with stream runoff USA (MMC f 569-01) on the Caribou-Poker Creek W atershed; e. map and inventory stream icings in the Chena River drainage basin. Cook Inlet is the principal test site for the oceanographic portion of the investi PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: gation; a north-south transect between 144 * and 154* W. longitudes contains the principal test Dr. J.C. Zadoks, Laboratory of Phytopathology, sites for the perm afrost and hydrology portions. Agricultural University, Ocean current and suspended sediment m easure Wageningon, Tho Netherlands ments, thaw depths, stream runoff, snow depths, air temperature, precipitation, wind speed and vegetation inventories are the principal ground truth measurements being taken. Repetitive SUMMARY: The main objective of this experiment under flight photography of selected areas will is a feasibility study to identify wheat grown be taken to supplement the ERTS-1 RBV and under temperate atlantic conditions. The cor r e c t id e n t if i c a t i o n w ill be in flu e n c e d by many MSS imagery. Selected scenes will be subjcded agronomical variables, like: physiologic to image enhancement techniques as required. growth stage, cultivar, leaf area index, pests Data on snow field coverage, drainage system s and diseases, etc. Locating and identifying and hydrologie~runofI m easurem ents will be outbreaks of pests and diseases, identifying useful in developing snow cover-runoff rela contamination by weeds and identifying self- tionships for interior Alaska. The data on sown volunteer wheat in the crop-free period sedimentation patterns, ocean currents, sites will form part of a secondary feasibility stu dy. The whole experiment is situated in the of erosion and deposition, and nearshore new Zuyder7.ee polders area with the experimen hydrography will be useful in the im prove tal farm and tho agricultural development area ment of navigable waters, harbor construc of the Zuyderzee Development Authority as the tion, slltation problems, and in the develop:- central test site area. The anticipated results ment of coastal areas around Cook Inlet. Data are: a statistical measure for radiation cha on vegetative-perm afrost relationships and racteristics of wheat, an assessment of the perm afrost distribution will be applied in the variability of this spectral signature accor ding to tho influencing agronomical variables planning for land use where natural resources and an assessment of the feasibility to find are being utilized and industrial and trans and locate early foci of pests and diseases. portation systems developed. 109 TITLE: MONITORING WETLANDS AND SHALLOW WATER The ERTS m u l t i - s p e c t r a l im a g e r y w i l l b e ECOLOGY ON ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN used in conjunction with ground level air quality measurements to assess the PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: factors (1) to (8) above, which should be of significant influence to show as Dr. Richard R. Anderson m ulti-spectral changes in 100 mile square Department of Biology ERTS im a g e f o r m a t s . The American University W ashington, D. C. 20016 SUMMARY: ERTS-1 MSS and RBV d a ta a re b ein g analyzed to determine usefulness for delineating several ecological parameters in wetlands and shallow waters. Included are the following: (I) delineation and mapping of wetlands plant communities with large aerial coverage and establishment of the boundaries of the wetlands ecosystem using sentlnal plant species and physi cal characteristics such as soil moisture; (2) evaluation and classification of wetlands, using TITLE: A STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF ERTS- vegctatlonal parameters, to provide inventories A IMAGERY FOR NATURAL RESOURCES and establish management priorities including INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES maintenance and preservation of wild life populations; (3) monitoring of wetlands on a PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: regular basis for detection of man-made or natural Mr. Fernando S. Busuego, Jr. successional changes which may result in re D irector, Bureau of Mines ductions in primary productivity; (4) delineation Manila, The Philippines of shallow water areas and estimation of d istri bution of submerged vegetation. Three primary SUMMARY: The project aims to develop the test sites in Maryland, North Carolina and institutional framework through which South Carolina are employed. In-situ spectral interagency coordination, processing analy reflectance characteristics of plant species, sis, storage, .and end uses of earth re mud flats, shallow waters, etc., are being sources survey data can be effectively collected. A computer program has been developed mobilized consistent with the interdiscip to analyze these data. Results are expected to linary and multiagency nature of earth provide rapid, region wide methods for analysis resources survey technology. Application of wetlands ecology. of ERTS-A imagery w ill be tested on the following: tectonic (geologic structural) studies, preparation of photo maps, im provement of base maps, land utilization and coastal and near shore marine studies. ERTS-A imagery using color composite transparencies and single band spectral images w ill be studied both megascopically and in detail under as much magnification as practical. Linear features such as faults and folds, alignment of volcanoes, delineation and structure of major rock TITLE; STUDY OF THE CAPABILITY OP types w ill be studies, assessed and plot USING ERTS IMAGERY FOR AIR ted on the base map prepared from ERTS POLLUTION INVESTIGATIONS imagery. Attempts w ill be made to delin eate urban areas, cultivated areas, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: forested areas and the information w ill be compared with the existing information. Dr. A. R. Barringer Barringer Research Limited 304 Carlingview Drive Rexdale, Ontario, Canada SUMMARY: The objective of the in vesti gation is to evaluate the usefulness of the ERTS-A imagery for air pollution observations in Southern Ontario, Canada. Attempts w ill be made to detect regional trends in air pollution levels resulting from inter-related non-linear complex TITLE: INVEST. COASTAL POLLUTION AND EVALUATE functions such as (1) population growth SATELLITE SYSTEM AS ENVIRONMENTAL (2) industrial activity (3) energy MANAG OIENT TOOL generation (4) rural and urban population distributions (5) sliape and size of PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: metropolitan complexes (6) social and economic change patterns (7) prevailing Richard J. Callaway major meteorological conditions (8) intro Pacific NU Water Laboratory duction of regional and local air pollu Corvallis, Oregon 97330 tion legislation. 110 TITLE: REMOTE SENSING OF RECLAMATION PROJECTS TITLE: CORRELATION OF SATELLITE AND GROUND DATA FROM SATELLITES (SR 208) IN AIR POLLUTION STUDIES PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: L arry D. C ast D r.’E. C. Copeland Bureau of Reclamation Old Dominion University Denver Federal Center Research Foundation Denver, Colorado 80225 Dept, of Geophysical Sciences Norfolk, Va. 23508 SUMMARY: Imagery usage w ill be directed toward the Investigations of proposed projects and the monitoring of completed projects which are located In north-central Colorado. Three primary fields of Interest have been selected: Operation and maintenance—Monitoring existing reservoirs and distribution systems for seepage, TITLE: DETERMINE THE BOUNDARIES OF A/C AND S/C algae growth and pollutants In reservoirs, and DATA WITHIN WHICH USEFUL WATER QUALITY deposits and Influx of silt In reservoirs. INFO CAN BE EXTRACTED Geologic Investigations—Location of geologic con PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: tacts, faults, structures and possible geothermal a c t i v i t y . W.C. Coulbourn Grumman Ecosystem s C o rp o ratio n Agriculture—Soil mapping, determination of high Bethpage, New York 11714 ground water, location of zones of soil salinity, and land uses. TITLE; ASSESSMENT AND ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSES FOR HEALTH ACTIONS IN AREA OF CALI, COLOMBIA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: TITLE: ERTS STUDY OF EUTROPHICATION OF INLAND LAKES Or. R.G. Delgado Health Division PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR; Universidad Del Valle-Cuip APDO 7169 Phillip E. Chase C ali, Columbia Bendix Aerospace Systems Division Bendix Corporation Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 SUMMARY: This experiment is concerned with the feasibility of ERTS as a broad survey monitor TITLE ; ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF EHTS-A of the state of eutrophication of inland lakes. The IMAGERY prim ary indicator is the coior of the water. The PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: presence of green or blue-green algal blooms is one coior indicator. Other indications are blue Dr. H.R. DeSeim (black in the imagery), green and brown lakes. Graduate Program in Ecology The lake color will be recorded by surface obser hoQ 10th S t. vation (Forel color classification), aircraft color Hie Itoiverslty of Tennessee photography and MSS irhagery and by ERTS MSS Knoxville, Tennessee 37916 and RBV imagery. Chemical measurements will 61BMAKY: This research w ill locate major and be made of the test lakes in Oakland County, minor vegetatlon-ecosystem interfaces and monitor Michigan to relate color and algal blooms to water changes in ecosystem character in rough landscape quality and enrichment. Correlation of chemical of the Southern i^palachlan Mountains of eastern and biological indicators to water color will be Tennessee and western North Carolina. The study performed as well as recording the frequency and transect extends from the Great Smoky Mountains intensity of algal blooms. Lakes varying in size across the Great Valley to the Cumberland Moun from fifty acres to 1100 acres will be used to de tains. cyclic phenomena being monitored .are term ine minimum lake size for broad survey 1) winter leaf chlorosis in evergreen trees and shrubs, and 2) location and phenologic develop- monitoring. Computer processing and statistical Bient o f n e a r ly pure stands o f Appalachian hard analysis techniques will be employed using the wood vegetation such as tulip tree. Catastrophic Computer Compatible Tapes (CCT). The results changes in high elevation forests due to the are expected to be directly applicable to initial death of fir and mapping of interfaces of known categorization and subsequent alert of lakes ecosystem s p r e se n tly mapped a t s c a le s from undergoing cultural eutrophication. 