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SATELLITES at WORK Space in the Seventies
SaLf ILMITRATBONS REPROMhdONkp N BLACK ANd WHiT? SATELLITES AT WORK Space in the Seventies 4 (SPACE IN N72-13 8 6 6 (NASA-EP-8 ) SATELLITES AT WORK THE SEVENTIES) W.R. Corliss (NASA) Jun. 1971 29 p CSCL 22B Unclas Reproduced by G3/31 11470 NATIONAL TECHNICAL u. INFORMATION SERVICE U S Department of Commerce Springfield VA 22151 J National Aeronautics and Space Administration SPACE IN THE SEVENTIES Man has walked on the Moon, made scientific observations there, and brought back to Earth samples of the lunar surface. Unmanned scientific spacecraft have probed for facts about matter, radiation and magnetism in space, and have collected data relating to the Moon, Venus, Mars, the Sun and some of the stars, and reported their findings to ground stations on Earth. Spacecraft have been put into orbit around the Earth as weather observation stations, as communications relay stations for a world-wide telephone and television network, and as aids to navigation. In addition, the space program has accelerated the advance of technology for science and industry, contributing many new ideas, processes and materials. All this took place in the decade of the Sixties. What next? What may be expected of space exploration in the Seventies? NASA has prepared a series of publications and motion pictures to provide a look forward to SPACE IN THE SEVENTIES. The topics covered in this series include: Earth orbital science; planetary exploration; practical applications of satellites; technology utilization; man in space; and aeronautics. SPACE IN THE SEVENTIES presents the planned programs of NASA for the coming decade. -
For Bibliography by Year, See the Website)
THIS IS THE TEXT OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY IN THE WEB SITE “THE DISCOVERY OF GLOBAL WARMING” BY SPENCER WEART, HTTP://WWW.AIP.ORG/HISTORY/CLIMATE. FEBRUARY 2014. COPYRIGHT © 2003-2014 SPENCER WEART & AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS Bibliography by Author (for Bibliography by Year, see the Website) This bibliography may seem long (more than 2500 items), but it has a great many omissions. Please see the discussion of sources in the “Method” essay. Note in particular that the IPCC reports have by far the most complete bibliography for recent scientific work. Abbreviations used in the notes: AIP: Niels Bohr Library at the American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD LDEO: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY SIO: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, La Jolla, CA Abarbenel, Albert, and Thomas McCluskey (1950). “Is the World Getting Warmer?” Saturday Evening Post, 1 July, pp. 22-23, 57-63. Abbot, Charles G., and F.E. Fowle, Jr. (1908). “Income and Outgo of Heat from the Earth, and the Dependence of Its Temperature Thereon.” Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory (Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC) 2: 159-176. Abbot, Charles G., and F.E. Fowle, Jr. (1913). “Volcanoes and Climate.” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 60(29): 1-24. Abbot, Charles G. (1967). “Precipitation in Five Continents.” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 151(5). Abelmann, Andrea, et al. (2006). “Extensive Phytoplankton Blooms in the Atlantic Sector of the Glacial Southern Ocean.” Paleoceanography 21: PA1013 [doi:10.1029/2005PA001199, 2006]. Abelson, P.H. (1977). “Energy and Climate.” Science 197: 941. Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, et al. (2013). “Insolation-Driven 100,000-Year Glacial Cycles and Hysteresis of Ice-Sheet Volume.” Nature 500: 190-93 [doi:10.1038/nature12374]. -
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Arxiv:1911.09312V2 [Cs.CR] 12 Dec 2019
Revisiting and Evaluating Software Side-channel Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in Cryptographic Applications Tianwei Zhang Jun Jiang Yinqian Zhang Nanyang Technological University Two Sigma Investments, LP The Ohio State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—We systematize software side-channel attacks with three questions: (1) What are the common and distinct a focus on vulnerabilities and countermeasures in the cryp- features of various vulnerabilities? (2) What are common tographic implementations. Particularly, we survey past re- mitigation strategies? (3) What is the status quo of cryp- search literature to categorize vulnerable implementations, tographic applications regarding side-channel vulnerabili- and identify common strategies to eliminate them. We then ties? Past work only surveyed attack techniques and media evaluate popular libraries and applications, quantitatively [20–31], without offering unified summaries for software measuring and comparing the vulnerability severity, re- vulnerabilities and countermeasures that are more useful. sponse time and coverage. Based on these characterizations This paper provides a comprehensive characterization and evaluations, we offer some insights for side-channel of side-channel vulnerabilities and countermeasures, as researchers, cryptographic software developers and users. well as evaluations of cryptographic applications related We hope our study can inspire the side-channel research to side-channel attacks. We present this study in three di- community to discover new vulnerabilities, and more im- rections. (1) Systematization of literature: we characterize portantly, to fortify applications against them. the vulnerabilities from past work with regard to the im- plementations; for each vulnerability, we describe the root cause and the technique required to launch a successful 1. -
