DOCSLIB.ORG

Ficha Técnica No. 42

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ficha Técnica No. 42 Ficha Técnica No. 42 Antracnosis del cafeto Colletotrichum kahawae J. M. Waller & Bridge Fotografías: CENICAFÉ. Elaborada por: SENASICA Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria LANREF-CP Fichatécnicano.42 Antracnosis de cafeto 2014 1 Antracnosis del cafeto Colletotrichum kahawae J. M. Waller & Bridge Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA) Calle Guillermo Pérez Valenzuela No. 127, Col. Del Carmen C.P. 04100, Coyoacán, México, D.F. Primera edición: Noviembre 2014 ISBN: 978-607-715-253-8 Versión 1 Fichatécnicano.42 Antracnosis de cafeto 2014 2 Contenido 1. IDENTIDAD ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Nombre ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2. Sinonimia ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. Clasificación taxonómica .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4. Nombre común ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Código EPPO ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.6. Categoría reglamentaria .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.7. Situación de la plaga en México ..................................................................................................................... 5 2. IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PLAGA ................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Impacto económico de la plaga ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Riesgo fitosanitario ........................................................................................................................................... 6 3. DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA DE LA PLAGA .............................................................................................. 6 3.1. Distribución mundial ........................................................................................................................................ 6 3.2. Distribución nacional ........................................................................................................................................ 6 4. HOSPEDANTES........................................................................................................................................................ 8 4.1. Distribución nacional de hospedantes .......................................................................................................... 8 5. ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS...................................................................................................................................... 8 5.1. Ciclo de vida ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 5.2. Descripción morfológica ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Síntomas de la enfermedad ............................................................................................................................. 9 6. ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS ..................................................................................................................... 11 6.1. Epidemiología de la plaga .............................................................................................................................. 11 6.2. Sobrevivencia, dispersión y multiplicación ................................................................................................ 11 6.3. Métodos de diagnostico ................................................................................................................................... 11 7. MEDIDAS FITOSANITARIAS ............................................................................................................................. 11 7.1. Exclusión ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 7.1.1. Regulatorias .............................................................................................................................................. 11 7.2. Esquema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria ............................................................................ 12 7.2.1. Alerta Fitosanitaria ................................................................................................................................ 12 Fichatécnicano.42 Antracnosis de cafeto 2014 3 7.3. Erradicación ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 7.4. Protección .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 7.4.1. Control cultural ........................................................................................................................................ 12 7.4.2. Control biológico ...................................................................................................................................... 12 7.4.3. Control genético ....................................................................................................................................... 13 7.4.4. Control químico ........................................................................................................................................ 