1 :633,600 to 1:3600 are to be accom plished. Ground truth, underflights, and scanning of imagery by J3icro^nsitom eter facilitate comparisons. 111 Appendix G UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND CONSERVATION SERVICE Program Performance Division Aerial Photography Branch 17 50 South Redwood Rd., Rm. 133 Salt Lake City, Utah 84104 January 18, 1973 Mr. E. Wayne Chapman University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Mr. Chapman: Thank you for your letter of December 22, 1972. We were involved only with the Corn Blight Watch Experiment which was reported by Mr. J. W. Clifton in Volume 5 of the fourth Annual Earth Resources Program Review. The conclusions as reported by Mr. Clifton in the above mentioned report express guite well what we have drawn from our involvement in the experiment. Specifically, the experiment demonstrated that crops and stress produced by disease could be identified by .remote sensing techniques. NASA programs or experiments are required by law to be of experimental nature. We feel that in conjunction with NASA, procedures could be perfected to identify crops; detect disease and insect infestation; déterminé crop acreage and other related activities. Remote sensing is still very much in the experimental stage and, therefore, is not incorporated in any of our agricultural programs. We do feel that remote sensing procedures can be developed and perfected to yield real, live information which would be very useful in the management of agricultural programs; crop inventory; acreage measurement; and many other ways. We have experiments in progress involving 18 counties in 15 States using the ERTS imagery. We expect to continue our experiments with SKYLAB and ERTS-B. Sincerely, / % a m e s F . Davis, Chief L/ Aerial Photography Branch 112 Appendix H UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATISTICAL REPORTING SERVICE WASHINGTON. D C. 20ZS0 January 9, 1973 E. Wayne Chapman University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Wayne: I am enclosing one of our progress reports whicli sunmarizes some of our re sults obtained from aircraft data which is a part of our ERTS investigation. The Statistical Reporting Service is one of several agencies who are investi gating ERTS data and the following is a brief description of our ERTS-1 in vestigation. Hie objectives of this investigation are to develop techniques of crop specie identification and acreage measurement utilizing space imagery. Three sources of information i\rill be used, satellite, aircraft, and ground. The ground data will come from a probability sample of the study areas in Missouri, South Da kota, Kansas, and Idalio. Hie aircraft data will come from two randomly se lected flight lines in each study area. Each source of information could theoretically provide an unbiased estimate of the crop acreage for each stud^ area. It is assumed and critical that the satellite and aircraft imagery provide enough resolution to be able to identify all areas within the pri mary sampling unit. The first major effort will be to compare the results from the three data sources. The second major effort will be to evaluate al ternative ways of using this information in a multistage sample desi^. The other approach is to use concepts of multiple frame sampling. In this approach, we would attenpt to combine all three sources of data vhere the ground data would always be complete; satellite data could lie conplctc or incomplete (cloudy or partly cloudy) and tlie aircraft could be either complete or par tially complete. Thus, an estimate of the stuify areas will be available re gardless of the cloud conditions. The three information sources in either multiple frame or multistage sajiçiling, together with related costs will point to the most efficient way to use the data. Hopefully, an optimal combination of all sources i/ill show a marked improvement over any one source for making crop acreage estimates. In regard to your question, ’hhere in the field of resource management do I think ERTS data shows the most promise?” I am afraid liy opinions are pretty biased. I would suggest you try to get a copy of the proceedings from a sim- inar. Operational Remote Sensing sponsored by the American Society of Photo- gransnentry, February 1972. I hope this will help you. Sincerely, DONAI.D H. VON STEEN Head, Remote Sensing Research and Development Branch Researdi Division 113 A p p en d ix I INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PALMER RESEARCH CENTER P.O. BOX AE PALMER. ALASKA 99645 Un iv e r s it y of A laska January 9, 1973 E. Wayne Chapman Forestry Dept. University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Mr. Chapman: In response to your le tte r of January 2 I would briefly Sciy that our project has two aspects, fir s t from an ecological standpoint, we are interested in the types of vegetative associations which may be observable from the ERTS imagery or digital taype. From an agricultural standpoint, we believe that existing vegetation w ill provide a clue to the s o il, water, and climate complex and that this may give us a very reliable indication of what areas have agricultural potential. Many areas of Alaska have never been farmed and lit t le knowledge has been compiled concerning the capability of thousands of square miles in this great land. We believe that the ERTS approach is a feasible way of looking at the large areas and perhaps the only economical w^ that this project could be com pleted within a cost framework which is realistic. Our approach is mainly based upon the use of a color additive viewer which we have not yet had the opportunity of using. I hope that the information I have derived is adequate for your purposes. Sincerely, C. Ivan Branton Agricultural Engineering Dept. CIB/mg PLEASE REPLY BY AIRMAIL 114 Appendix J pictures Montana are help ing UM geologists If study earthquake con ditions in the state. vestigators in 43 stales, the Dtslncl of Colum bia and in 36 foreign countries, the greatest nurnber ever approved for a space program Dr. Robert M. Weidman. UM geology pro fessor. is the principal investigator for the Montana project. Dr. Weidman said the satellite photographs an area 115 miles wide in each revolution of the earth and provides new coverage of Mon tana every 18 days, cloud conditions permit ting, "A composite of the pictures covering the entire stale is small enough to /it on a desk top but still Contains sufficient detail to locate common geographic and geologic features," Dr. Weidman explained. "Data from Üie pictures m i^ t also be used in various disciplines beside geology, such as agriculture, forestry, geography, hydrology and ecology," Dr. Weidman said. J "The important thing about ERTS is that the coverage is repetitive. Every 18 days we have à complete survey of Montana and we can note any changes in moisture or vegeta tion which aid in recognising geological formations." Special attention is being paid to faults along which horizontal movements have ap parently occurred. The work is being coordinated with earthquake and magnetic studies under the direction of Dr. Gary W. Crosby, another UM geology professor, and a field investigation by Dr. James L. Talbot, cftainrian and professor of geology at UM. "The pictures received from the one-ton DR. ROBERT M. Weidman, University of Mon buttcrfly-^aped satellite are taken in different tana geology professor, studies a series of fault parts of the spectrum, allowing us to identify certain features such as bodies of water, lines in a photograph mosaic of Montana. The vegetation and different types of rock. The photos were taken by the Earth Resources black and white photographs may be com Satellite as part of an international program bined to make a type of color photo. " Major portions of the study as they apply to studying the earth’s resources. (UM Photo) Montana are being carried out by Dr. Weid man and two other UM geology professors. Dr. David Alt and Dr. Donald W Hyndman. By NOELLARRIVEE They are assisted by three UM graduate DM Information Services assistants — Raymond E. Flood, Reno. Nev.; Satellite pictures of Montana — l>eanted to Katfrarine Taft Hawley. Clinton, N.Y., and earth from the Earth Resources Technology Linda K. Wackwitz, Bethesda, Md. Satellite (ERTS-l) — are proving to be a Co-investigators on the project are Willis valuable aid to University of Montana M. Johns and Richard B. Berg of the Montana geologists studying fault structures and Bureau of Mines and Geology, Butte. geologic mapping methods. Professors William J. McMannis of Montana The satellite pictures are being used under State University. Bozeman, and Charles a $90,000 contract with the National Vitafiano of Indiana University, Bloomington Aeronautics and Space Administration arc consultants. (NASA) In addition to the satellite Dr. Weidman said, “ The information we photographs, high altitude airplane receive will be another key to understanding photographs of sdocted areas also are being the past growth of fracture systems in the studied. rocks underlying Montana with an eye toward The UM investigation is part of an in their relationship to the state's mineral ternational program providing data to 300 in resources." 