Proceedings of the Nimbus Program Review
X-650-62-226 J, / N63 18601--N 63 18622 _,_-/ PROCEEDINGS OF THE NIMBUS PROGRAM REVIEW OTS PRICE XEROX S _9, ,_-_ MICROFILM $ Jg/ _-"/_j . J"- O NOVEMBER 14-16, 1962 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NIMBUS PROGRAM REVIEW \ November 14-16, 1962 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, Md. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER PROCEEDINGS OF THE NIMBUS PROGRAM REVIEW FOREWORD The Nimbus program review was conducted at the George Washington Motor Lodge and at General Electric Missiles and Space Division, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, on November 14, 15, and 16, 1962. The purpose of the review was twofold: first, to present to top management of the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters, other NASA elements, Joint Meteorological Satellite Advisory Committee (_MSAC), Weather Bureau, subsystem contractors, and others, a clear picture of the Nimbus program, its organization, its past accomplishments, current status, and remaining work, emphasizing the continuing need and opportunity for major contributions by the industrial community; second, to bring together project and contractor technical personnel responsible for the planning, execution, and support of the integration and test of the spacecraft to be initiated at General Electric shortly. This book is a compilation of the papers presented during the review and also contains a list of those attending. Harry P_ress Nimbus Project Manager CONTENTS FOREWORD lo INTRODUCTION TO NIMBUS by W. G. Stroud, GSFC _o THE NIMBUS PROJECT-- ORGANIZATION, PLAN, AND STATUS by H. Press, GSFC o METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF NIMBUS DATA by E.G. Albert, U.S. -
NASA Process for Limiting Orbital Debris
NASA-HANDBOOK NASA HANDBOOK 8719.14 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Approved: 2008-07-30 Washington, DC 20546 Expiration Date: 2013-07-30 HANDBOOK FOR LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS Measurement System Identification: Metric APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE – DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 2 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 DOCUMENT HISTORY LOG Status Document Approval Date Description Revision Baseline 2008-07-30 Initial Release Page 3 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 4 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 This page intentionally left blank. Page 6 of 174 NASA-Handbook 8719.14 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SCOPE...........................................................................................................................13 1.1 Purpose................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Applicability ....................................................................................................................... 13 2 APPLICABLE AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS................................................14 3 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS ...........................................................................15 3.1 Acronyms............................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Definitions ......................................................................................................................... -
Space Debris
IADC-11-04 April 2013 Space Debris IADC Assessment Report for 2010 Issued by the IADC Steering Group Table of Contents 1. Foreword .......................................................................... 1 2. IADC Highlights ................................................................ 2 3. Space Debris Activities in the United Nations ................... 4 4. Earth Satellite Population .................................................. 6 5. Satellite Launches, Reentries and Retirements ................ 10 6. Satellite Fragmentations ................................................... 15 7. Collision Avoidance .......................................................... 17 8. Orbital Debris Removal ..................................................... 18 9. Major Meetings Addressing Space Debris ........................ 20 Appendix: Satellite Break-ups, 2000-2010 ............................ 22 IADC Assessment Report for 2010 i Acronyms ADR Active Debris Removal ASI Italian Space Agency CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (France) CNSA China National Space Agency CSA Canadian Space Agency COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations DLR German Aerospace Center ESA European Space Agency GEO Geosynchronous Orbit region (region near 35,786 km altitude where the orbital period of a satellite matches that of the rotation rate of the Earth) IADC Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee ISRO Indian Space Research Organization ISS International Space Station JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency LEO Low -
Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1