13 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 8.1. Forma recomendada de citar: ....................................................................................................................... 17 Fichatécnicano.42 Antracnosis de cafeto 2014 4 1. IDENTIDAD 1.5. Código EPPO 1.1. Nombre COLLKA. Colletotrichum kahawae J.M. Waller& 1.6. Categoría reglamentaria Bridge La antracnosis del cafeto 1.2. Sinonimia (Colletotrichum kahawae) se encuentra enmarcada en la lista de plagas Colletrotrichum coffeanum var. virulans reglamentadas de México ante la Rayer Convención Internacional de Protección Fitosanitaria (CIPF, 2006). 1.3. Clasificación taxonómica 1.7. Situación de la plaga en Reino: Fungi México Phylum: Ascomycota Clase: Sordariomycetes Colletotrichum kahawae es una plaga Orden: Phyllachorales de importancia reglamentada para Familia: Glomerellaceae México y se encuentra bajo vigila dentro Género: Colletotrichum (Anamorfo) del Programa de Vigilancia Especie: Colletotrichum kahawae Epidemiológica Fitosanitaria en los (EPPO, 2014) estados de Chiapas, Veracruz y Puebla. Por lo que, conforme a la Norma 1.4. Nombre común Internacional de Medidas Fitosanitarias Nombre (NIMF) no 8 de la Convención Alemán Kaffeekirschenkrankheit Internacional de Protección Anthracnose of coffee Fitosanitaria, la antracnosis del cafeto Ingles Berry disease of coffee (Colletotrichum kahawae) es ausente en Enfermedad negra de las territorio nacional (CIPF, 2014; Español cerezas del cafeto(es) SENASICA, 2014). Antracnosis del cafeto (mx) Anthracnose des baies du Francés caféier (EPPO, 2014) Fichatécnicano.42 Antracnosis de cafeto 2014 5 2. IMPORTANCIA la adopción de prácticas culturales para ECONÓMICA DE LA el manejo es uno de los ejes más importantes del combate (Bieysse et al., PLAGA 2002). 2.1. Impacto económico de la 3. DISTRIBUCIÓN plaga GEOGRÁFICA DE LA La antracnosis del café también PLAGA conocida como “Coffee Berry disease” causada por Colletotrichum kahawae es una de las enfermedades que más afecta 3.1. Distribución mundial la producción del café arábica en África, daña directamente los granos verdes de La primera detección de la café y puede ocasionar pérdidas de enfermedad se realizó en Kenia en 1922 cosecha del 20- 60% (Bieysse et al., 2002; al oeste del Valle Rift, donde se dispersó Mouen et al., 2008). En 1964, las rápidamente a todas las áreas de pérdidas en Kenia fueron estimadas en producción, posteriormente se detectó en 19%, equivalentes a UK £ 6 millones Ruanda (1957), Uganda (1959), Tanzania (libras esterlinas). Y se estima que el (1964), Etiopia (1971) y en los años 80´s control de la enfermedad contribuye en se detectó en Malawi, Zimbabwe y un 30% a los costos totales de Zambia. A partir de los 90´s las producción. Es considerada el mayor detecciones se realizaron en Angola riesgo para la producción de café arabica (1930), Zaire (Republica Dominicana del en Africa (Masaba and Waller, 1992; Congo) (1937) y Camerún (1955) (Bieysse Waller et al., 2007). et al., 2002) (Figura 1). 2.2. Riesgo fitosanitario 3.2. Distribución nacional Representa una amenaza para las En México la antracnosis del café principales
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I POTENSI Trichoderma Spp. ASAL AKAR KOPI DALAM MENEKAN PERKEMBANGAN Colletotrichum Sp
    POTENSI Trichoderma spp. ASAL AKAR KOPI DALAM MENEKAN PERKEMBANGAN Colletotrichum sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA DIDIANA YANUARITA MOLEBILA P4100215301 PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR 2017 i POTENSI Trichoderma spp. ASAL AKAR KOPI DALAM MENEKAN PERKEMBANGAN Colletotrichum sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA TESIS Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Mencapai Gelar Magister Program Studi Ilmu Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Disusun dan Diajukan oleh : DIDIANA YANUARITA MOLEBILA Nomor Pokok : P4100215301 PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR 2017 TESIS POTENSI Trichoderma spp. ASAL AKAR KOPI DALAM MENEKAN PERKEMBANGAN Colletotrichum sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA Disusun dan diajukan oleh : DIDIANA YANUARITA MOLEBILA Nomor Pokok : P4100215301 Telah dipertahankan di depan Panitia Ujian Tesis pada tanggal 28 November 2017 dan dinyatakan telah memenuhi syarat Menyetujui, Komisi Penasehat Prof. Dr. Ir. Ade Rosmana, DEA Dr. Ir. Untung Surapaty T, M.Sc Ketua Anggota Ketua Program Studi Magister Dekan Fakultas Pertanian Ilmu Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Prof. Dr. Ir. Nur Amin, Dipl. Ing. Agr Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumbangan Baja,M.Phill PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini : Nama : Didiana Yanuarita Molebila NIM : P4100215301 Program Studi : Ilmu Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Menyatakan dengan sebenar – benarnya bahwa tesis yang saya tulis ini benar–benar merupakan hasil karya saya sendiri dan bukan merupakan pengambilalihan tulisan atau pemikiran orang lain. Apabila dikemudian hari terbukti atau dapat dibuktikan bahwa sebagian atau keseluruhan tesis ini adalah hasil karya orang lain maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi atas perbuatan tersebut. Makassar, November 2017 Yang menyatakan Didiana Y. Molebila ABSTRAK DIDIANA YANUARITA MOLEBILA.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Currently Accepted Species of Colletotrichum