115 Appendix K environmental RESEARCH INSTITUTE 2mai 0^ MICHIGAN f o r m e r l y w i l l o w r u n laboratories , t h e u n i v e r s i t y o f Mi c h i g a n P. O BOX 618 • ANN ARBOR • MICHIGAN • 48107 PHONE (313) 4 8 3 -0 5 0 0 INFRARED AND OPTICS DIVISION 1 February 1973 Mr. E. Wayne Chapman University of Montana Forestry Department Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Mr. Chapman; Here are the summary a b s tr a c ts o f the p ro je c ts th a t I am engaged in . For the most part we are just beginning to analyze some of the ERTS data we have received, that covers our test sites. It is too early at this time to give any conclusive results. You may be interested in a NASA symposium of ERTS results to be held in Washington, D. C., March 5-9, 1973. Please contact Dr. Stanley C. Freden for further information on this symposium.• Dr, Stanley C. Freden Goddard Space Flight Center/Code 650 Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 (301) 982-5818, 4416 The publications of results of that symposium should provide the indications of useful applications of ERTS imagery. S in c e re ly , Fabian C. Polcyn Research Engineer FCP:njm enc. 116 Appendix L ) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE______Wtshlncton, D. C. 202S0 May 26, 1972 Advisory INTERA- 15 '' From: Kenneth E. Grant, Administrator Re: Remote Sensing The attached statement describes SCS-related developments in the use of remote sensing for acquiring data about soil, water, and related resources. Our Washington office has a committee that deals with remote sensing. This committee is available to assist with questions that arise in the field. We ask that state conservationists and RTSC directors continue to keep us informed about remote sensing developments in their areas. Kenneth E. Grant Administrator A ttachment AC STC RTSC WO 117 SCS and Remote Sensing* Remote sensing has become the popular general term applied to sensing from a distance, especially from satellites and aircraft. It includes panchromatic aerial photography, which the Soil Conservation Service helped pioneer. Another term that has appeared is Earth Resources Survey (ERS). This refers to using remote sensing to obtain data about the resources of planet earth. The term apparently evolved along with speculation about what can be seen from earth-orbiting satellites. Another new term is Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS). In December 1969, a USDA Earth Resources Survey Committee was appointed. Eleven USDA agencies, including SCS, are represented. A. C. Orvedal, Assistant Director, Soil Survey Interpretations, and Jerome A. Gockowskl, Director, Cartographic Division, are on this committee. At the same time an SCS committee was appointed to deal with SCS interests in remote sensing. This committee now consists of A. C. Orvedal, J. A. Gockowskl, J. W. Haas, D. M. Whitt, V. M. Bathurst, G. B. Welsh, and N. F, Bogner. In July and August of 1970, Orvedal and Gockowskl participated in a governmentwide policy study of the entire field of remote sensing, from aircraft as well as from satellites. The study, made at the request of the Office of Management and Budget, focused on earth resource surveys and other potential uses for remote sensing. The National Aeronautics and Space Council of the White House staff provided the chairmanship. Views of potential civilian users of advanced remote sensing products, including USDA, were sought. It was recognized that people in Agriculture, including soil scientists, plant scientists, engineers, hydrologiste, and conservationists, are im portant potential users of remote sensing developments. More research and development in remote sensing is necessary before we w ill know what is practical in SCS operations. Yet, the prospects are good enough to justify investigation of possible application to SCS programs. The f i r s t E arth Resources Technology S a t e l l i t e (ERTS-A) w ill be sen t aloft in June 1972. It will be equipped with a return beam vidlcon (RBV) system which consists of three television cameras aimed at the same spot on the earth’s surface. Each of these TV cameras will be sensitive to a different part of the spectrum, one in the green, one in the red, and one in the near infrared. The second system will be a multispectral scanner (MSS). This will sense four wavelength bands looking at the same spot on the ground. ERTS-A w ill fly in a polar orbit and will cover the same spot on the earth every 18 days at the same time of day. These remote sensing systems w ill send electronic signals back to earth that will be converted into image form. The resolution of these remote sensing systems is about 300 feet; thdt is, a scene 300 feet in diameter would be visible in the imagery. This orbit w ill be approximately 500 miles from earth. ♦Distributed with Advisory INTERA-15 » dated May 26 , 1972, Re: Remote Sensing 118 ERTS-B w ill be launched In November 1973 and is sim ilar to ERTS-A except that It probably will have a fifth band, a heat-sensitive scanner capable of detecting heat energy. Skylab, which w ill be launched sometime in 1973, la an earth-orbiting satellite that will be manned interm ittently and hence w ill provide for film recovery. Many research "packages" w ill be on board Skylab. Most of these will be for medical and space research, but some will be for further testing of remote sensing of things on planet earth. Skylab is to be launched unmanned, but the following day three astronauts w ill be sent aloft and they will enter Skylab in orbit. They will be on board for 28 days. Unlike ERTS, Skylab will carry a film camera system that w ill have six channels. This system gives much better resolution with the data on film. Skylab also will carry a 10-channel multispectral scanning system. About a 3-month turnaround time is required before the next crew can be launched. The next astronauts w ill go up for a period of 56 days. They will return, and after 30 days another group of astro nauts will go up for a period of 56 days. GOES is the acronym for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. The first GOES is now scheduled for launching in late 1973; the second, 6 months later; and there may be a third. Unlike ERTS and Skylab, the orbit for GOES w ill be earth synchronous. GOES will be sent to different locations. Each will be "parked" about 22,000 miles from earth, and each w ill remain in the same position in relation to earth. Each GOES will be able to "view" nearly half of our planet continuously. Among the uses planned for GOES is the relay of data sensed by a variety of widely dis persed, on-the-ground automated sensors, such as weather gages, river gages, seismometers, and snowpack gages. What is SCS doing in the area of earth resources surveys? NASA has set up flights that simulate the ERTS output data. Areas covered are: CARETS, which extends from a line from Richmond to Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, eastward to the Atlantic Coast; ARETS, in middle Arizona; and two large areas in California. These are being flown with U-2 aircraft, and output data from cameras are available. The intent is to develop handling procedures within various agencies and also to determine the value of high-altitude imagery. The Soil Conservation Service is studying certain portions of the CARETS area in which SCS has programs such as RC&D, Soil Survey, and Watersheds. This imagery will be provided for evaluation to the technical specialists working in these programs. After ERTS-A is launched this summer, NASA w ill provide, without cost, one set of ERTS imagery to the Department of Agriculture. ASCS w ill receive this for the USDA. The ASCS Photographic Laboratory at Salt Lake City, Utah, is to process this imagery and provide required Imagery to other USDA agencies at unit cost for this service. SCS is to buy reproducibles from ASCS and develop them in its SCS cartographic units to whatever scale of prints SCS requires for evaluation. 119 SCS w ill participate in widespread testing of outputc; fronri ERTS-A. These outputs will be made available to SCS in photograph-like images that are square frames of areas 100 by 100 miles. The area selected for this study is the Texas Coastal Basins Area. This area is adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico and extends about two counties inland along the coast of Texas. SCS has many program activities underway in this area, including a comprehensive cooperative river basin study, several small watershed projects, soil surveys, and RC&D projects in addition to the usual conservation planning. SCS plans to get four complete coverages— one for each season—for comparative purposes and provide these data for evaluation to the specialists working on these activities. SCS does not have plans at this time for testing outputs from Skylab but will have the option of purchasing and testing these outputs. SCS, in its Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Program, is planning to try out the use of GOES for relaying data from two or three automated snow survey stations. SCS is not limiting its interest in advanced remote sensing to what can be done from spacecraft. It is watching developments in the entire field, including sophisticated sensing from aircraft, for the purpose of testing and evaluating those developments that seem likely to have a place in SCS operations. Accordingly, as opportunities arise, SCS is beginning to test infrared, color, and multispectral imagery for useful ness in several of its programs. In some states, liaison has been established between SCS people and researchers in remote sensing in other agencies and at state universities. In Texas, some pilot investi g a tio n s have been made in co o p eratio n w ith the NASA Manned S p acecraft Center, and expansion of the cooperative work there is being considered. 