International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing Vol. 10, No. 11 (2017), pp.79-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2017.10.11.08 Identifying Open Research Problems in Cryptography by Surveying Cryptographic Functions and Operations 1 Rahul Saha1, G. Geetha2, Gulshan Kumar3 and Hye-Jim Kim4 1,3School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 2Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India 4Business Administration Research Institute, Sungshin W. University, 2 Bomun-ro 34da gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract Cryptography has always been a core component of security domain. Different security services such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, non-repudiation and access control, are provided by a number of cryptographic algorithms including block ciphers, stream ciphers and hash functions. Though the algorithms are public and cryptographic strength depends on the usage of the keys, the ciphertext analysis using different functions and operations used in the algorithms can lead to the path of revealing a key completely or partially. It is hard to find any survey till date which identifies different operations and functions used in cryptography. In this paper, we have categorized our survey of cryptographic functions and operations in the algorithms in three categories: block ciphers, stream ciphers and cryptanalysis attacks which are executable in different parts of the algorithms. This survey will help the budding researchers in the society of crypto for identifying different operations and functions in cryptographic algorithms. Keywords: cryptography; block; stream; cipher; plaintext; ciphertext; functions; research problems 1. Introduction Cryptography [1] in the previous time was analogous to encryption where the main task was to convert the readable message to an unreadable format. -
Multiplicative Differentials
Multiplicative Differentials Nikita Borisov, Monica Chew, Rob Johnson, and David Wagner University of California at Berkeley Abstract. We present a new type of differential that is particularly suited to an- alyzing ciphers that use modular multiplication as a primitive operation. These differentials are partially inspired by the differential used to break Nimbus, and we generalize that result. We use these differentials to break the MultiSwap ci- pher that is part of the Microsoft Digital Rights Management subsystem, to derive a complementation property in the xmx cipher using the recommended modulus, and to mount a weak key attack on the xmx cipher for many other moduli. We also present weak key attacks on several variants of IDEA. We conclude that cipher designers may have placed too much faith in multiplication as a mixing operator, and that it should be combined with at least two other incompatible group opera- ¡ tions. 1 Introduction Modular multiplication is a popular primitive for ciphers targeted at software because many CPUs have built-in multiply instructions. In memory-constrained environments, multiplication is an attractive alternative to S-boxes, which are often implemented us- ing large tables. Multiplication has also been quite successful at foiling traditional dif- ¢ ¥ ¦ § ferential cryptanalysis, which considers pairs of messages of the form £ ¤ £ or ¢ ¨ ¦ § £ ¤ £ . These differentials behave well in ciphers that use xors, additions, or bit permutations, but they fall apart in the face of modular multiplication. Thus, we con- ¢ sider differential pairs of the form £ ¤ © £ § , which clearly commute with multiplication. The task of the cryptanalyst applying multiplicative differentials is to find values for © that allow the differential to pass through the other operations in a cipher. -
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Latitudes 34' to 37' N., Longitudes
JUNE 1941 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 187 latitudes 34' to 37' N., longitudes 170' E. to 180'. Here June 6. It may have had more of the characteristics of a westerly gales of force 8 to 9 occurred on the 5th and 6th. severe extratropical depression rather than the vortex of a The lowest pressure, 988.5 millibars (29.19 inches) was typhoon, but for forecasting purposes, it was ca.lled a read on the American S. S. Associated, near 36' N., 172' E., typhoon to insure that proper precautions were taken. No on the 5th. reports of casualties were printed in the newspapers. Scattered gales were reported east of Japan on the 7th The southwest monsoon current had been slowly ad- and 22d, west of the California coast on the eastern slope vancin toward the Philippines during trhe latter part, of of a strongly developed HIGH on the 9th, and west of Wash- May, t% e winds at Manila changing to the southwest quad- ington on the 22d. The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey rant on May 25. The result of this change of wind syste,m vessel Discoverer, while near the extremity of the Alaska was a trough of low pressure over the northern put of the Peninsula on the 2d, had an east-northeast gale of force 10, China Sea, the Balintang Channel, and adjacent Pacific with little depression of the barometer. Oc,ean regions. Over tmhewest,ern portion of this trough, Typhoons.4ubjoined is a report by the Rev. Bernard F. the depression formed because, of the activity of the south- Doucette, of the Manila Observatory, on two Far Eastern westerly current. -
Applications of Search Techniques to Cryptanalysis and the Construction of Cipher Components. James David Mclaughlin Submitted F