    Mycosphere 7(8) 1192-1260(2016) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/si/2c/9 Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Notes on currently accepted species of Colletotrichum Jayawardena RS1,2, Hyde KD2,3, Damm U4, Cai L5, Liu M1, Li XH1, Zhang W1, Zhao WS6 and Yan JY1,* 1 Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China 2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3 Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 4 Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany 5State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China 6Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Damm U, Cai L, Liu M, Li XH, Zhang W, Zhao WS, Yan JY 2016 – Notes on currently accepted species of Colletotrichum. Mycosphere 7(8) 1192–1260, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/si/2c/9 Abstract Colletotrichum is an economically important plant pathogenic genus worldwide, but can also have endophytic or saprobic lifestyles. The genus has undergone numerous revisions in the past decades with the addition, typification and synonymy of many species. In this study, we provide an account of the 190 currently accepted species, one doubtful species and one excluded species that have molecular data. Species are listed alphabetically and annotated with their habit, host and geographic distribution, phylogenetic position, their sexual morphs and uses (if there are any known).
    [Show full text]
  • (Colletotrichum Kahawae) in Borena and Guji Zones, Southern Ethiopia Abdi Mohammed* and Abu Jambo Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, 144, Ethiopia
    atholog P y & nt a M l i P c r Journal of f o o b l i a o Mohammed and Jambo, J Plant Pathol Microb 2015, 6:9 l n o r g u y DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000302 o J Plant Pathology & Microbiology ISSN: 2157-7471 Research Article Open Access Importance and Characterization of Coffee Berry Disease (Colletotrichum kahawae) in Borena and Guji Zones, Southern Ethiopia Abdi Mohammed* and Abu Jambo Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, 144, Ethiopia Abstract Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important cash crops in Ethiopia. Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae is the severe disease threatening coffee production in most coffee-growing regions of the country. Field survey was conducted in three major coffee growing districts (Abaya, Bule Hora and Kercha) of Borena and Guji zones during 2012 cropping season to determine the incidence, severity and prevalence of CBD. CBD was prevalent in all the surveyed districts with the overall mean incidence and severity of 49.3 and 14.7%, respectively. Laboratory experiment was conducted at Haramaya University to investigate the characteristics of C. kahawae and other fungal pathogens associated with coffee berries. The proportion frequencies of infected and non-infected coffee berries were ranged from 24-42 and 3-21%, respectively. C. kahawae, F. lateritium and Phoma spp. of fungal pathogens were isolated from infected coffee berries with the proportions of 89.2, 15.2 and 3%, respectively. In general, the study revealed high occurrence, distribution and contamination of CBD in the study areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthracnose and Berry Disease of Coffee in Puerto Rico 1
    Anthracnose and Berry Disease of Coffee in Puerto Rico 1 J.S. Mignucci, P.R. Hepperly, J. Ballester and C. Rodriguez-Santiago2 ABSTRACT A survey revealed that Anthracnosis (Giomerella cingulata asex. Colletotri­ chum gloeosporioides) was the principal aboveground disease of field coffee in Puerto Rico. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides from both diseased soybeans and coffee caused typical branch necrosis in coffee after in vitro inoculation. Noninoculated checks showed no symptoms of branch necrosis or dieback. Necrotic spots on coffee berries collected from the field were associated with the coffee anthracnose fungus (C. gloeosporioides), the eye spot fungus (Cercospora coffeicola) and the scaly bark or collar rot fungus (Fusarium stilboides ). Typical lesions were dark brown, slightly depressed and usually contained all three fungi. Fascicles of C. coffeicola conidiophores formed a ring inside the lesion near its periphery. Acervuli of C. gloeosporioides and the sporodochia of F. stilboides were mixed in the center of the lesions. Monthly fungicide sprays (benomyl plus captafol) and double normal fertilization (454 g 10-5-15 with micronutrientsjtree, every 3 months) partially controlled berry spotting. Double normal fertilizer applications alone appeared to reduce the number of diseased berries by approximately 41%, but fungicide sprays gave 57% control. Combining high rate of fertilization and fungicide applications resulted in a reduction of approximately 85% of diseased berries. INTRODUCTION Coffee ( Coffea arabica) is a major crop in Puerto Rico, particularly on the humid northern slopes of the western central mountains. The 1979- 80 crop was harvested from about 40,000 hectares yielding over 11,350,000 kg with a value of $44 millions.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses of Compact Coffee Clones Against Coffee Berry and Coffee Leaf Rust Diseases in Tanzania