120 Appendix M MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY east lansing • Michigan « b jj DEPARTMENT OF CROP AND SOIL SCIENCES • 101 SOIL SCIENCE BUILDING February 1» 1973 Mr. E. Wayne Chapman Forestry Department University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Mr. Chapman: The following is a brief summary of our investigate of ERTS data. T itle: Use of ERTS data for a multidisciplinary analysis of Michigan Resources; Task III - Evaluation of soils, soil conditions and landform s. Summary: The objectives of this subproject are to develop and apply techniques for using remote sensor information as a complementary method to aerial photography and field observations for identifying and mapping soils and landforms and for relating soil conditions and landforms to land use and potential land uses. Basic soils information is needed for site selections and management decisions having to do with regional and local planning in rural, suburban and urban areas. Soil and landforra maps of varying degree of detail, from current medium intensity (4" = 1 mile) to reconnaisance surveys (.04" « 1 mile) of two test sites representative of morainal and outwash areas of major soil associations in terminal and interlobate moraine areas in southern Michigan w ill be compared with ERTS-1, RB 57, and C 47 remote sensor imagery at two or three different times of the year. Results of studies on these test sites w ill be applied to production of general soil and landform maps of representa tive areas within one or two ERTS frames. improvements in the accuracy of soil maps or in the economy of obtaining this information would be immediately applicable to environmental maintenance or improvement in suburban and rural areas. In conjunction with Task I, Forest and Related Natural Resources and Task II, Agricultural Crops, the data from Task III may be useful in Regional Land Use Planning and Land Evaluations. 121 Mr. E. Wayne Chapman Page Two February 1, 1973 Because of weather conditions In Michigan at the time of ERTS overflights, very limited ERTS data have been received. The data were obtained when much of the ground was covered with vegetation. These data are not ideal for studies of soils, soil conditions and landforms. The late arrival of the digital tapes has also delayed our investigations of the ERTS data. To date we have no results to share with you. Sincerely yours, Delbert L. Mokma Research Associate DLM/pjm cc: E. P. Whiteside 122 Appendix N ABSTRACTS OF RECENT WORK ON SOIL STUDIES BY REMOTE SENSING An An.iL f:is of Soil VnrinbI.lity Repetitive Color r.iid Color Infrared I'hoio.'.rnphy. C. J. Milfrcd and R. W. Kiefer, University of Wisconsin. Soil vorinUility is closely correlated to growth and yield of agricultural crops and is also significant when making soil interpretations for intensive non-agriculturn! uses. Soil variability, as indicated by surface soil tonal patterns in cultivated fields and by variation in crop growth throughout a growing season, was recorded by photographing a study area near Madison, Wisconsin, v.’ith color and color infrared film on 20 different dates from May through November in 1969. Economical repetitive coverage was obtained by using a light plane and a bank of two 35 mm cameras. The major study site was A field mapped as Batavia silt loam, sand and gravel substratum phase, on a recent detailed soil map. This mapping unit includes well and moderately well drained soils developed in more than 90 cm of silt over stratified sand and gravel. Surface soil tonal patterns and variations in crop growth recorded by repetitive photography are closely related to soil drainage and thickness of silt cover. Estimated yields of ear corn (Zea Mays L.) in 1969 ranged from 5500 kg/ha on a well drained site with a 100 cm silt cover to 8000 kg/ha on a moderately well drained site with a 150 to 200 cm silt Cover, Low Cost Color and Color Infrared Aerial Photography for Soil Surveys. C. B. Goudey, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Auburn, California’. Xs the demand and uses for soil maps continues to increase, so docs the need for producing soil surveys with increased accuracy and efficiency. Based on operational usé, supplemental color and color infrared aerial photography has helped to produce soil maps with greater accuracy and case than was possi ble with conventional methods. Low cost application of these films was achieved by utilizing the 35 mm transparency format. This format was found to be a suitable method for acquiring and using color aerial photography for soil survey operations because each film has its own uses and capabilities for soil inter pretations. The usefulness of these films depends upon a consideration of the soils, vegetation, and other physical characteristics of a soil survey area. These factors determine which film, flown at what time of year w ill produce infor mation most useful for soil surveys. Since these conditions often vary between and within sol 1 survey areas, comprehensive planning for soil survey aerial tilioi/■>?>r.inhv In esscn ti.al. 123 Spc^ctrnl of Soi] Orpa:-!ic >icttcr. S. J. Kristof, M. F, BnumgnrUner, ar.d C. J. Jidjannson, J^aboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing and Departmeat of Agronomy, Purdue University. M ultispectral data obtained with an airborne optical-mechanical scanner at an altitude of 1,200 m were used to map five different ranges of soil organic matter content. Spectral data over the 0.4 to 2.6p range of the electromagnetic spectrum were recorded on magnetic tape in analog form. After conversion to digital form, the data were analyzed by computer to provide pictorial printouts of soils areas without s'urface cover. Organic matter determinations were made in the laboratory on 197 samples of surface soil from a 25-heclare test field. Organic matter content varied from 0.7 to 6.2%. TItose sample:; were u::ed to train the. computer to separate and map soils having different 1^ vcls of organic matter. A very good correlation was found to exist between soil organic:inatter content and the spectral response in each of the 12 wavelength bands. Computer mapping of organic matters levels is based on spectral differences of surface soils. ITie computer, trained with samples from one 25-ha field, produced organic matter maps of surface soils with a high degree of accuracy throughout the scanner flightline of 40km. The Use of Multispectral Data and Computer Processing in Mapping Soils. A. L. Zachary, S. J, Kristof, and R. 1. Dideriksen, Laboratory for Applications of Remote. Sensing and Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, and UDSA, Soil Conservation Service. Studies are in progress on the applications of remote multispectral sensing and computer processing to the classification and mapping of soils in Indiana. In Morgan County soils of the test area are primarily Typic Hapludalfs of Wisconsin age outwash and windblown sand. In Tippecanoe County the test area soils are Typic Hapludalfs and Typic Argiaquolls of late Wisconsin till overlain with a thin loess cap. Multispectral data obtained over both areas with an airborne optical-mechanical scanner at an altitude of 1,200 m. Spectral data in the 0.4 to 2.6p region of the electromagnetic spectrum were recorded on magnetic tape in analog form in 12 different wavelength bands. After conversion to digital form the data wore analyzed by computer to provide pictorial printouts of the test fields. Pattern recognition techniques were used to train the Computer to separate and map soils into 2, 3, 6, 7, and 9 categories. Comparisons were made between conventional soils maps and the computer printouts. Similaritie* 124 1 io::r>]upr. r>r.lv:c;cn Mult i ;-.pcctraT Kosnonse and Thysical and Chcnical ?i cpcrI irs oi Soiïs. A, H. Al-Abbas, A,. L, Zachary, P. H. Swain, and E. E. Horvath, l.r.boraf.ory for Applica lions of Romo Le Sensing and Department of Agronomy, Purdue University. Multiple regression analysis was ,used to study the relationships between the spectral and the physical and chemical properties of soils. M ultispectral data in tlie 0.4 to 2.6y region of the electromagnetic spectrum were obtained with an airborne optical-mechanical scanner at an altitude of 1200 m. In a grid pattern at intervals of 32 m 197 surface soil samples were collected to a depth of 2 cm in a 25-ha test field. Laboratory determinations were made for organic matter content, free iron oxides, pH, phosphorus, potassium, texture, MuKscll color notations and sand, silt and clay fractions. Average reflectance values of four resolution elements representing the grid sampling locations were determined for each of 12 wavelength channels. Of the variables analyzed organic matter content, color, particle size distribution and pll gave the best correlations v;ith multispectral response patterns. The spectral range which gave the highest r^ values for predicting soil organic matter and soil color was 0.72 to 0.8. For predicting available P and K the best range was 1.5 to l.Sy. • - - -. Soil Color and Related Properties of Surface Soils. M. F. Baumgardner, R. B Mac Donald, and C. J. Johannscn, Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing and Department of Agronomy, Purdue University. Remote m ultispectral sensing and computer techniques are being used to study those properties of soils which affect soil color. Multispectral data from an airborne optical-mechanical scanner at altitudes ranging between 1000 and 3000 meters have been compared with spectral measurements at ground and near-ground levels, Munsell color notations