Applications of search techniques to cryptanalysis and the construction of cipher components. James David McLaughlin Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of York Department of Computer Science September 2012 2 Abstract In this dissertation, we investigate the ways in which search techniques, and in particular metaheuristic search techniques, can be used in cryptology. We address the design of simple cryptographic components (Boolean functions), before moving on to more complex entities (S-boxes). The emphasis then shifts from the construction of cryptographic arte- facts to the related area of cryptanalysis, in which we first derive non-linear approximations to S-boxes more powerful than the existing linear approximations, and then exploit these in cryptanalytic attacks against the ciphers DES and Serpent. Contents 1 Introduction. 11 1.1 The Structure of this Thesis . 12 2 A brief history of cryptography and cryptanalysis. 14 3 Literature review 20 3.1 Information on various types of block cipher, and a brief description of the Data Encryption Standard. 20 3.1.1 Feistel ciphers . 21 3.1.2 Other types of block cipher . 23 3.1.3 Confusion and diffusion . 24 3.2 Linear cryptanalysis. 26 3.2.1 The attack. 27 3.3 Differential cryptanalysis. 35 3.3.1 The attack. 39 3.3.2 Variants of the differential cryptanalytic attack . 44 3.4 Stream ciphers based on linear feedback shift registers . 48 3.5 A brief introduction to metaheuristics . 52 3.5.1 Hill-climbing . 55 3.5.2 Simulated annealing . 57 3.5.3 Memetic algorithms . 58 3.5.4 Ant algorithms . -
Heritage of Religion, Beliefs and Spirituality Patrimoine De La Religion, Des Croyances Et De La Spiritualité
Heritage of religion, beliefs and spirituality Patrimoine de la religion, des croyances et de la spiritualité A bibliography Une bibliographie By ICOMOS Documenta on Centre - October 2014 Par le Centre de Documenta on ICOMOS - Octobre 2014 Updated and edited by Valéria De Almeida Gomes, intern at ICOMOS Documentation Centre, and Lucile Smirnov. This bibliography refers to documents and materials available at ICOMOS Documentation Centre. It does not intend to be a comprehensive list of scientific literature on religions cultural heritage. Any reference can be consulted or scanned, subject to the limits of copyright legislation. Actualisé et mis en page par Valéria De Almeida Gomes et Lucile Smirnov. Cette bibliographie fait référence à des documents et ouvrages disponibles au Centre de documentation de l’ICOMOS. Elle ne prétend pas constituer une bibliographie exhaustive de la littérature scientifique sur e patrimoine culturel des religions. Toutes ces références peuvent être consultées ou scannées dans la limite de la loi sur le copyright. Contact ICOMOS Documentation Centre / Centre de Documentation ICOMOS http://www.icomos.org/en/documentation-center [email protected] © ICOMOS Documentation Centre, October 2014. ICOMOS - International Council on Monuments and sites Conseil International des Monuments et des Sites 11 rue du Séminaire de Conflans 94 220 Charenton-le-Pont France Tel. + 33 (0) 1 41 94 17 59 http://www.icomos.org Cover photographs: Photos de couverture : Hagia Sophia, Istanbul © David Spencer / Flickr; Borobudur near Yogyakarta. ©: Paul Arps/Flickr; Old Jewish Cemetery (Starý židovský hrbitov), Prague (Prag/Praha) © Ulf Liljankoski / Flickr Index Polytheism and early cults ......................................................... 2 African syncretism and traditional religions ................................. -
Typhoons and Floods, Manila and the Provinces, and the Marcos Years 台風と水害、マニラと地方〜 マ ルコス政権二〇年の物語
The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Volume 11 | Issue 43 | Number 3 | Oct 21, 2013 A Tale of Two Decades: Typhoons and Floods, Manila and the Provinces, and the Marcos Years 台風と水害、マニラと地方〜 マ ルコス政権二〇年の物語 James F. Warren The typhoons and floods that occurred in the Marcos years were labelled ‘natural disasters’ Background: Meteorology by the authorities in Manila. But in fact, it would have been more appropriate to label In the second half of the twentieth century, them un-natural, or man-made disasters typhoon-triggered floods affected all sectors of because of the nature of politics in those society in the Philippines, but none more so unsettling years. The typhoons and floods of than the urban poor, particularly theesteros - the 1970s and 1980s, which took a huge toll in dwellers or shanty-town inhabitants, residing in lives and left behind an enormous trail of the low-lying locales of Manila and a number of physical destruction and other impacts after other cities on Luzon and the Visayas. The the waters receded, were caused as much by growing number of post-war urban poor in the interactive nature of politics with the Manila, Cebu City and elsewhere, was largely environment, as by geography and the due to the policy repercussions of rapid typhoons per se, as the principal cause of economic growth and impoverishment under natural calamity. The increasingly variable 1 the military-led Marcos regime. At this time in nature of the weather and climate was a the early 1970s, rural poverty andcatalyst, but not the sole determinant of the environmental devastation increased rapidly, destruction and hidden hazards that could and on a hitherto unknown scale in the linger for years in the aftermath of the Philippines.