    Journal of Plant Studies; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2013 ISSN 1927-0461 E-ISSN 1927-047X Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Responses of Compact Coffee Clones Against Coffee Berry and Coffee Leaf Rust Diseases in Tanzania Deusdedit L. Kilambo1, Shazia O. W. M. Reuben2 & Delphina P. Mamiro2 1 Tanzania Coffee Rsearch Institute (TaCRI), Lyamungu, Moshi, Tanzania 2 Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania Correspondence: Deusdedit L. Kilambo, TaCRI, Lyamungu, Moshi, Tanzania. Tel: 254-754-377-181. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 28, 2013 Accepted: May 17, 2013 Online Published: May 28, 2013 doi:10.5539/jps.v2n2p81 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v2n2p81 Abstract The utilization of resistant Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) varieties is considered as the most economical control for coffee berry disease (CBD) and coffee leaf rust (CLR) in Tanzania. The resistance levels of varieties at field and laboratory conditions were assessed through their phenotypic disease reaction response to CBD and CLR. In this study sixteen (16) compact hybrids of C. arabica plus four (4) standard cultivars were evaluated under a range of environmental conditions in on-station and on-farm trials in Tanzania. Also four (4) Colletotrichum kahawae strains of the pathogen responsible for CBD infection; 2010/1, 2010/2, 2006/7 and 2006/14, and Hemileia vastatrix uredospores were used to test the sixteen (16) hybrids through artificial inoculation under controlled conditions (temperatures between 19 to 22 ºC, R.H 100%). Results showed that a significant level of variability (P < 0.05) occurred between the sixteen (16) compacts, three (3) standard checks and N39 a commercial susceptible variety across trials.
    [Show full text]
  • JAKO201811562301979.Pdf
    MYCOBIOLOGY 2018, VOL. 46, NO. 4, 370–381 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1538068 RESEARCH ARTICLE Diversity and Bioactive Potential of Culturable Fungal Endophytes of Medicinal Shrub Berberis aristata DC.: A First Report Supriya Sharma, Suruchi Gupta, Manoj K. Dhar and Sanjana Kaul School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Bioactive natural compounds, isolated from fungal endophytes, play a promising role in the Received 10 August 2017 search for novel drugs. They are an inspiring source for researchers due to their enormous Revised 26 December 2017 structural diversity and complexity. During the present study fungal endophytes were iso- Accepted 19 February 2018 lated from a well-known medicinal shrub, Berberis aristata DC. and were explored for their KEYWORDS antagonistic and antioxidant potential. B. aristata, an important medicinal shrub with remark- Antagonistic; bioactive; able pharmacological properties, is native to Northern Himalayan region. A total of 131 diversity; novel; endophytic fungal isolates belonging to eighteen species and nine genera were obtained therapeutic agents from three hundred and thirty surface sterilized segments of different tissues of B. aristata. The isolated fungi were classified on the basis of morphological and molecular analysis. Diversity and species richness was found to be higher in leaf tissues as compared to root and stem. Antibacterial activity demonstrated that the crude ethyl acetate extract of 80% isolates exhibited significant results against one or more bacterial pathogens. Ethyl acetate extract of Alternaria macrospora was found to have potential antibacterial activity. Significant antioxidant activity was also found in crude ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Endophytic Fungi Associated with High-Risk Plants Imported for Ornamental Purposes
    agriculture Review A Survey of Endophytic Fungi Associated with High-Risk Plants Imported for Ornamental Purposes Laura Gioia 1,*, Giada d’Errico 1,* , Martina Sinno 1 , Marta Ranesi 1, Sheridan Lois Woo 2,3,4 and Francesco Vinale 4,5 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (M.R.) 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 3 Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80128 Naples, Italy 4 National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 80055 Portici, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (G.d.); Tel.: +39-2539344 (L.G. & G.d.) Received: 31 October 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 17 December 2020 Abstract: An extensive literature search was performed to review current knowledge about endophytic fungi isolated from plants included in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) dossier. The selected genera of plants were Acacia, Albizia, Bauhinia, Berberis, Caesalpinia, Cassia, Cornus, Hamamelis, Jasminus, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Nerium, and Robinia. A total of 120 fungal genera have been found in plant tissues originating from several countries. Bauhinia and Cornus showed the highest diversity of endophytes, whereas Hamamelis, Jasminus, Lonicera, and Robinia exhibited the lowest. The most frequently detected fungi were Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phyllosticta, and Alternaria. Plants and plant products represent an inoculum source of several mutualistic or pathogenic fungi, including quarantine pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Vega Beauveria Bassiana.Pdf