under air-dry and moist conditions, organic matter content, and other properties of soils. The effects of soil moisture content on the relative spectral response over the range from 0.4 to 14y were studies. It was observed that moisture has a pronounced effect on the color coordinate, value or brightness. On the average the value was lowered two levels in soils from air-dry to moist stage. To a lesser degree the chroma or purity was affected by moisture. Results indicate that analysis of multi spectral data obtained at ground level and from aerospace platforms can be very useful in quantifying and describing color and other spectral properties 125 of S atellite and llir.h-altltzude Aerial Photographs. to Mapping Soil Associav.ior.s in the Southwestern U. S. and Northern >lexico. R. R. Morrison, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. Color (and multispectral) earth satellite and very high-altitudc aerial photographs offer many advantages for small-scale mapping of soil associations. Since 1968, I have experimented using Gemini and Apollo space photographs for preparing 1:500,000 and 1:1 m illion scale maps of geomorphic (landform) features and of soil associations in various parts of the southwestern U. S. ai.d northern Mexico, mainly by photointerpretation, with limited field checking, I also have prepared sim ilar maps on 1:250,000 scale of a 1° oc 2*^ area in SW Arizona (Tucson to Ajo), using 1:120,000 and 1:240,000 scale color, color- infrared, and multispectral aerial photos. The synoptic coverage of large regions under uniform lighting conditions provided by the space photos, and, to lesser degree, the ultra-high-altitude aerial photos, proved useful in shewing gradual regional changes in soil associations, as well as many finer details. A skilled gcomorphologist-soil scientist can deduce the probable soil associations from detailed photointerprctive terrain analysis and from the color differences on the photos. Adequate field checking is essential because sim ilarly colored areas on the photos can have very different soils. 126 Appendix O 9164 (3867) U nited States Departm ent o f the Interior BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT California Desert Plan Program P.O. Box 723 Riverside, California 92502 1973 E. Wayne Chapman Forestry Department University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Wayne: Sorry I am late in answering your le tte r but I spent two weeks in the field and several days in bed with the flu . I am enclosing an abstract of BLM's project with NASA and a copy of objectives for each specific site. The Arizona and California sites are extremely arid, the Oregon site is classed as semi-arid. At present I have been able to determine l i t t l e from ERTS-1 s atellite imagery. The s a te llite completely missed the 1972 growing season. Therefore, I am placing all my hopes on the coming growing season. There are some early results that annual forage growing in the Mediterranean type climate of central California can be monitored from s atellite imagery. Dr. David Carneggie at the University of California Berkeley Campus, Forestry Remote Sensing Laboratory, School of Forestry and Conservation has a project funded by EROS. I believe he could also help you. I anticipate that I will have initial results by mid summer, I am sorry that I cannot be of more help to you at this time. Sincerely yours Gordon Bentley ERTS Principal Investigator Enclosures 127 Appendix P UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE F. U. Box '0 2 Bryan, Texas 77(301 SUBJECT; R,\NGE - Rmnotc Sensing d a t e -. Kovenfcer 2S, 1972 TO; E, Wayne Chapman $03 Patt'ee Canyon Drive M issoula, Montana $9(i01 Wayne, please pardon the tardiness oT my reply to your letter concerning our work with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Attached, I am send inn you a copy of our ERTS-1 Range Analysis Investigation Plan (draft.) Although it does not have final approval, I do not anticipate much change in the draft. The plan will tell you whet we plan to do, w ith re fe re n c e to ERTS-1 data^and how we p lan to go about it. Also attached are copies of iry latest trip reports to the State Conservationist. These should give you some idea of where we are in the investigation. This may seem fragmentary. But if I tried to be more specific, it would likely be speculation. We are just now getting into the acquisition and analysis of the data. I hope this information will prove useful to you. If I can answer other questions for you, just let me know, Donald T. Pendleton F ie ld upec ia 1i s t - Range Attachments cc: Edward E. Thomas, State Conservationist, SCS, Temple 128 Appendix Q UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Center for Urban and Regional Affairs TWIN CITIES 311 Walter Library Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 February 12, 1973 E. Wayne Chapman 503 Pattee Canyon Drive Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Mr. Chapman : I apologize for the delay in answering your letter—we have been very busy. Briefly, the purpose of our undertaking is to assess the feasibility of extracting resource information from ERTS-1 imagery to update and refine existing state-wide land resource information systems. Work has centered on a comparative analysis of Minnesota Land Management Information System (MLMIS) and ERTS-1 land use classes. The associated problems of determining appropriate data cell size and optimal seasonal timing have also been addressed. Using ERTS-1 images, dominant land use is classified as follows: urban, forest, agriculture, extractive, transportation, water, and wetlands. Pre liminary analysis suggests that with appropriate changes in operational definitions these general classes can be further refined. Additional detail appears most feasible in urban, forest, wetland, and extractive classes. We have been experiencing delays in receipt of equipment and imagery which have inhibited our analysis efforts. However, the situation is now improving and we expect to obtain more definitive results soon. We will keep your request on file and try to forward more information to you at a later date. Sincerely yours, Steven J. Prestin Research Assistant Geography Department UlU S o c ia l Science Tower S JP rjp 129 Appendix R New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences a SIntutory College of the State University Cornell University Department of Natural Resources Fernow Hall, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850 Fishery Science Forest Science Wildlife Science Natural Resources Outdoor Recreation Environmental Conservation January 17, 1973 Mr, E. Wayne Chapman Forestry Department University of Montana Missoula, Montana 59801 Dear Mr, Chapman; I will try to answer your last question first. In 1967 R. L. Shelton, D. J, Belcher and I published a lengthy report on the Potential Benefits of Remote Sensing In Applications for Agriculture, Forestry, and Range Land Management, There Is a substantial amount of documentation In that report on the various benefit sources for ERTS and other satellite sources of Information. That report may be available from the USDA through Dr, Robert Otte, South Building, Land Resources Branch, Washington, D. C. I'm sure It will be a major help to your research. As for our work on the ERTS-A project, we are evaluating the utility of the retrieved imagery as a source of information for land use and natural resource classification, I have enclosed the "meat" of the proposal with this letter, I have also enclosed two reprints of Information on the LUNR Inventory of New York State, I believe these Items will be of help to you In your research. The major use for remote sensing that we have found, whether its from air photos, scanners, thermal sensors, satellites or ground cameras. Is in Its applications In resource management, I believe this is still the major field of application for all forms of remote sensors. This is reported on in Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 352, USDA, Econ, Res. Service, and in Geological Survey Circular #671, U. S. Department of Interior, 1972. S in c e re ly , E rn est E. Hardy Research Associate EEH:11 E nclosures 130 Appendix S NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER Houston . T exas 77058 REPLY TO ATTN OF: TF2 NOV 6 1972 Mr. E. Wayne Chapman Soil Conservation Service 503 Pattee Canyon Drive Missoula, MT 59801 Dear Wayne: Thank you for your lette r and continued interest in our program. I think the idea of a professional paper is a fine one and would be happy to help. I have asked our data bank to send you a copy of the Proceedings of our Fourth Annual Review and believe you w ill find i t useful. I am also enclosing some other items which may help in your research. In particular, the paper by Dr. David Barr provides a survey of appli cations to the field of Civil Engineering. I f at some time you would be interested in collaborating on, say, a journal article I know DaVe would be happy to work with you. There are several other people whom you should contact in regard to your paper. One is: Dr. David Landgrebe Purdue University School of Agriculture Department of Forestry & Conservation Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Phone: (317) 749-2052 Dr. Landgrebe heads the work at Purdue and he and his team have pursued the subject of soil identification about as far as anyone I know. Another contact would be: Dr. Harold Mathews, 653 A Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Phone: (301) 982-6603 This fellow is a soil scientist and has been working with GSFC for a few months now and is probably aware of other work. I know he is in touch with C liff Orvedahl of SCS Headquarters. 1 3 1 When you are in Washington I suggest you contact: Dr. Martin Molloy, ERR NASA Headquarters Washington, D. C. 20546 Phone: (202) 755-8626 I w ill contact Dr. Molloy and te ll him the dates you w ill be there. He is our most direct counterpart at NASA Headquarters and the only tech nical man there who follows this sort of thing. I would be very pleased to talk to you at any time as your paper devel ops and can be reached on FTS. My phone number here is (713) 483-4623. I am enclosing also a few representative prints of high altitude color IR photos. I f any of the illustrations in Dr. Barr's paper would be useful le t me know and I can probably round up a glossy copy. The ERTS is s till working fine and returning excellent data from the multispectral scanner. We had a most successful vacation in Canada after the Portland Confer ence. I'm glad you made i t to Lethbridge. Do le t me know how your paper progresses - I w ill follow i t with great interest. Sincerely, R. Bryari^ErT^Manager Applications Office 4 Enclosures Dr. Barr's Paper Portland Talk Photos Soil Identification Studies cc: SCS/Roy Hauger Ed Thomas Dr. David Barr University of Missouri - Roll a 125 Mining Building Roll a, Missouri 65401 132 Appendix T March 21, 1973 MEETING ON REMOTE SENSING Sponsor: HyattsvlUe Cartographic Unit Speakers : %ree NASA specialists in geology and hydrology Attendance: about 90 SCSers, including most soils personnel, some cartographic, and others^ ”ERTS-I" was launched by NASA in July. It is sending back "imagery” which can be computer processed to provide a variety of maps or data. At present, our only actual involvement seems to be $137,000 of reimbursable work by cartographic in producing mosaics from satellite photos. However, the potential for SCS involvement is tremendous in: soil survey, snow survey, watershed and river basin activities, and broad resource planning. Some applications (actual or just proposed) which were illustrated by slides and lecture were: 1. Prediction of volcanic activity - ground data station in conjunction with ERTS. 2. - Pinpointing the location of mineral deposits at the juncture of lateral fault lines (Alaska). . 3- Observation of fault lines never seen before - e.g., new lines along California coast. ^ 4. The data to make quick geologic surface maps of large areas - not possible before (e.g., 10 ERTS shots provide a mosaic for the stateof Georgia - 2 ,8 0 0 aerial photos at high level would nomally be required. 5« Fire damage estlcates - fire scar data has been mapped in Alaska—the exteni of fires can be quickly determined. # ' 6. Vegetation maps can be prepared since different types of vegetation give off different radiation levels (even field corn and pop corn differ). 7* Acreages can accurately be measure»! - (In California 7 rice fields known to contain l^sSSi^actual acres were measured, ERTS and computer came up with 1,218 acres )7^ 8. The degree of urbanization, over the years, can be measured (by city or county or s ta te .) have compared Apollo hand-held shots of a few years ago to ERTS imagery—can evaluate the amount of land lost to agriculture. 1 3 3 • 2 • 9. Identification of dlffcrenf"crops ; assessnent of their values and acresre: cociparlson with cfficicl crop estirates is possible - apparently of great value to SK3 and otber ü5ü\ agencies. 10. Broad land use planning cau be easier and more accurate since new geologic, economic, hydrologie and other data is available for broad areas from ERTS. $ 11. Acreages of public vs. private lands can be evaluated and estimated from ERTS data. 12. Changes over a period of time can be evaluated - Irrigation system leaks can be detected - water levels can be watched - flood water rise or lowering detected and measured, etc. 1 3 . Watersheds and river basins can be accurately mapped - tributaries identified, water volume estimated, etc.; increase or decrease in surface water volume is noted. 14. Small water holding lakes', ponds can be identified, counted, measured as never before (e.g., - In high plains area of Texas measured some 6,000 small lakes on one ERTS frame. 1 5 . }jydrographs and other computer-related charts can be constructed, due to several satellite transmissions each day. 1 6 . Water Irrigation patterns can be observed and mapped. 1 7 . Flood damage estimates, comparisons before and after, flood plain data be developed (even Y-10 days after flood much of the data can sti n hm picked up by ERTS). 1 8 . Snow survey and water forecasting can be improved - changes in snow cover can be accurately measured over a period of time; streamflow data cap be quickly relayed and processed, saving many dollars in irrigition management. % ' 1 9 . Surface water naps and geologic maps of the world can be updated or pre pared—also vegetation maps. 20. The growth patterns of potentially dangerous glaciers can be determined, measured. 21. Changes in s a lin ity or other water conditions can often be noted and measured (e.g., development of algae in part of Great Salt Lake tied to salinity differences—algae registered on satellite photos. 22. Wetlands, deltas, etc. can accurately be measured and evaluated through ERTS. 134 - 3 - 2 3 . ^tentlals for population growth can be assessed for proposed areas— '(nbtin's and measuring water, vegetation and other resources in various areas from ERTS). 24. Accurate soil mapping may be possible - certainly a tremendous aid to support field surveys—even now a high degree of accuracy and compati bility with regular survey data. ' 25» Locating and reporting on remote, inaccessible areas is possible for a variety of uses. 26. Sediment loads of rivers after floods; sediment flow into lakes or oceans after floods and rains can be measured. Areas of sediment pro duction can be^cTetected^y ERTS imagery. 2 7 . A great variety of color maps and photos can be produced by ERTS computer adaptations to depict features as types of vegetation, geologic features, water or mineral resources, flood volume, sediment loads, etc. The computer can superimpose data from ERTS with aerial photos, earlier photos or maps, e tc . While this is only a very superficial description of the many slides and ideas presented, it does present some idea of the great potential uses of satellite-remote sensing. Following the morning session, a few of our people were invited to tour the Goddard space facility and learn more about the satellite program. William H. Spealman Classification & Organization Branch 135 Appendix U A UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT Of COWWERCE PUBLICATION iT(am WEEKLY ABSTRACTS NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 93-73-05 January 29, 1973 REPORTS CONTAINING northern Alaska substantiates the existence of a conjugate set AUTHOR-IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT of northeast and northwest faults suggested by linears noted on Nimbus 4 images. Linears of both trends arc well expressed RESULTS and several have been mapped as faults, including the Shaw Creek fault, imagery provides new data to support the interpr Iron-nbsorption Baud Analysis for (he Discrimination of Iron- etation that the Kobuk Trench is the northern margin of a rich Zones. broad west-trending fault zone bounded on the north and Lawrence C. Rowan. south by strike-slip faults. In northwestern Alaska, MSS band Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 1 Nov 72, 4p 5 imagery shows Mississippian limestone as white, while NASA-CR-129286 shale, sandstone, and chert of other ages appear dark. As the E72-10294 PC$3.00/MF$0.95 limestone is the basal formation of the numerous thrust plates stacked in the area, images of band 5 w ill assist significantly in The author has identified the following significant results. depicting the distribution of the thrust plates. In south-central Analysis of ERTS-1 images of Nevada has followed two cour Alaska the newly described Totshunda fault is readily ses; comparative lineament mapping and spectral reflectance identified and extends into areas not yet mapped. Also shown evaluation. The comparative lineament mapping was is another fault parallel to the south of the Totshunda whieh conducted by mapping lineaments on 9 x 9 inch prints of MSS has not yet been recognized in the field. bands S and 7, transferring the data to a base map, and comparing the results with existing geologic maps. The most significant results are that lineaments are more numerous on Major Crustal Fractures in the Baltic Shield. the band 7 images, and approximately 100 percent more were Heikki V. Tuomincn. mapped than appear on existing maps. Geologic significance of Helsinki Univ. (Finland). Dept, o f Geology and Mineralogy. these newly mapped lineaments w ill not be known until they 12 Dec 72. 7p NASA-CR-129289 arc checked in the field, many are probably faults. Spectral £72-10297 PC$3.00/MFS0.95 analysis has been limited to visual comparison among the four The author has identified the following significant results. Init MSS bands. In general, higher scene contrast is shown in the ial analysis of the bands for images 1039-09322. 1039-09315, near infrared bands (6 and 7) than in the visible wavelength and 1040-09371 provide a detailed picture of a zone extending bands (4 and 5). The econo nic implications of these results 500 km north-northeast from the northern coast of Gulf of derive chiefly from the greater efficiency that can be obtained Bothnia. Highways (on bands 0.5-0.6 and 0.6-07), rivers by using near infrared as well as visible wavelength images. (bands 0.7-0.8, 0.8-1.1) and bare fell tops arc visible. Schist belts, as known from ground surveys, can be discerned from Identification of Gcostructurcs of Continental Crust areas occupied by their basement rocks or m ajor plutons. A Particularly as they Relate to Mineral Resource Evaluation. number of sharp lineaments, apparently faults, arc visible. George G rye, and Ernest H. Lathraro. Some major fracture zones, up to 50 km wide, that form Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 20 Nov 72, 6p distinct lineaments in weather satellite pictures and belong to NASA-CR-129288 the main objects o f this study, are rather indistinct in the E72-I02W. p( l'$0.95 Images but carl be traced. (Author) 'ITie uiidior hiis iileiiiificit (he following significant results. Preliminary examination o f ERTS-1 imagery in central and 136 Appendix V NASA DATA USERS HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Dwcription P»ge 1 INTRODUCTION ...... M 2 ERTS PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ...... M 2.1 ERTS Mission ...... 