    mycological research 111 (2007) 748–757 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Inoculation of coffee plants with the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) Francisco POSADAa, M. Catherine AIMEb, Stephen W. PETERSONc, Stephen A. REHNERa, Fernando E. VEGAa,* aInsect Biocontrol Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA bSystematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA cMicrobial Genomics and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA article info abstract Article history: The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was established in coffee seedlings after Received 11 July 2006 fungal spore suspensions were applied as foliar sprays, stem injections, or soil drenches. Received in revised form Direct injection yielded the highest post-inoculation recovery of endophytic B. bassiana. 19 January 2007 Establishment, based on percent recovery of B. bassiana, decreased as time post-inocula- Accepted 8 March 2007 tion increased in all treatments. Several other endophytes were isolated from the seedlings Published online 15 March 2007 and could have negatively influenced establishment of B. bassiana. The recovery of B. bassi- Corresponding Editor: ana from sites distant from the point of inoculation indicates that the fungus has the Richard A. Humber potential to move throughout the plant. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Mycological Society. Keywords: Coffea Coffee berry borer Endophytes Hypothenemus Introduction the application of entomopathogenic fungi (Posada 1998; de la Rosa et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Inoculation of Coffee Plants with the Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2007 Inoculation of coffee plants with the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) Francisco Posada United States Department of Agriculture M. Catherine Aime United States Department of Agriculture Stephen W. Peterson United States Department of Agriculture Stephen A. Rehner United States Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Fernando E. Vega United States Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agricultural Science Commons Posada, Francisco; Aime, M. Catherine; Peterson, Stephen W.; Rehner, Stephen A.; and Vega, Fernando E., "Inoculation of coffee plants with the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)" (2007). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 372. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/372 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. mycological research 111 (2007) 748–757 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Inoculation of coffee plants with the fungal
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Questions About Mini Chromosomes in Colletotrichum Spp
    plants Review The Many Questions about Mini Chromosomes in Colletotrichum spp. Peter-Louis Plaumann and Christian Koch * Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 14 May 2020; Published: 19 May 2020 Abstract: Many fungal pathogens carry accessory regions in their genome, which are not required for vegetative fitness. Often, although not always, these regions occur as relatively small chromosomes in different species. Such mini chromosomes appear to be a typical feature of many filamentous plant pathogens. Since these regions often carry genes coding for effectors or toxin-producing enzymes, they may be directly related to virulence of the respective pathogen. In this review, we outline the situation of small accessory chromosomes in the genus Colletotrichum, which accounts for ecologically important plant diseases. We summarize which species carry accessory chromosomes, their gene content, and chromosomal makeup. We discuss the large variation in size and number even between different isolates of the same species, their potential roles in host range, and possible mechanisms for intra- and interspecies exchange of these interesting genetic elements. Keywords: mini chromosome; dispensable chromosome; virulence chromosome; B-chromosome; lineage-specific region; accessory region; effector; plant pathogens 1. Introduction Originally described as B-chromosomes in the bug Metapodius by Wilson in 1907, remarkably small chromosomes were first identified in fungi 30 years ago [1]. Since then, different names have been used to describe them [2]. ”Supernumerary chromosomes”, “accessory chromosomes”, “conditionally dispensable chromosomes”, “lineage-specific chromosomes”, or simply “mini chromosomes”—all of these terms have been used to describe some of the striking features.