2-1 2.2 Observatory S y s t e m ...... 2-6 2.3 Payloads ...... 2 7 2.3.1 Return Beam Vidicon Camera ...... 2 7 2.3.2 Multispectral Scanner ...... 2-7 2.3.3 Wideband Video Tape Recorders...... 2 8 2.3.4 Data Collection System ...... 2-8 2.4 Orbit and C o v e r a g e ...... 2-9 2.5 Operations Control C enter...... 2-9 2.6 NASA Data Processing Facility ...... 2-11 2.8.1 Bulk Processing (Initial Image Generating Subsystem ) ...... 2-11 2.6.2 Precision Processing (Scene Correction Subsystem)...... 2-11 2.6.3 Special Processing (Digital Subsystem). 2-12 2.6.4 DCS Data Processing ...... 2-12 2.6.5 Support and User S e r v ic e s...... 2-12 3 OUTPUT DATA PRODUCTS ...... 3-1 3.1 Photographic P r o d u c t s ...... 3-1 3.1.1 System Corrected Photographic P rod ucts ...... 3-2 3.1.2 Scene Corrected Photographic P ro d u c ts...... 3-8 3.2 Computer Compatible T a p e s ...... 3 1 0 3.2.1 System Corrected MSS Computer CompatibleTapes ...... 3-11 3.2.2 System Corrected RBV Computer Compatible Tapes . 3-14 3.2.3 Scene Corrected MSS and RBV Computer Compatible Tapes ...... 3-14 3.3 Data Collection System P r o d u c t s ...... 3-16 4 USER SERVICES ...... 4-1 4.1 Ordering P ro c e d u re...... s 4-1 4.1.1 Standing Orders for Images ...... 4-2 4.1.2 Data Request for Images ...... 4-2 4.1.3 Delivery Schedule ...... 4-8 4.1.4 Requests for DCS D a t a ...... 4-8 4 j Data C a ta lo g s ...... 4-8 4.2.1 Standard Catalogs . 4-8 4.2.2 Image Descriptor Index ...... 4-11 4.2.3 DCS Catalog ...... 4-14 4.3 Microfilm Images ...... 4-17 4.4 User and Visitor Assistance ...... 4 1 8 4.5 Computer Query and Search C a p a b i li t y ...... 4-19 APPENDIX A; PAYLOAD ...... A-1 A.1 Return Beam Vidicon . A-1 A.1.1 Operation A 2 A .I.2 P e r f o r m a n c e...... A-4 A.2 Multispectral Scanner S u b s y s te m ...... A-8 A.2.1 Operation and Calibration ...... A-9 A.2.2 Performance...... A 10 A 3 Data Collection S y s t e m ...... A -15 A.3.1 Data Collection P la tfo rm ...... A 17 A.3.2 DCS Spacecraft Equipm ent...... A 18 A.3.3 Treatment of Data at the Receiving Site ...... A-18 A.3.4 Treatment of Data at the G D H S ...... A 18 WCV1SCO iii NOVEMBER 17, 1972 137 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) Description P»9« A?P£M K5: OBSERVATORY ...... B 1 : t Attitude Control Subsystem ...... B-1 i l Attitude Measurement S e n s o...... r B-1 53 Wideband Video Tape Recorder Subsystem ...... B-1 5-4 Power Subsystem ...... B-2 Communications and Data Flandling Subsystem ...... B-2 8.5.1 Wideband Telemetry S u b s y s te m...... B 3 8.5.2 Telemetry, Tracking and Command Subsystem ...... B 3 Thermal Control Subsystem ...... B-4 5.7 Orbit Adjust Subsystem ...... B-4 5-S Electrical Interface S u b s y s te m...... B-4 APPENDIX C: GROUND STATIONS AND GROUND CO M M UNICATIO NS ...... C l C.1 General D e s c r ip tio n...... C l C.2 Payload Wideband C o m m u n ic a tio n s ...... C-3 C.2.1 Spacecraft to Ground C o m m u n ic a tio n ...... C-3 C.2.2 Ground Receiving and Recordings ...... C-3 C.3 Telemetry, Tracking and Command Data Handling ...... C-4 C.3.1 Telemetry D a t a ...... C-4 C.3.2 Command D a t a ...... C-4 C.3.3 Tracking Data ...... C-4 C.3.4 DCS D a ta ...... C-4 APPENDIX D: OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER ...... D-1 D.l System Scheduling...... D-1 D.2 Data A c q u is itio n ...... D-1 D.3 Command Generation ...... D-1 APPENDIX E: NASA DATA PROCESSING FACILITY ...... E-1 E.1 Bulk Processing S u b s y s te m ...... E-2 E.1.1 RBV Video P ro c e s s in g...... E-3 E.1.2 MSS Video P r o c e s s in g...... E-3 E.1.3 Framing ...... E-3 E.2 Precision Processing Subsystem ...... E-5 E.2.1 Imput Screening and Ground Control Selection ...... E-6 E.2.2 Image Measurement, Transform C o m p u ta tio n ...... E 7 E.2.3 Image Conversion and Annotation, Image D i g i t i z a t i o n ...... E-7 E.3 Special Processing S u b s y s t e m ...... E-8 E.4 Photographic Processing F a c i l i t y ...... E-9 E.5 Quality Control ...... E 10 E.G Computer Services S u b s y s te m...... E-12 E.6.1 DCS P r o c e s s in g ...... E-13 E.6.2 Image Annotation P ro c e s s in g ...... E-13 E.7 User Support Services ...... E-13 APPENDIX F: SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ...... F-1 F.1 Geometric A ccuracy...... F-3 F.1.1 Measures of Geometric A ccuracy...... F-3 F.1.2 Error Sources and Their M agnitude...... F-3 F.2 Radiomet ry ...... F-10 F .2.1 D e fin itio n s...... F-10 F.2.2 Absolute and Relative A c c u r a c y ...... F-10 F.2.3 Macroscale Versus M ic r o s c a le ...... F-11 .nsco ..V J Î. VJI? 1 3 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) Section Description Page F.2.4 RBV & MSS Radiometric A ccuracy ...... F-11 F.2.5 System Radiance Transfer F u n c t i o n ...... F 12 F.2.6 System Radiometric Accuracy ...... F 14 F 2 .7 Return Beam Vidicon Camera R a d io m e t r y ...... F 14 F.2.8 Multispectral Scanner Radiometry ...... F 17 F.3 Resolution ...... F 18 F .3.1 In tr o d u c t io n ...... F 18 F.3.2 RBV System Resolution Model...... F 19 F.3.3 MSS System Resolution Model ...... F 20 APPENDIX G: CALIBRATION ...... G 1 6.1 Return Beam Vidicon ( R B V )...... G-1 G.1.1 Calibration Methods ...... G-1 G.1.2 NDPF Calibration Processing ...... G-8 G.1.3 Geometric Calibration ...... G 15 G.2 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) ...... G 17 G.2.1 Initial Calibration Methods ...... G 17 G.2.2 NDPF Radiometric Calibration Processing ( M S S ) ...... G 20 APPENDIX H; FILM AND DEVELOPER CHARACTERISTICS ...... H I H I Photographic Image Quality ...... H I H.1.1 Tone Reproduction...... H 3 11.1.2 M TF and Resolution ...... H-5 H.1.3 Granularity ...... H-5 H.2 Dimensional Stability ...... ■...... H-6 APPENDIX I. ORBIT AND CO VERAGE ...... H I.1 Earth Coverage ...... 1.2 Imagery O v e r l a p ...... I ? 1.3 R e p e a t a b ility ...... 13 1.4 Altitude Variations ...... I 3 1.5 Determination of Local Observation T i m e ...... 1-4 APPENDIX J: ORBIT CONTROL ...... J-1 J.1 Attainment of Required O rb it...... J-1 J.1.1 Period E r r o r s...... J-1 J.1.2 Inclination Errors ...... J-2 J.1.3 Error Correction...... J-2 J.2 Maintenance of Required Orbit ...... J;2 APPENDIX K; MISSION P LA N N IN G ...... K-1 APPENDIX L: SUN ELEVATION EFFEC TS ...... L-1 APPENDIX M: LIST OF NASA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATO RS ...... M l APPENDIX N; SAMPLE PR O D UC TS ...... N-1 ACRONYMS...... 0 1 GLOSSARY...... P I REFERENCES ...... 0-1 SUPPLEMENT (Prepared by EROS Program, U.S. Geological Survey) ...... Y 1 INDEX ...... M / . REVISED v ” JU L Y 18, 1972 139 Appendix W 32—The Sunday Missoulian, Miflf, 1973 • SKYLAB-All the Comforts of HomeSkylab station and enter it for EDITOR’S NOTE - Gone clothing, playing cards, a dart are the cramped capsules of board, exercise machines, even a 28-day stay. Gemini and Apollo. The next a doctor on board. After they return home, the set of astronauts will have their Skylab 2 team of Commander There’s a picture window for Alan L. Bean, also an Apollo 12 own rooms, a pantry, shower, viewing earth 270 miles away. stereo and even a picture win moon walker; Jack R ù)usma, And each seventh day will be a and Dr. Owen K. Garriott will dow. The project is Skylab, day of rest. America’s first space station — rocket up to the same labora a shift from space exjriloration The project is Siqrlab, Amer tory in August. to space exploitation. ica’s first space station, which In November, the Skylab 3 signals a new era in which the astronauts. Commander Gerald United States is shifting empha P. Carr, William R. Pogue and sis from space exploration to Dr. Edward G. Gibson will visit By HOWARD BENEDICT space exploitation — intending the lab. The last two crews are AP Aerospace Writer to benefit man in many ways. scheduled to remain aboard for CAPE KENNEDY, Fla. (A?) The Skylab astronauts are to 56 days, with the possibility the — They call it the big bungalow conduct 87 different ex last mission might be extended in the sky. periments aimed at developing to 70 days. Outside there will be no pick techniques for surveying With the Apollo craft at et fence or flower garden — earth’s resources from space, tached on one end, Skylab will only the vastness of space. determining man’s ability to be a weird-looking space con traption which will be visible as “But inside we’ll have all the function in orbit for lor% peri comforts of home,” says ods, extending solar astronomy a star in the sky to more than Charles Conrad Jr., one of nine beyond earth’s dense atmos 90 per cent of the worid's popu astronauts who wW live and phere and experimenting with lation. It will whirl over 75 per woik in the two-story orbiting space manufacturing.. cent of the land mass on the laboratory for periods up to globe, more than any other eight weeks this year. The huge laboratory is to be U.S. manned space vehicle. No more cramped quarters launched unmanned by a Sa It wiU be 117 feet long and like the Mercury, Gemini and turn 5 rocket on May 14. The the 48-foot-tall living area will Apollo capsules. The laboratory next day the Skylab 1 crew will be 21.6 feet in diameter. Once is as large as a medium-size be launched in a modified in orbit, the lab will extend two house, with 30 times more vol Apollo moonship by a smaller solar panels to a wingspan of 90 ume than Apollo. Each astro Saturn IB rocket. feet to. convert the sun’s rays to naut will have his own bed Crew members are Com electrical energy. And a large room, there is a kitchen and a mander Conrad, veteran of array of space telescopes will pantry packed with a ton of three space flights including a be deployed, unfolding four food ranging from steak to ice moon walk on Apollo 12; Paul more solar panels, each 40 feet cream. J. Weitz, and Dr. Joseph P. long. There’s a shower and a toilet, Kerwin, a {diysidan. Almost all Skylab’s supplies stereo sets, books, changes of They will link up with the will be carried up in the un- ^ S' f - J#.