    [Show full text]
  • Abundance of Pests and Diseases in Arabica Coffee Production
    Abundance of pests and diseases in Arabica coffee production systems in Uganda - ecological mechanisms and spatial analysis in the face of climate change Von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨atder Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universit¨atHannover zur Erlangung des Grades Doktorin der Gartenbauwissenschaften (Dr. rer. hort.) genehmigte Dissertation von Theresa Ines Liebig, Dipl.-Agr.Biol. 2017 Referent: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Hans-Michael Poehling Korreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. hort. Christian Borgemeister Korreferent: Prof. Dr. rer. hort. Edgar Maiss Tag der Promotion: 17.07.2017 External supervisors / advisers Dr. Jacques Avelino Dr. Peter L¨aderach Dr. Piet van Asten Dr. Laurence Jassogne Funding Claussen Simon Stiftung Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development Abstract Coffee production worldwide is threatened by a range of coffee pests and diseases (CPaD). Integrated management options require an understanding of the bioecology of CPaD and the prevalent interdependencies within the agroecological context. The comparison of different shading systems (e.g. shade-grown vs. sun-grown coffee) and the identification of trade- offs for ecosystem services is still a matter of ongoing debates. There is little quantitative knowledge of field-level investigation on shade effects and its ecological mechanisms across environmental and shading system gradients. Considering the increasingly evident effects of progressive climate change on CPaD, the need to examine the balance of shade effects under different environmental conditions becomes apparent. With the example of the coffee grow- ing region of Mt Elgon, Uganda, this project aimed at addressing the complexity of shading effects on economically relevant CPaD using environmental and production system gradients. The approach was designed in an interdisciplinary manner, to involve the broader context of coffee agroforestry systems.
    [Show full text]
  • (Colletotrichum Kahawae) in Ethiopia
    Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.6, No.19, 2016 A Review on the Status of Coffee Berry Disease (Colletotrichum kahawae ) in Ethiopia Gabisa Giddisa Summary Ethiopia has served in the past and continues to serve as the source of germplasm for several economically important cultivated crops around the world. Coffee is a non-alcoholic and stimulant beverage crop, and belongs to the family Rubiaceae and the genus Coffea. This commercially as well as genetically valuable crop is attacked by a number of pre- and post-harvest diseases, and of these diseases, coffee berry disease (CBD), coffee wilt disease (CWD) and coffee leaf rust (CLR) are the most important in Ethiopia. CBD is by far the most economically important disease causing up to 100% losses in some places.CBD is a major cause of crop loss of arabica coffee in Africa and a dangerous threat to production elsewhere. Prevalence of CBD was conducted in Oromiya Region and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) and the result indicated 38.8 and 17.2% of mean percent prevalence of the disease, respectively (IAR, 1997). According to the result CBD pressure was very high at higher altitudes in the southwest region, while severe disease was recorded in valleys of Sidamo zone. In Amhara region where CBD occurs, survey result showed that an average CBD severity for the 1996/97-crop season was 38%.The occurrence and intensity of CBD varies from place to place and from one season to the other, depending largely on host susceptibility, pathogen aggressiveness and favorable weather conditions.
    [Show full text]