-- V • ■;■•'• “ =^*.-•■• * v Î ^■ ■ ii i r w " .... ' '*,T. % ' ;T y. ORBITING SPACE STATION - The artist’s illustration The Skylab is 117 feet long and will be manned for experi shows NASA’s Skylab circling 270 miles above earth — as mental purposes. (AP Newsfeatures Photos) it will be doing if all goes to plan after its May 14 launching. 141 manned station. That includes only before and after a flight. 2,400 pounds of food and 6,000 WiÜ» Skylab, KeiVnn will luve medical aspects, extensive pounds of water, enough for all a medical lab to make inflight work also will be done in other nine astronauts, who will be on checks, including drawing of experiment areas. a carefully controlled diet for blood smaples, taking many With a $37 million array of the medical study. In all, 13,000 measurements and collecting photosensors the astronauts will items weighing 11,000 pounds and freezing daily urine and survey wide areas of the earth, will be stowed on board. feces samples. evaluating the best instruments When they enter the craft, Kerwin and other space agen and methods for charting Conrad, Weitz and Kerwin will cy doctors feel there is a point earth’s resources from space. check electrical, cooling and in flight, probably within 28 They will study calibrated tar other systems, unstow many days, when most of these body gets on the ground, which also items, unpack laboratory sup changes reach a plateau and will be surveyed by on-the-spot plies and set up shop. thus would not worsen an astro- ' diedQ and by similar sensors “It will take us at least a day naut’s condition on return to flown in aircraft and in the un and a half to activate the work earth. Skylab aims to find out manned ERTS-1 satellite. shop,” Weitz explained. “It will if this is true. Most of the targets are in the be like the movers dumped all Kerwin’s work will be in United States, but several for the furniture and stuff into your these areas; eign countries have asked that new house and you came in the — Study the role of w ei^- the astronauts survey various next day and started sorting it tlessness in man’s metabolic ef locations. out.” fectiveness in doing mechanical In the U.S. there will be 83 Once that is done, the astro work. area obseivations that may be nauts will settle down in their — Cardiovascular study to applied to research in agricul roomy bungalow to start their assess effects of long exposure ture, forestry, hydrology, hy numerous experiments. to zero gravity on the heart and drography, oceanography and Emphasiss on the first mis blood vessels and to measure geomorphology. sion will be on medical studies the response of the circulatory ‘They could lead to a science because if man is to work for system to various work loads. in such things as mapping snow extended periods in space in — Hematology and immu cover and assessing water run the future, it first must be de nology experiments to in off potentials; mapping air and termined if he will be adversely vestigate behavior of the blood water pollution and their affected by the weightlessnes. cells, body fluids and body im sources; assessing diseased and Thus, physician Kerwin will munity when gravity is absent. healthy crops; timber volume have a heavy burden. * — Biological rhythm study estimate; locating arable land; “In the Gemini program we to determine whether the nor determining sea state and fish determined astronauts could mal rhythms such as sleep and ing grounds, and locating hid endure periods up to 14 days in wakefulness are influenced by den oil and mineral reserves,” space without ill aftereffects,” the weightlessness and a rapid Weitz explained. Kerwin said. “Medical experts day-night cycle. While orbiting “And if a natural phenome determined we could double our at 17,400 miles an hour, Skylab non like a hurricane or a vol cano should start up while time for Skylab 1. And once it will pass from daylight to dark ness and back to daylight on 45- we’re in flight, we’ll try to aim is established that the crew of our instruments at them to per Skylab 1 encounters no medical minute cycles. — Investigate nutritional re haps gain a better under problems, it will be reasonably standing of their nature,” he safe to increase the second and quirements. Kerwin is the only medical reported. third flights to 56 days.” Coivad calls the $107 million On previous space journeys doctor ticketed for a Skylab voyage. The doctors on the last telescope mount “the most astronauts experienced a con complex scientific equipment sistent loss of body fluid; a two missions, Garriott and Gib son, are solar (Aysicists whose ever sent into space . . . It ’s small loss in bone calcium and like a whole separate space muscle mass, and a reduction prime interest wUl be to oper ate the solar astronomy tele craft in itself.” in the ability of blood vessels to “The big advantage over actively distribute blood to the scopes. But they have trained extensively to conduct medical earth telescopes is that we’ll be various parts of the body fol operating it above the earth’s lowing return to earth gravity experiments and to perform in emergencies-everything from a atmosphere, which filters out conditions. toothache to a heart seizure. most X-ray and ultraviolet The latter resulted in pooling The two pilot-astronauts on radiation from the sun and of the blood in the legs and each flight also have received stars and Uius leaves big holes caused some dizziness. medical training, but the main in interpretation and under These effects vanished a few burden will be on the scientist- standing,” Conrad said. days after return to earth. astronauts. They especially want to study Until now, medical tests on While Skylab 1 will focus on solar flares and sunspots which astronauts have been possible 1 4 2 this century for space-made The trays are magnetized so* erupt on the sun, spilling vast they’ll stay on the wardroom amounts of radiation into space materials and biologicais. The as&onauts pten to work table without floating away in and affecting weather and com weightlessness. And the space munications on eardi. a 10-hour day, but that is ex pected to stretch to 16 maiqr men will stand in foot re On the 26th day of iSkylab 1, straints at the base of the table Kerwin will take a space walk days because of unforeseen problems and because many so they too will stay put. outside to retrieve film from There will be a total of 600 the telescope mount and to load events will be devoted to dis cussing the day’s results and tape cassettes aboard, selected the experiments with film for by all nine crewmen. Eadi the next crew. next day’s activities with mis sion control Center. man also picked five or six pa Looking toward the day when perback books to take along. man may one day manufacture The spacemen wall film daily highli^ts on video tape and What about the time off ev specialized items in the unique ery seventh day? weightlessness and vacuum of each day will beam a half-hour telecast to Mission Control for “Those free days will be an space, all three teams will con absolute must because of the duct metals and materials evaluation by experts cm cer tain expoiments and on crew heavy work load the other rix procesring experiments. days,” Conrad said. “We’ll be They’ll use a high power elec behavior. The astronauts mtoid to eat more efficient by taking the tron beam gun in evaluating day off rather than scheduling the possibility of crystzd tc^ether in the Sky lab ward room each evening to discuss something. In a sense it won’t growth, metals melting and be a full day off because there forming of composite materials planning. Most other times they’ll eat at thër individual a re routine housAee^ung and spheres. chores to attend to and there stations. NASA envisions a time when will be the evening consultation The meals should be pleas-1 workmen in orbiting factories with Mission Control. ant, not the freeze-dried, water- ’ will be manufacturing h i^ "But we’ll have some time reconstituted food of previous ! quality electronic devices, tiny for reading, or listening to mu space flights. The astnmauts . crystals, perfectly round baU sic, or just looking out the win bearings, precision optical will be able to cook such frozen ' dow. We can play cards or food as prime rib of beef, filet : lenses, superstrong and exotic throw darts and we have some materials, pure vaccines and mignon and lobster newburg in zero gravity handballs that we heating compartments in their, insecticides and other items im can hit against the wall, ” the food trays. For appetizers there possible to produce on earth be commander said. “But on the will be such delicacies as cause of gravity. off day, if a guy just wants to Some experts predict a #50 shrimp cocktail and salmon sal; ad. Dessert includes cookies go to his roopi and stick his billion market by the end of head in his sleeping bag, he and ice cream. ought to be able to do i t ” „ 1 4 3 INFLIGHT MEDICAL CHECKS — Science machine, watched by Skylab commander pilot Dr. Joseph P. Kerwin, left, checks pilot Charles Conrad Jr., right, during training at Paul J. Weitz in a lower body negative pressure the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston.